论生态旅游——绿色休闲时尚的发展

全球人类面临着生存环境的危机,随着人们环境意识的觉醒,绿色运动及绿色消费席卷全球,生态旅游作为绿色旅游消费,一经提出便在全球引起巨大反响,生态旅游的概念迅速普及到全球。世界各国现在都大力倡导发展生态旅游,我国的生态旅游是主要依托于自然保护区、森林公园、风景名胜区等发展起来的。生态旅游属于绿色消费,但绝不能理解为消费绿色。生态旅游作为一种新的休闲时尚与传统山水旅游有着本质的区别。     

Consumers’ Use of Credit Cards: Store Credit Card Usage as an Alternative Payment and Financing Medium

This paper investigates consumers’ use of store-issued credit cards with particular attention to their function as an alternative payment and financing medium. Using 1998 Survey of Consumer Finances data, the researchers found that credit availability through bankcards is negatively correlated with consumers’ use of store cards as a financing medium, suggesting the role of store cards as a supplementary credit line. A negative relationship is also found to exist between consumers’ bankcard usage and their use of store cards for a transaction purpose, indicating that store cards function as a substitute payment medium. Consumers’ usage of store cards varies according to function and is related to a number of variables, including the use of bank cards, credit history, attitude toward credit, income, education, and ethnicity.     

Consumer Reaction toward Arbitration as a Remedial Alternative to the Courts

A strong case can be made that a flexible and understandable alternative to the courts is needed by today's consumer. Consumer arbitration is one such alternative. Actual experience with consumer arbitration has been limited and, consequently, relatively little information is available regarding consumer perceptions of and reactions toward this system of dispute resolution. A survey of 361 recent purchasers of new cars in a metropolitan area where arbitration has not been used suggests that consumer reaction and acceptance are likely to be favorable, but not without problems.     

绿色消费：未来消费的必然选择

随着人们生活水平的提高，人们环境意识的增强和国际环保浪潮的高涨，以购买使用“环境标志”产品为特征的“绿色消费”越来越成为世界总体消费的大趋势，无论是家用电器，还是食品及日用口 ，只要使用了绿色环保标志，不仅意味着产品的质量有保障，而且还能给人们带来健康和安全，上方是太阳，下方是叶片，中心为蓓蕾，组成一个正圆形，这就是绿色产品的标志，实施环境标志，意味着对一种产品进行“从摇篮到坟墓”的全过程环保控制，从而使产品从原料生产到回收利用全过程对环境影响最小，有专家预言，未来的消费必将是完全绿色的消费。     

绿色消费应当作全新的消费方式来把握

目前每每谈论绿色消费，人们想到的就是绿色产品的生产、技术、标准、认证、营销与消费、其实，这样理解绿色消费很不全面，生产、技术、标准、认证与营销属于生产、流通的范略，绿色消费固然不能缺少绿色生产与绿色流通的条件，却并不以它们为内容构成，否则，就会造成理论混乱，影响我们从绿色消费本身去研究绿色消费的发展问题，消费绿勾通产品当然属于绿色消费，但如果说它就是绿色消费，那我们的祖先早已有绿色消费，偏远落后地区的人们正在进行绿色消费，如此绿色消费，还有什么内涵与价值呢？笔者以为，所谓绿色消费，是我们对于自身长期以来无视生态环境而片面追求高额消费行为的深刻反思，并在此基础上提出的坚持在人与自然和谐统一中实现需要全面，持续与最大化满足的全新的消费方式，这样认识问题，我们对绿色消费的理论研究才能系统，深入，也才能引导消费在新世纪真正走向文明、健康与科学。     

Implementing Green Practices as Sustainable Innovation Among Herbal-Based SME Entrepreneurs

The need for policies to foster green practices, sustainable environmental management and conservation of biodiversity has been given priority by world leaders. Various factors causing environmental degradation such as global warming, pollution, climate change, deforestation and increasingly threatened biodiversity have triggered awareness among the upstream and downstream players in the manufacturing industry, providing impetus for industries to practice sustainable manufacturing and environmentally friendly management. As a result, consumers are now increasing their demand for products that are made from natural or traditional rather resources, such as herbal based pharmaceutical products, rather than chemical-based products. The sustainability issue not only places pressure on entrepreneurs to move towards green practices, but also to meet the increasing demand for herbal-based products that are produced in a sustainable environment. This article aims to assess herbal based SME entrepreneurs’ intention to adopt green practices in their business activities. Two hundred fifty six (256) herbal based entrepreneurs were interviewed via a structural questionnaire to gather information regarding their perception of green practices and their intention to adopt them. The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was used as the theoretical framework to determine the relationships between TPB constructs. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the information. The results indicate that positive attitudes towards sustainability are being embraced by those who are concerned about the environment and the intention to adopt innovative green practices is realized by their possession of the caring attribute.     

Overindebtedness and Overlegalization: Consumer Bankruptcy as a Field for Alternative Dispute Resolution

In the advisory report to the European Commission (Huls et al., 1994), the conclusion was reached that the optimal European solution for overindebtedness of consumers is a combination of legal change and a strengthening of the work of social debt counsellors. It was argued that the two spheres, the legal and the social, should be linked in order to create a constructive coalition.Europe has learned from the USA how to introduce the concept "discharge of debts" into their legislation (Huls, 1992). The USA may learn from Europe how debt counsellors can play a more vital part in tackling the debt problem of consumers. This paper explores the possibilities for expanding the domain of non-legal actors in this field by looking at legal aid discussions in general, and more specifically at the new Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) trend that is developing both in the USA and Europe.In the first section of the paper, the importance of an adequate definition of the problem is stressed. The following section summarizes the model proposed in Huls et al. (1994). It is followed by a plea for professional and independent debt counselling, a prerequisite for dejuridification of the debt problem, and for a coupling of debt problems to legal aid discussions. This leads to the conclusion that a strong case can be made for debt counselling as a form of ADR.     

The Hassle Factor as a Psychological Barrier to a Green Home

Journal of Consumer Policy - In order to reach climate goals, policymakers stimulate homeowners to invest in sustainable measures in and around their house. Unfortunately, however, the number of...     

论实现可持续发展的主要途径——绿色市场营销

国内的许多市场营销学者认为：绿色市场营销观念就是要求企业在开展市场营销活动的同时，努力消除和减少生产经营对生态环境的破坏和影响。即：企业在选择生产技术、生产原料，制造程序时，应符合环境保护标准；在产品设计和包装装潢设计时，应尽量降低产品包装或产品使用所造成的剩余物，以降低对环境的不利影响；在分销和促销过程中，应积极引导消费者在产品消费使用，废弃物处置等方面尽量减少环境污染；在产品售前、售中，售后服务中，应注意节省资源，减少污染，但是，若仅仅是这样，绿色市场营销观念与社会市场营销观念的区别就微乎其微，笔者认为，所谓的“绿色市场营销观念”应从可持续发展理论的三个基本内涵来理解。就“绿色”的涵义而言，它象征着自然、生命力、健康、安全等意义。     

Students' Emotional Experience at the University: An Alternative Approach to Understanding Students as Consumers

This study offers an alternative perspective to understand students as consumers. This proposition is evaluated by analyzing the relationship between students’ emotional experience at a university and their perception of loyalty to this institution. Students from a Latin-American business school responded to a survey that included the Consumption Emotion Set and a loyalty assessment (n = 1,393). Data was analyzed using Rasch models. The findings show that positive emotions motivate student loyalty, whereas negative emotions harm student loyalty. The students’ experiences should be conceptualized at the institution as a brand and addressed through services and (nonacademic) activities in students’ lives.     

Perceptions of Organizational Ethics as Predictors of Work Absence: A Test of Alternative Absence Measures

The study examined the distinction between two traditional work absence measures: frequency, reflecting voluntary absence, and duration, reflecting non-voluntary absence. The two measures were compared in a test of the relationship between work absence and employees’ perceptions of organizational ethics. Questionnaires and archive data were collected from 1,016 teachers in Israel. Organizational ethics was represented by three variables: ethical climate (caring and formal), organizational justice (distributive and procedural), and teacher’s tendency to misbehave. Results showed that four ethical constructs (caring climate, formal climate, tendency to misbehave, and procedural justice) were related to absence frequency, while only one (caring climate) was related to absence duration. The findings add to previous research on the distinction between voluntary and involuntary absence measures, and the superior sensitivity of frequency over duration as a measure of voluntary absence. In practice, the results may encourage principals and managers to create ethical workplaces to minimize absence frequency.     

绿色税收作为政策工具使用的微宏观分析

绿色税收的出现是治理污染外部性的政策工具之一,它可以产生双红利的效应,包括总福利和就业双红利两类。对于绿色税收是否是较好的政策工具,包括微观和宏观两个层面,即外部性和双红利的分析。实证检验比理论推理更复杂,条件的变化会极大地影响结果,但是可以肯定绿色税收的效果是好的,虽然离预期有一定距离。     

Loyalty as an Organisational Virtue

Loyalty, commitment and self-interest explored in Japanese and Western companies. The author is Principal Lecturer in the Department of Business Studies at Manchester Polytechnic.     

Tourism will be a Key Factor in the Global Drive out of Recession and a Strong Contributor to a Long Term Green Economic New Deal

Tourism is facing increasingly difficult conditions as the global economy deteriorates and Asia and the Pacific, one of fastest growing tourism regions in the world,is also strongly feeling the impact of the global slowdown.But,as concluded by the over 100 experts from 25 countries gathered in Guilin for the 2nd UNWTO Conference on Tourism     

Internationalization as an entrepreneurial process

When firms cross-borders it is, by definition, internationalization. We believe that often internationalization should be seen as either a by-product of a firm’s efforts to improve its position within its network or networks, or as the result of an entrepreneurial action. We consider three theoretical approaches as a starting point and breathe life into them with a rich case study. We suggest adjustments to Johanson and Vahlne’s business network internationalization process model, an update of the Uppsala internationalization process model, to emphasize the entrepreneurial aspects of the process.     

Ethical Context and Ethical Decision Making: Examination of an Alternative Statistical Approach for Identifying Variable Relationships

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between organizational ethical context and the individual ethical decision-making process. In addition, a new statistical approach combining cluster and discriminant analyses was developed to overcome violations of regression assumptions, which are commonly not identified and/or ignored in behavioral and psychological research. Using regressions and this new alternative method, the findings indicated that ethical context does indeed influence the various components of ethical reasoning. However, social desirability was the strongest predictor of ethical decision making, which raises new concerns about how this bias can confound business ethics research. Finally, the findings showed that the alternative method provided more useful and interpretive results, indicating that it has the capacity to influence future empirical work in the field of business ethics, particularly when dealing with data that do not satisfy regression assumptions. The implications and limitations of the study are discussed, and several noteworthy suggestions for future research are provided.     

"把国家当作一个企业来经营"--国家计委经济研究所所长陈东琪谈中国政府职能转变

"既然已经走上了市场化道路,就不会有人还想回头,买布要用布票、买吃的要用粮票,应该没有人还希望这样。""地方政府谁先开放,谁先放权,谁先发展市场,谁就先得利,经济发达地区都是那些市场化程度高的地区。""国际化、市场化的力量是无穷的,中国走上了这条道路就回不去了,而中央政府在激烈的国与国之间的竞争中会更加具有责任感、使命感。"     

International springboard as an entrepreneurial act

International springboard is an entrepreneurial act that requires international entrepreneurial orientation (IEO). An important aspect of international springboard is the establishment of a deeply localized flagship foreign subsidiary to help pursue diverse international strategic goals. We model parent-level IEO as a mediator in the relationships between diversity of international strategic goals and flagship subsidiary localization strategies (customer responsiveness, market scope, and local cooperativeness). The results from a sample of 208 Chinese MNEs demonstrate that the three dimensions of IEO (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk taking) play an important but differentiated mediation role. The study illustrates the connection between parent-level entrepreneurial behavior and subsidiary-level strategic actions through which MNEs capture cross-national entrepreneurial opportunities.     

Industrial Climate Neutrality in the EU: Outline of an Integrated Industrial Green Deal

Intereconomics - Industry, and in particular the energy-intensive extraction and production of basic materials such as chemicals, cement, steel, non-ferrous metals, ceramics, and so on, is...