Land use policy in China: Introduction

This themed issue of Land Use Policy builds mainly on papers presented at an international conference on ‘Land Use Issues and Policy in China under Rapid Rural and Urban Transformation’, convened by the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing, China, in October 2012. The conference set out to share and promote new scientific findings from a range of disciplines that advance research on land use policy in China. The contributions to this themed issue provide conceptual–theoretical and empirical takes on the topic, around four main areas of interest to both researchers and policymakers: nation-wide land use issues, the Sloping Land Conversion Program, land engineering and land use, and land use transitions. Various land use issues have been associated with rapid urban–rural transformations in China, giving rise to formulation of new policies directly affecting land use. However, these have contributed to new land use problems due to the nature of the policies and the difficulties in policy implementation constrained by the special ‘dual-track’ structure of urban–rural development in China. In view of this, this themed edition makes a compelling call for more systematic research into the making and implementation of China's land use policy. It also emphasizes the challenges for further research on land use policy in China.     

Land consolidation in Cyprus: Why is an Integrated Planning and Decision Support System required?

This paper explores issues of land fragmentation, consolidation and reallocation and argues that a new planning support system for land consolidation is needed in Cyprus because of the long duration of projects, the high operational costs and the conflicts between the stakeholders involved. An Integrated Planning and Decision Support System is proposed that integrates artificial intelligence technologies and multi-criteria decision methods with a geographical information system for use in routine land consolidation planning as well as for undertaking ex ante evaluations of land consolidation projects, as required by the European Union. A framework is provided which shows how the system will contribute to reducing the problems associated with the land consolidation process.     

Decommissioning at ground level: Sizewell and the uncertainties of faith

The development of nuclear power is based on a faith which the public places in technology to solve all problems. Decommissioning of nuclear power plants will be the next leap the public is asked to make. This article uses evidence from the Sizewell Inquiry to identify generic and geosocial decommissioning uncertainties and discusses them within a policy and research framework. Six conclusions are advanced: social uncertainties will not be resolved within a technical context alone; decommissioning costs are underestimated; most decommissioning decisions must be made on a case-by-case, not generic, basis; decommissioning should be included routinely in local land planning decisions; further nuclear development should await decommissioning experience; and decommissioning should be included in all future nuclear policy decisions.     

集体土地所有权法律制度研究

土地所有权问题是我国民法典立法和物权立法所要解决的一个重要方面。集体土地所有权问题更是当前亟需从法律上调整解决的核心问题。明晰农村集体土地所有权主体 ,充分尊重集体土地所有权益 ,实现司法上的“合法财产权一体保护”和土地资源的优化配置 ,关系中国现代化进程中深化土地使用制度改革、保护农民利益、推动经济发展和维持社会稳定的大局。本文试图从法理上廓清集体土地所有权的性质、主体以及权利行使、收益分配问题 ,并提出对农用地、建设用地、宅基地等集体土地使用权流转的相应立法建议。     

Land use implications of radioactive contamination

This article looks at the land use implications of large-scale contamination from accidental releases of radioactivity to the atmosphere. Computer models are increasingly being used to examine and predict the local, regional, national and international dimensions of a large-scale release. It would seem that the social and economic impacts of a reactor accident would be as important as the number of immediate or long-term casualties. Computer mapping exercises show that the land use implications for agriculture, and the economic implications of evacuating urban and industrial areas, mark out nuclear power as qualitatively different to its alternatives.     

Planning Britain's longterm nuclear power expansion programme

The UK is in the process of slowly expanding its civilian nuclear power programme, with the ultimate aim of all-nuclear electricity. The government is not currently following a particular long-term plan, but each new nuclear development is considered on its individual merits—an approach which concentrates only on short-term objectives. This article argues that more attention should be given to the longterm planning and land use implications of this development—a task that can be helped by the new technology of Geographic Information Systems.     

2019年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2020年展望——土地管理分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2019年国内外土地管理领域研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献研究法。研究结果：2019年,国内土地管理问题研究涉及基本理论、制度变迁及土地管理体制、制度、政策和法律等方面,关注实践中的新情况、新问题;国外土地管理研究偏向关注土地问题尖锐的发展中国家和第三世界国家;土地管理体制、制度、法律、权籍与利用问题是国内外共性研究内容。研究结论：2019年土地管理研究紧扣理论与实践问题,在探索土地管理体制与实施机制方面取得了进展,但仍需加强方法创新与土地管理科学规律凝练;2020年将重点关注土地治理体系改善、土地计划管理方式改革、农村土地制度改革、城乡土地统一市场、国家重大区域战略实施中的土地管理问题、自然资源资产产权制度改革、自然资源统一确权登记、耕地保护转型、自然保护地管理、国土空间规划管理、土地市场管理与产业用地政策创新等议题。     

Implementing a land value tax: Considerations on moving from theory to practice

A land value tax is a recurrent tax on landowners based on the value of unimproved land. There is a widely held view that a land value tax is an economically efficient means of taxing wealth and of encouraging land development. The arguments presented in the policy and academic literature tend to concentrate on the compelling theoretical case, but most do not consider the detail of how such a tax might be implemented. Indeed, land value taxation is not widely implemented as a standalone real estate tax despite the strong theoretical rationale for its use. We explore why this might be by identifying key practical, political and economic factors surrounding the implementation and operation of land value taxation in six countries. We examine the various rationales for the introduction of land value tax, reasons for its continued use or abolition (where applicable) as well the particular practical and political issues which policymakers need to consider prior to introducing land value taxation. These include the need for a comprehensive up-to-date land registry and forward planning of land use at plot level; the provision of a well-resourced and informed valuation profession; resources to undertake robust valuations which separate the value of land from the value of improvements for developed plots and do so on the basis of highest and best use; and the need for widespread political support for the introduction of a new tax (which may be difficult to secure). These issues present significant uncertainty in comparison with already-existing forms of land and property taxation. We conclude that these issues may therefore provide some explanation as to the lack of widespread adoption of land value tax despite the economic theoretical arguments in its favour.     

经营权稳定性、转入规模与农户化肥施用行为——基于转入地的微观实证

目的 论证农地经营权稳定性对农户化肥施用行为的影响,基于产权理论的视角,构建“农地经营权稳定性—转入规模—化肥施用量”的理论分析框架为政府部门制定化肥减量使用的政策安排提供决策参考,以期促进农业绿色高效生产。方法 文章基于2015年对黑龙江、河南、四川及浙江4省1 040户的调查数据,运用中介效应模型揭示农地经营权稳定性对农户化肥施用的影响关系和路径,并尝试引入工具变量来缓解模型内生性问题。结果 （1）农地经营权稳定性总体上显著减少农户的化肥施用量,从不同维度的农地经营权稳定性影响来看,农地流转期限越长和在流转时签订合同均有助于农户减少化肥施用量。（2）农地经营权稳定性对农户化肥施用具有直接效应和间接效应,农地经营权在时间持续和权力保障维度的稳定均会通过扩大土地转入规模从而显著减少农户的化肥施用量。结论 长期稳定的农地经营权和权责明确的流转契约是农户减施化肥的重要因素。政府要积极引导土地较长期限流转,保障时间维度上的持续性;政府要加强土地流转规范管理及培育农户契约意识;政府要积极推进闲散农地流转并因地制宜给予政策优惠。     

土地利用规划学30年发展综述

研究目的:系统总结、研究中国土地利用规划学产生以来的发展历程和取得的重要成果,提出中国土地利用规划学的未来发展趋势和土地利用规划学学科建设重点问题及方向。研究方法:文献调研法。研究结果:20世纪80年代以来,土地利用规划学经历了关注全域农地合理利用、以加强耕地保护为关键、以完善土地用途管制为核心的3个演进阶段;土地利用规划理论方法、土地利用规划评价技术、土地利用规划信息技术、土地利用规划协调方法是土地利用规划学的重要研究领域。研究结论:未来应进一步创新具有中国特色的土地利用规划理论和方法、推动由"土地用途管制"向"国土空间用途管制"发展、关注土地利用规划评价体系和方法的系统化和实用化、推进基于生态文明建设视角的空间规划体系创新。     

2021年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2022年展望 ——土地资源利用与空间规划分报告

研究目的：总结2021年国内外土地资源利用与空间规划方面的研究进展,展望2022年国内研究趋势。研究方法：文献调查法。研究结果：2021年国内研究主要集中于土地资源优化配置、绿色低碳土地利用模式、土地利用转型、土地利用效率、国土空间规划体系建设和技术方法等方面;国外研究侧重于水土资源耦合研究、土地资源保护、跨学科土地利用数据应用和海洋空间规划等方面。研究结论：2021年土地资源利用与空间规划在土地资源优化配置、绿色低碳土地利用模式、土地效益评价方法、国土空间规划体系的理论和方法等方面取得了一定进展。2022年将重点关注土地要素配置优化、低碳土地利用模式、土地混合利用、国土空间规划新技术、乡村规划、规划公众参与机制等研究方向。     

The political economy of wine: How terroir and intra-sector dynamics affect land use in Spain

This paper provides a constructive critique of Corrine Cash's paper “Good governance and strong political will: Are they enough for transformation?”, published in volume 58 of Land Use Policy in 2016. By focusing on how intra-sector dynamics influence land use policies in conflicts revolving around urban sprawl, this paper aims to complement and, to some extent, widen the analytic lens deployed by Cash. The examination of the Spanish wine sector and its lack of zoning policies confirms Cash's argument about the need to go beyond discourses of ‘good governance’ and ‘strong political will’ to understand the dynamics underpinning real spatial processes. However, this exploration underscores the need to add layers of complexity to land use analyses, showing the relevance of intra-sector conflict and logics. In complicating any simplistic reduction of urban sprawl conflicts to rural–urban oppositions, the paper ultimately calls for a more dynamic and multiscalar planning theory to address complex governance issues.     

中国农村集体建设用地使用权流转政策的梳理与展望

研究目的：梳理并展望当前中国农村集体建设用地使用权流转政策。研究方法：理论评述与现状分析结合。研究结果：在分析中国农村集体建设用地使用权流转政策背景的基础上,从流转的限制条件、价格确定、收益分配以及宅基地、商品房开放及直接入市6方面综合归纳了中国农村集体建设用地使用权流转的基本政策,并分析得出当前存在所有权主体悬空且归属不清、使用主体限制严格且权能残缺不全、法制建设滞后且现行法规规定相互矛盾这三个主要问题。研究结论：为进一步促进、完善中国的农村集体建设用地使用权流转提出明确集体土地所有权主体和集体建设用地使用权的权能、做好征地制度改革工作、建立集体建设用地评估制度、做好用途管制和土地集中统一供应工作、建立农村土地金融制度、建立集体建设用土地流转登记制度等多项相关政策建议。     

中国高等学校建设用地标准研究

研究目的:提出科学制定中国高校建设用地标准的思路与方法。研究方法:文献资料法和比较分析法。研究结果:高校建设用地构成、高校类型划分、指标结构是中国高校建设用地标准的关键问题;确定了各类高校用地的测算指标。研究结论:对5个学科门类和2个重点建设模式高校,分别规定了生均建设用地指标,可以作为中国高等学校建设用地审批、规划设计和监督检查等决策行为的参考技术标准。     

2017年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2018年展望 ——土地经济分报告

研究目的：梳理并比较2017年国内外土地经济领域研究进展和研究重点,展望未来研究方向。研究方法：文献法。研究结果：（1）国内外研究都较为关注土地价格和土地市场化,但侧重点有不同。与国外研究相比,国内研究更加关注规模经营、农户个体特征对其流转意愿的影响和农地金融创新。（2）国内外学者都关注土地产权制度、土地制度设计和变革,但国内学者更关注如何通过制度创新以盘活土地资源。研究结论：土地经济领域未来可能的研究重点有：落实乡村振兴战略的土地政策、农村土地制度改革试点、集体建设用地统筹利用、农地三权分置、农业农村发展用地保障机制,以及改革开放40周年土地市场与土地制度的系统性回顾、分析与展望等问题。     

矿业用地征用取得引起的问题及对策

文章简耀叙述了我国矿业用地征用取得方式的沿革,指出了我国矿业用地现行制度导致的征地工作实施困难、工农矛盾突出,征地增加矿山企业成本,复垦土地产权纠葛不断等三个问题。针对这些问题,文章提出了实行临时用地制度、实行土地年租制、土地股权制度、土地等量置换制度等四项对策。     

江阴市电力行业用地集约利用评价

研究目的:对江阴市电力行业用地土地集约利用水平进行评价,为电力行业土地集约利用提供决策依据。研究方法:文献资料法,AHP方法和聚类分析法。研究结果:(1)江阴市电力行业用地集约水平整体偏低;(2)参评企业土地集约利用程度的综合评价结果差异性较大。研究结论:宜从市场机制、政策导向、技术创新等方面构建电力行业土地集约利用对策框架体系。     

Contesting rural recreation: the battle over access to Windermere

Different forms of recreation are competing increasingly for space to operate, and arbitrating between these competing claims can be fraught with difficulties. This paper examines the recent conflict over attempts to impose a speed limit, and hence prevent power boating and associated activities, on Windermere in the English Lake District. The competing arguments, as presented to a public inquiry, are assessed in the light of the Inspector's verdict on these issues, and the political responses to the verdict. The case is likely to have a much wider significance in terms of land use planning policy in Britain, both in National Parks and rural areas more generally.     

我国城市用地扩展与土地集约利用

分析了我国城市用地增长弹性系数和城市用地扩展幂指数规律,发现土地利用效益偏低、扩张速度偏快是目前我国城市用地扩展的主要特征;分析了城市用地扩展的主要驱动力,发现固定资产投资和人口增长是城市扩展的主要动力,而第三产业发展有助于抑制城市用地扩张;认为城市扩展是我国现阶段经济发展的必然结果,但我国城市土地利用应变外廷扩展为外延扩展和内涵挖潜相结合的利用方式,提高土地利用的集约度与综合效益.     

Local support among arctic residents to a land tenure reform in Finnmark,Norway

Claims for indigenous rights to land and resources are influencing land use policies worldwide. The public’s support for such land tenure arrangements has rarely been investigated. We present a unique case from the Norwegian Arctic, where land claims made by the indigenous Sami people have resulted in the transfer of land tenure and resource management from the government to the residents of Finnmark in 2005. Based on indigenous land claims, a management agency was established, the Finnmark Estate (FeFo), which on the operational level provides Sami and non-Sami users the same services. Public debates and conflicts among politicians and the public framed the political process leading up to this establishment. Based on a survey and interviews in Finnmark, we explored the public’s support for the new land tenure arrangements. We use the term diffuse support to investigate whether residents conform to FeFo’s basic ideas, values and principles, while specific support refers to the supportive attitudes for management actions carried out by the institution. We conclude that there is a general low diffuse support for FeFo among the residents in Finnmark, but a relatively high specific support for the policies and management actions implemented by the estate among those who have experiences with FeFo. We explain the gap between diffuse- and specific support by the historical, social and political processes which led up to the establishment of the land tenure arrangements.