The evolution of Canadian international travel documentation

Canada's geographic position, adjacent to the United States and comparatively distant from other countries, has concentrated a very large part of the foreign travel into a north-south flow. The development of international travel statistical methodologies has been patterned upon this heavy preponderance of travel. The evidence shows that the magnitude and scope of the flow of people and money between Canada and the United States necessitated that a cooperative approach be taken by both countries in undertaking this large-scale, continuous statistical operation. Canada's international travel statistical methodologies have demonstrated a flexibility to adapt to changing travel patterns and the reduction in border restrictions and documentation. At the same time, the statistical systems have had to meet increased demands of international tourism on a global scale.     

Travel,tourism, climate change,and behavioral change: travelers’ perspectives from a developing country,Nigeria

While studies have examined people's understanding of climate change and its relationship to tourism, these focus largely on developed country populations. Much future tourism growth will come from developing countries following economic development; often countries where climate change will be strongly felt. Do tourists from developing countries have the same knowledge gaps about travel, tourism, and climate change as in the developed world? Will behavioral change policies be successful in encouraging more environmentally friendly approaches to climate change and tourism in developing countries? This paper presents findings from 20 in-depth interviews with active Nigerian tourists, analyzing their understanding of climate change, the links known, or not, between their travel and climate change, and their willingness to change their tourism patterns. Understanding of climate change was limited and there was conceptual confusion. Participants did not view their own travel as a cause of climate change and many were embedded in air travel practice. Participants were unwilling to change their tourism patterns to reduce their contribution to climate change. Significant structural barriers limit low carbon tourism travel in Nigeria (and other developing countries), including reliability, availability safety, and speed. Behavioral change will be difficult to achieve.     

Understanding the effects of COVID-19 on the health and safety of immigrant hospitality workers in the United States

The U.S. tourism and hospitality workforce is disproportionately represented by immigrants and minorities, particularly in low-wage jobs with adverse work conditions. Immigrant hotel and foodservice workers face excess chronic stress and related syndemic risks, exacerbated by social, political, and economic inequities. COVID-19 has suddenly intensified the stressful and already difficult circumstances of immigrant service sector workers. The travel and tourism sector is one of the hardest hit due to widespread travel restrictions and shelter-in-place orders designed to curb infection spread. Restrictions and lockdowns have devastated tourism-dependent destinations and displaced millions of vulnerable workers, causing them to lose their livelihoods. Compared to the general workforce, a sizeable increase in occupational stress has already been observed in the hospitality/tourism sector over the past 15–20 years. COVID-19 and related fears add further strains on immigrant hotel and foodservice workers, potentially exerting a significant toll on mental and physical health and safety.     

Developing marketing strategy for a resource-based industry

The significance of tourism in Canada is becoming increasingly recognized, with tourism in the top five of foreign exchange earners. This article examines the implications of defining a new market segment - that of ‘activity packages’ sought by vacation travellers. Nova Scotia - where the travel industry is the biggest generator of foreign dollars - is taken as an example of a tourist destination rich in tourism activities. Factor analysis is used to identify 12 activity packages which could facilitate more specific marketing of tourism resources, with advertising aimed at well-defined market segments.     

Tourism demand forecasting models: Choice of appropriate variable to represent tourists' cost of living

Price is generally regarded as a major determinant of demand. Tourism has two price elements - the cost of travel to the destination and the cost of living for tourists in the destination. Previous studies where econometric forecasting models have been developed for international tourism demand usually take the consumer price index in a country to be a proxy for the cost of tourism in that country owing to lack of appropriate data. This article attempts to evaluate the performance of proxy variables compared with a specific tourists' cost of living variable within the context of tourism demand forecasting models.     

Physical aspects

This article examines current approaches and trends in tourism which could have a significant effect on physical planning and design in the 1990s. Demographic and social changes will affect demand. Improvements in transport will facilitate travel, and the communications revolution will provide more choice and control for the individual. Government policies effected via investment and regulations influence all aspects of tourism. The design of holiday accommodation will be influenced by the demand for budget hotel accommodation and functionally flexible living space in unserviced accommodation. Holiday developments will be subject to more stringent planning restrictions in terms of siting and design to comply with environmental considerations.     

Modelling Australian domestic and international inbound travel: a spatial–temporal approach

In this paper Australian domestic and international inbound travel are modelled by an anisotropic dynamic spatial lag panel Origin-Destination (OD) travel flow model. Spatial OD travel flow models have traditionally been applied in a single cross-sectional context, where the spatial structure is assumed to have reached its long run equilibrium and temporal dynamics are not explicitly considered. On the other hand, spatial effects are rarely accounted for in traditional tourism demand modelling. We attempt to address this dichotomy between spatial modelling and time series modelling in tourism research by using a spatial-temporal model. In particular, tourism behaviour is modelled as travel flows between regions. Temporal dependencies are accounted for via the inclusion of autoregressive components, while spatial autocorrelations are explicitly accounted for at both the origin and the destination. We allow the strength of spatial autocorrelation to exhibit seasonal variations, and we allow for the possibility of asymmetry between capital-city neighbours and non-capital-city neighbours. Significant temporal and spatial dynamics have been uncovered for both domestic and international tourism demand. For example we find strong seasonal temporal autocorrelations, significant trends and significant spatial autocorrelations at both the origin and the destination. Moreover, the spatial patterns are found to be most significant during peak holiday seasons. Understanding these patterns in tourist behaviour has important implications for tourism operators.     

The green B&B promotion strategies for tourist loyalty: surveying the restart of Chinese national holiday travel after COVID-19

This paper attempts to empirically analyze green/healthy B&B promotion strategies for tourism recovery after the first wave of COVID-19. The survey will be meaningful in the real world of B&B tourism recovery, and it was conducted during the first Chinese national holiday without travel restrictions. China was the first country to resume travel after COVID-19. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling (SEM) were used for testing. The relationships observed among the green/healthy physical environment, well-being perception (WBP), tourist satisfaction (TS), and tourist loyalty (TL) provide a better understanding of how to support sustainable tourism recovery. Green/healthy B&B promotion strategies that focus on a green/healthy physical environment after the health crisis can also be employed in other countries and regions experiencing the same situation.     

Social contact theory and attitude change through tourism: Researching Chinese visitors to North Korea

Drawing on 34 interviews with Chinese visitors to North Korea, this paper adopts the social contact theory to examine their attitude change through tourism. The paper first examines how Chinese tourists imagine North Korea as a tourism destination prior to their visits. Then the paper focuses on both the regulated and agentive dimensions involved in their travel, asking how individual Chinese tourist negotiates with the externally imposed restrictions to obtain more tourist-host contact. Third, it identifies both positive and negative post-trip attitude changes. In doing so, the paper creates a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of tourism conducted between China and North Korea which are perceived as “friendly” neighbors with conflicts. Apart from offering empirical and policy implications, this paper extends the use of intergroup social contact theory by focusing on a destination with restrictions on tourist-host contact.     

Transport and tourism in the year 2000

Tourism continues to increase with the aid of improved transport and communications facilities. Air transport in particular has brought the Asia-Pacific region within reach of Americans and Europeans, and this region is predicted to become the boom area for tourism by the year 2000. This trend will not be seriously affected by economic recession but could be reduced by travel restrictions and the threat of terrorism.     

Abroad-at-Home: Identifying domestic tourism locations for overseas-like travel experiences by leveraging concept modeling

Some countries have places with foreign-like scenery that attracts domestic visitors to enjoy overseas-like travel experiences. However, such overseas-like travel experiences have not been widely utilized for domestic tourism development. This is likely due to the lack of awareness among the scientific community and tools for effectively identifying such travel experiences. To address the related gaps and technical challenges, this paper investigates the potential of abroad-at-home as a type of domestic tourism for promoting domestic tourism. This paper also introduces a novel technique called concept modeling that identifies abroad-at-home travel experiences from travel photos taken within a country. A case study on a large-scale dataset of more than 265,000 geotagged travel photos taken in Australia demonstrated the effectiveness of this method. The proposed method and findings are valuable for tourism organizations that use abroad-at-home travel experiences for domestic tourism development.     

The frictions of slow tourism mobilities: Conceptualising campervan travel

This paper discusses the materialities of campervan travel as a relatively ‘slow’ form of tourism mobilities. The research is based upon qualitative research with campervan owners and users in the UK. Previous research has emphasised notions of freedom associated with campervan travel and how it has developed its own subculture. However, we seek to move beyond this to examine the frictions of socially and physically embodied practices of campervan travel in order to address the call for more multi-sensory understandings of tourism mobilities. In our discussion of campervan travel, mobility is understood as intensities of circulations, uncertainties and relational affects where different aspects of friction are central. We conclude by discussing the campervan in relation to wider aspects of slow travel.     

旅游者投诉和防范研究

旅游者投诉是反映旅游服务质量的重要指标，旅行社在旅游业中所处的龙头地位和纽带作用决定了它是旅游者投诉的重点。本文通过对目前旅游者投诉的特点及旅行社防建旅游者投诉的难点等问题的调研分析，提出了旅游者投诉的防范措施：加强“依法治旅”；提高大众媒体的自律性；建立行业预警制度；严格旅行社的内部控制。     

旅游权内涵解析及其保险保障机制探讨

公民旅游权是基本人权的重要延伸,是一种综合性权利,可分为基础性旅游权和消费性旅游权两大类,旅游保障权、旅游自由权、旅游平等权、旅游资源共享权、旅游发展共享权、旅游消费权和出入境旅游权等七项权利。在我国旅游发展与旅游者权益保护亟待加强的情况下,建议通过相关制度设计构建全面广泛的公民旅游权保障体系,完善我国旅游业持续健康发展的制度基础。在保险制度方面的保障措施主要包括:借助强制保险和商业保险提供公民旅游休闲保障,完善保险制度安排,加强旅游资源保护,进行保险创新,保障公民旅游自由权,加强保险国际合作保障,公民出入境旅游权等。     

Terrorism and travel advisory effects on international tourism

The paper applies dynamic panel modeling to investigate the impact of terrorism and travel advice on global tourism. Annual arrivals data for 49 destinations and 15 leading countries of origin for the period 2010–2014 are used. Results indicate that casualties or fatalities from terrorism, absent travel advice, significantly reduce tourism demand. However, casualties (fatalities) combined with travel advice have a relatively larger adverse impact on tourism demand. The effects identified, however, are sensitive to country characteristics. Casualties (fatalities) as well as travel advice significantly weaken tourism demand for low-income countries but have no significant effect in high-income countries.     

An Exploratory Study of Movie‐Induced Tourism: A Case of the Movie The Sound of Music and Its Locations in Salzburg,Austria

Although it has been acknowledged that movies can induce people to travel to the sites where the movies were filmed, there is still little research related to behavioral characteristics of tourists who actually visit different movie sites. The purpose of this study was to explore a relationship between a movie and its effect on the local tourism where the movie was filmed. In this study, specifically, the movie The Sound of Music was chosen to examine the role that the movie played in attracting people to Salzburg, Austria that was used as a backdrop for the movie. The results of the survey have supported the phenomenon of movie‐induced tourism by showing that the movie The Sound of Music influenced visitors in selecting the film locations as their travel destination.     

Discovering highly profitable travel patterns by high-utility pattern mining

Travel diaries have been widely used by tourism researchers to gain insights into the travel behaviors of travelers because of their rich information. However, their potentials have not been fully utilized due to the unawareness of the utility information hidden within. Existing works have mainly focused on identifying popular travel patterns in the travel diaries, while overlooking their potential profitable benefits. To fill this gap, we introduce the concept of “utility” into the analysis of travel diaries and present high-utility pattern mining technique for the effective discovery of highly valuable travel patterns. We demonstrate the benefit of this approach through a case study using a large-scale travel diary data set constructed from venue check-in data. The findings are useful for tourism managers to develop valuable travel packages. The presented approach is general and can be applied to various tourism contexts to explore highly profitable travel and purchasing patterns.     

Tourism's climate mitigation dilemma: Flying between rich and poor countries

Stronger demand for medium- to long-haul air transport is the main driver of the tourism industry's increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, causing the current development of global tourism to be environmentally unsustainable. Efficiency improvements and biofuel usage are unlikely to maintain pace with the projected growth in transport volume. Therefore, curbing the growing demand for air transport has been suggested as another option for the sustainable development of tourism. However, the political and industry discourse concerning the restriction of air transport tends to label such a restriction as unethical, as such limits would impair the development that tourism brings to poor countries. This paper investigates the possible impacts of air travel restrictions on the least developed countries (LDCs) and non-LDCs by examining global tourism. The impacts on LDCs are found to be ‘neutral’ on average, with both losses and gains in tourist arrivals. The extent of any losses does not appear to be beyond the scope of possible economic compensation.     

旅游专业本科生择业标准及其对旅行社的就业认知

旅游专业学生在本行业就业率低的问题一直困扰着旅游学术界、教育界和旅游行业,不少学者从不同角度研究并试图解决这一问题,但却很少从学生择业标准的角度去考虑.文章运用并检验里查得森(Richardson)择业影响因素量表,测量旅游专业本科生的择业标准及其对旅行社的就业认知,结果表明:学生认为旅行社不具备其择业时最看重的因素(“融洽的同事关系”、“喜欢的工作”、“良好的晋升机会”);并且学生认为旅行社具备的主要就业因素是其择业时最不看重的(“出国旅行的机会”、“专业对口”、“职业流动性”);学生认为旅行社存在超工作时间、超工作量、晋升机制不合理、起薪不理想等行业不规范现状,但学生也认为旅行社具有锻造高技能、有责任感人才的就业优势.根据学生择业标准与旅行社的就业认知IPA分析结果,文章提出了相应的对策来改善旅游本科生行业就业率低的问题.     

Institutions and organizations enǵaǵed in tourism and travel research activities

This article introduces a new feature in Tourism Management—profiles of organizations and institutions where fundamental research in tourism, travel and leisure is occurring, and the scope and details of specific tourism programmes at these institutions. The intention is to provide our readership with an insight into the kinds of research being undertaken at present, and where such work is occurring. This article provides a comprehensive overview of research centres worldwide.