论中国遭遇反倾销制裁的原因和应对举措

随着中国加入世贸组织,我国的对外贸易也进入了一个新的发展阶段,反思中国遭受的外国反倾销制裁,令人痛心。结合反倾销的发展历史,分析我国所遭受的反倾销指控的原因,以及它的应对机制,目的在于建立一个集监测与预防,应对与反击于一体的反倾销机制,以便更好地维护我国对外贸易秩序,推动经济的发展。     

WTO时代的世界反倾销特点研究

反倾销是世界许多国家和地区普遍采用的用于保护国内市场和厂商的做法,该做法已对世界各国和地区产生了深远的影响,根据WTO对反倾销的统计数据,可以观察到在WTO时代的世界反倾销呈现的若干特点及发展趋势。     

我国反倾销继发性保护问题的深层原因探析

从我国已立案的反倾销案件来看,我国发起的反倾销调查在化工行业存在明显的继发性保护问题,严重影响到下游企业和社会整体的利益,即产生了反倾销的公共利益问题。从化工行业的发展和公共利益角度的分析来看,继发性保护问题的实质是技术创新问题,其根本原因是我国相关企业的整体技术落后,自主创新能力不足。解决反倾销问题的关键是给予企业相应的激励机制,鼓励引进技术的吸收和自主创新。     

更倾销之战——内部瓦解

近年来,中国产品出口频频遭受国外反倾销调查和诉讼,中国已经成为反倾销调查和诉讼最多的国家之一.我国学者纷纷提出应对策略.本文就内部瓦解策略进行了论述,包括争取进口商加盟;聘请反倾销提起国的知名律师;充分发动反倾销国的消费者;在国外建立反倾销预警机制.     

现阶段印度对华反倾销的实践特点及对策

反倾销是保护国内产业健康发展，维护公平贸易环境的一个重要手段。中国出口产品频遭印度反倾销制裁已成为中国对外贸易的主要议题。本文分析了现阶段印度对华反倾销的实践特点，并分析了其形成的原因。最后，分别从几个方面探讨了规避印度对华反倾销的若干对策建议。     

中国遭遇反倾销和对外反倾销的指数比较分析

反倾销作为世贸组织允许各国所采取的一种抵制外来不公平竞争的手段之一,目前已经成为世界各国贸易政策和贸易救济的一个重要组成部分。各国由于经济发展水平、法律体系等方面的因素,在反倾销和遭遇反倾销方面存在着较大的差异,在运用反倾销手段保护本国利益方面也有所不同。本文通过大量数据分析,并构建若干指数,对我国反倾销与遭遇反倾销的情况进行国际比较,说明我国在世界反倾销中的地位,深入分析其特点和原因,最后指出了我国强化反倾销的重要战略意义。     

A Centennial of Anti‐dumping Legislation and Implementation: Introduction and Overview

A century has passed since the Government of Canada adopted the first recorded anti‐dumping law in 1904. The Canadian legislation was soon followed by similar legislation in most of the major trading nations in the industrialised world prior to and after World War I. Anti‐dumping provisions were later incorporated into the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) following World War II. Nowadays, virtually all of the industrialised and developing countries in the world economy have adopted anti‐dumping legislation. In view of the long and increasingly widespread use of anti‐dumping measures, we marked the centennial of Canada's 1904 legislation with a symposium at the University of Michigan on 12 March, 2004. The symposium papers document the experiences with anti‐dumping and then ask whether and how anti‐dumping can be reformed. Although we all would probably agree that the best solution would be to retract all anti‐dumping legislation, this is unlikely to happen in the foreseeable future. Anti‐dumping laws serve a variety of purposes, and powerful political forces stand in the way of eliminating these laws. Anti‐dumping provides a stronger and more focused means of safeguards protection against surges of imports than GATT‐legal safeguards laws permit. Anti‐dumping also formalises a meaning for ‘unfair trade’ that, though essentially meaningless from an economic standpoint, strikes a chord in public perception. And finally, in spite of its appearance of being constrained by objective administrative rules, anti‐dumping in practice is a potent political tool that governments are able to manipulate in order to satisfy powerful constituents. With all this going for it, anti‐dumping is unlikely ever to be relinquished as an economic policy tool by governments.     

中国食品行业应诉国外反倾销的特点

近年来,中国食品行业在国际市场上屡遭反倾销投诉,企业损失惨重。因此,深刻了解国外对中国食品行业反倾销调查的特点,并采取相应措施,已成为中国企业进一步开拓国际市场的当务之急。针对上述现状,并结合国外对中国食品行业实施反倾销的四个特点,对其遭遇反倾销的原因及损害进行了深层次的分析。中国食品行业应该培养并形成自己的核心竞争力,并强化反倾销意识,这样可以从根本上改变食品行业出口频频遭遇反倾销的状况。     

Anti‐dumping: What are the Numbers to Discuss at Doha?

While tariff barriers have decreased worldwide through various GATT rounds, anti‐dumping has surged to play a crucial role as the most important non‐tariff barrier. After much debate and opposition, anti‐dumping is on the agenda of the Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations and it is one of the most important issues, especially for developing countries as they are the main targets of this policy instrument. With this prospect, it is important to assess the relevance of anti‐dumping not only by focusing on traditional users but by analysing the experience of new users, which are now major players in the field. This paper improves upon existing studies by providing a comprehensive assessment on the use of anti‐dumping. First, data on the time pattern of worldwide implementations of anti‐dumping laws are presented. This time profile shows interesting relationships with legal developments in GATT and WTO dispositions. Second, usual sources of data are complemented with various other sources. This allows the inclusion of recent heavy users like China, Russia, Taiwan and Ukraine, which are ignored in similar studies but important for their trade volumes. This enlarged and updated dataset shows that new users are even more important than previously thought, with implications for the Doha negotiations.     

Anti‐dumping duty circumvention through trade rerouting: Evidence from Chinese exporters

We study the evasion of US anti‐dumping duties by some Chinese exporters through trade rerouting via third countries or regions. Using detailed monthly trade data reported by China and the US Customs during the period of 2002–06, we find that US anti‐dumping actions against China lead to a stronger positive correlation between US imports from third countries and Chinese exports to the same third countries. Such a positive correlation is more pronounced for the products subject to anti‐dumping duties (treatment groups) than similar products not subject to these duties (control groups). The evidence is stronger for less‐differentiated products whose certificates of origins are easier to be modified and is stronger for third countries where the rerouting cost is low. These findings are consistent with a trade rerouting story, rather than a simple story of trade diversion (i.e., increase in some third countries' imports from China) and trade deflection (i.e., increase in some third‐country exports to the US). We also rule out other alternative stories, consider prior production in third countries and concurrent anti‐dumping actions against China or third countries, pay a particular attention to the many zero trade flows in the monthly level data and check the robustness to using an alternative control group and quarterly data, etc.     

我国频频招致反倾销诉讼原因新论

2001年以来国外对华反倾销数据表明，我国在反倾销问题上的处境在我国加入WTO后日益严峻，尤其是近几年这种状况不仅没有缓解反而愈演愈烈。许多学者都从不同的角度做了解释。但笔者认为这一现象背后的根本原因是国际经济发展的不平衡性，并由此引发了一系列问题。因此要解决反倾销问题，我们应采用内外结合的措施，以内为主，以外为辅。其次，还应处理好经济发展与国外对华反倾销的关系。针对我国的反倾销诉讼在一定程度上也反映出我国在发展中的缺陷。     

How do countries respond to anti‐dumping filings? Dispute settlement and retaliatory anti‐dumping

Empirical studies have found that countries may respond strategically to the anti‐dumping petition filed against their exporters through their own retaliatory actions. Although most previous studies have focused on retaliatory anti‐dumping filings, in this paper we explore another potential avenue for strategic response—filing a complaint under the World Trade Organization's (WTO ) dispute settlement understanding. Using a panel of global anti‐dumping filings between 1995 and 2011, we analyse under what conditions countries will choose to retaliate through either an anti‐dumping petition or a WTO dispute, and to what degree these two strategies are complementary or act as substitutes. We find statistical evidence that countries are more likely to file a WTO dispute when they have also filed a retaliatory anti‐dumping petition, suggesting that these two strategies may be complementary.     

我国陶瓷行业遭遇反倾销的成因与对策

近年来,我国陶瓷行业遭遇多起反倾销调查。其原因既有发起国受金融危机的影响而出台贸易保护措施以保护其国内陶瓷产业方面的因素,也有我国陶瓷企业出口产品附加值低、价格低方面的因素。应对反倾销调查,我国陶瓷企业要积极应诉,并争取获得进口商的支持,得到行业协会和政府的帮助,同时提高产品的附加值和科技含量。     

Tariff Liberalisation and Increased Administrative Protection: Is There a Quid Pro Quo?

Theoretical models and intuition suggest that the amount of non‐traditional protection such as anti‐dumping duties will increase as more traditional forms such as tariffs are lowered under multilateral trade agreements. This paper is the first empirical study of the role of tariff liberalisation in the spread of anti‐dumping. Through both correlations and regression approaches we analyse the relationship between tariff concessions made during the Uruguay Round trade negotiations and the filing of anti‐dumping petitions, with particular interest in whether multilateral trade reductions have spurred the recent growth in new users of anti‐dumping policies. We find that, at least for developing economies, tariff reductions agreed to under the Uruguay Round not only increased the likelihood of a country using anti‐dumping protection but also the total number of anti‐dumping petitions filed by countries.     

美国对华反倾销中的非市场经济问题

非市场经济地位使我国外贸出口企业在国际贸易中处于非常不利的地位，虽然这一问题存在了很久，但至今还没有得到解决。这一问题在美国对华反倾销中表现尤为突出，当前要缓解这一问题，一方面，我国政府就应积极地与美国进行经济上、政治上的沟通和双边谈判；另一方面，要从根本上改变这一现状，只有加速经济体制转型，尽快实现经济的市场化。     

论应对反倾销的会计控制系统

随着我国对外贸易的快速发展,外国对我国出口产品反倾销的立案数也随之增加。针对我国反倾销应诉中的企业会计问题,提出从微观、中观、宏观三大层面构建反倾销会计控制系统,应对反倾销的调查。     

入世后我国主要贸易税收政策功能调整的定位分析

入世后,我国贸易税收政策的功能必须在经济全球化的背景下制定和调整。本文通过分析关税、出口退税、反倾销税三大贸易税收政策的主要功能在内、外部因素的影响下发生的变化,提出了我国入世后贸易税收政策功能调整的战略方向及措施:应强化关税产业保护功能,弱化财政收入功能;应以“走出去”战略为依据,真正发挥出口退税制度的保护产业和鼓励出口的基本功能;应发挥经济比较优势,加强国际分工合作,避免反倾销税成为过度产业保护的工具。     

欧盟对华反倾销的影响因素及对策分析

本文从欧盟与中国的经贸关系入手,结合欧盟对我国的反倾销的历史和现状,详细分析了欧盟对我国频繁反倾销的原因。在此基础上提出了应对欧盟反倾销的措施。     

产业损害成因及其对策的研究

加入WTO后,我国出口产品经常受到反倾销、技术壁垒和知识产权等问题的困扰,严重影响了我国产品的出口,而且国外一些产品的倾销也严重损害了我国相关产业的正常发展,这些问题对国民经济的健康发展产生了不良影响。从企业角度分析了反倾销、倾销、技术壁垒和知识产权保护等问题的成因,并在此基础上,提出了应对我国产业损害问题的政策建议。     

An Analysis of Factors Influencing the Anti‐dumping Behaviour in India

The use of anti‐dumping measures as a trade protection tool, has increased phenomenally during the last decade. One significant aspect of this new trend is the increasing involvement of developing countries. India is one such country which has emerged as a very frequent user of anti‐dumping measures, surpassing even the traditional users. It had initiated more than 300 anti‐dumping cases by the end of 2002–03. Many of these cases are against developing countries. Most of the cases are concentrated in narrow range product groups, like chemicals and petrochemicals, iron and steel, pharmaceuticals and textiles. This study examines India's experience with anti‐dumping measures. The main objective of the study is to identify the factors which might have influenced the anti‐dumping behaviour in India. Discussion of these factors shows that imports have increased considerably. This is particularly true for a number of developing countries facing dumping charges in India. At the same time, many of the domestic producers of the like products have performed poorly during the last decade. Such trends may instigate the import‐competing industries to seek anti‐dumping protection and may also influence the authority to provide that. However, the results of our statistical exercise show that, although imports and performance of the domestic industry might have influenced the initiation of anti‐dumping cases, these factors did not seem to significantly influence the final decision of the authority. The results rather indicated a tendency on the part of the authority to provide anti‐dumping protection to industries, which are characterised by a large number of firms.