Determinants of the Effective Real Exchange Rate of the Synthetic Euro: Alternative Methodological Approaches

On the basis of historical data aggregated over the period 1973 to 2000, we have experimented with four different approaches to estimate the synthetic euro's equilibrium exchange rate. Using a number of competing models with the same data set, variable definitions and sample period offers the possibility to assess the uncertainty surrounding such equilibrium levels, both from an empirical (different estimates) and a theoretical viewpoint (different specifications). In this exercise, the 'Rest of the World' is proxied by the US, the UK, Japan and Switzerland, aggregated on the basis of trade weights.
We employed reduced form co–integration models, a structural VAR, a NATREX model (estimated in structural form) and the ECB's small–sized euro area wide macro–econometric model. In this order the approaches feature an increasing degree of 'structure', in the sense of the constraints based on economic theory embedded in the econometric models that were estimated. The results confirm the high likelihood for the euro having been undervalued in Q4 2000, while stressing the significant empirical and theoretical uncertainty with respect to the equilibrium exchange rate level.     

Real Effective Exchange Rate Misalignment in the Euro Area: A Counterfactual Analysis

The European debt crisis has revealed severe imbalances within the Euro area, sparking a debate about the magnitude of those imbalances, in particular concerning real effective exchange rate misalignments. We use synthetic matching to construct a counterfactual economy for each member state in order to identify the degree of these misalignments. We find that crisis countries are best described as a combination of advanced and emerging economies. Comparing the actual real effective exchange rate with those of the counterfactuals gives evidence of misalignments before the outbreak of the crisis: all peripheral countries appear strongly and significantly overvalued.     

Real Exchange Rate and Real Interest Rate Differential: A Cointegration Approach with Structural Shifts

Journal of Quantitative Economics - Long term determinants of the movements in exchange rate have been an active interest area for both theoretical and empirical research. In this paper, we...     

Macroeconomic News and the Euro/Dollar Exchange Rate

This paper investigates to what extent daily movements in the euro/dollar rate were driven by news about the macroeconomic situation in the USA and the euro area during the first two years of EMU. We examine whether market participants reacted to news in different ways depending on whether the news came from the USA or from the euro area, and whether the news was good or bad. Furthermore, we investigate whether traders' reaction to news has changed over time. We find that macroeconomic news has a statistically significant correlation with daily movements of the euro against the dollar. However, this relationship exhibits considerable time variation. There are indications of asymmetric response, but to different extents at different times. Our results also provide evidence that the market seemed to ignore good news and remain fixated on bad news from the euro area, as often claimed in market commentaries, but only for some time. Finally, we find evidence that the impact of macroeconomic news on the euro/dollar rate was stronger when news switches from good to bad or vice versa.
(J.E.L.: F31).     

汇率波动与经济增长的关系——基于实际有效汇率的分析

随着人民币汇率浮动管理制的进一步推行,分析汇率的波动对经济增长的效应是我国亟待解决的问题。本文通过对比分析17个工业发达国家的经验数据,得出人民币实际有效汇率的经济增长效应呈现显著的滞后影响,但其当期效应并不显著的结论。     

Structural Breaks and the Equilibrium Chinese Yuan/US Dollar Real Exchange Rate: A FEER Approach

This paper examines the equilibrium Chinese yuan/US dollar (CNY/USD) real exchange rate within the framework of the fundamental equilibrium exchange rate (FEER) model. Endogenous structural breaks are allowed for in all cointegration relationships. Macroeconomic fundamentals that affect medium‐term savings and investment and hence, the sustainable current account, are also highlighted. A unique set of quarterly data for the post‐reform period (1982–2009) is constructed. This paper finds structural breaks in all trade and the sustainable current account equations. The misalignment rates show that the real exchange rate was overvalued in most years until 2003, followed by undervaluation during 2004–09. However, the average misalignment rates and revaluation required to correct this undervaluation are not as large as suggested by previous studies, with the undervaluation rate declining sharply in 2009. Further, misalignment rates are computed using a sustainable current account of 3%. The findings suggest such exogenous input leads to results biased towards larger undervaluation.     

Detecting Some Dynamic Properties of the Euro/Dollar Exchange Rate

Financial prices and returns have been the subject of empirical and theoretical analysis for many years, and their dynamic properties and other characteristics are still of interest. Many different tools have been applied to describe financial markets. The presented paper is addressed to examine the euro/dollar exchange rate and the related financial returns in the context of detecting exact and stochastic unit roots, and in the consequence, modelling them using time varying parameters model. The estimated STUR models are compared with standard ARMA-GARCH representations. We also examine causal relationships in the Granger sense. Upon the results of causality testing, some ADL-GARCH models are built, which are further used to examine their forecasting performance.     

Do Fundamentals Explain the Behaviour of the Swedish Real Effective Exchange Rate?

This study examines the long‐run relationship between the real effective exchange rate and its fundamental determinants, and derives a real effective equilibrium exchange rate for the Swedish krona. Our results indicate that the krona was severely overvalued in late 1992, when the fixed exchange rate regime was abandoned. By the end of 2000 the krona was undervalued by approximately 5 percent, given the prevailing economic conditions. Arithmetic examples of suitable SEK/EUR conversion rates are calculated under various assumptions to provide a guideline if Sweden were to adopt the euro in the future.     

人民币实际有效汇率变动趋势与博弈研究

本文利用几何加权平均法来设计用以反应中国贸易商品国际竞争力变动状况的人民币名义有效汇率和实际有效汇率指标,并系统地研究了两者的变动差异和发展趋势对中国宏观经济变量的影响.研究结果表明,自1990年到2003年8月的连续14年期间,人民币名义有效汇率虽然贬值了近40个基点,但人民币实际有效汇率却升值了3.59%.因此,如果依据汇率理论的基本原理来判断的话,中国政府近14年的汇率制度安排,使中国出口商品的国际竞争力下降了.国际上攻击人民币汇率政策的言论似乎缺乏理论依据.但是,如果以贸易平衡作为判断"均衡汇率"的基准,人民币的确存在升值的压力.作者认为,在金融全球化的背景下,汇率实质上已经成为实现全球财富在国际间再分配的重要机制,我们必须结合国内经济增长、国际收支、外汇储备和各国物价变动状况等基本变量综合考虑汇率问题,前瞻性的汇率制度安排和储备管理策略必须服从于中国社会发展的远期目标和整体利益.     

真实汇率与真实利率差异——基于人民币真实汇率的实证研究

本文详细考察了人民币对美元、日元、港币和欧元的双边真实汇率、真实利率差异与进出口之间的统计关系，结果发现：（1）人民币真实汇率与真实利率差异间不存在显著且稳定的统计关系；（2）人民币真实汇率具有较强的“自回归”性，并且存在比较明显的非线性动态调整特征。因此，研究人民币真实汇率自身的特定生成机制可能更具有重要意义。     

Possible Best Currency Basket Selection from the Perspective of Real Effective Exchange Rate

We calculated the real effective exchange rate indexes and measured their volatilities based on four currency baskets to find which currency basket is optimal for achieving China's policy target of keeping exchange rates stable. The volatility of the bilateral exchange rate between the RMB and the US dollar is also calculated to make a comparative analysis. Results showed that the bilateral exchange rate of the RMB and the US dollar is only stable in special time periods. In most time periods, pegging to the G3 currency basket is optimal to achieve the goal of stabilizing exchange rates while pegging to the AMU currency basket will result in the most volatile exchange rates.     

Modelling the Long–run Real Effective Exchange Rate of the New Zealand Dollar

In this paper we use the behavioural and permanent equilibrium exchange rate approaches to produce long–run equilibrium exchange rates for the effective real exchange rates of the New Zealand dollar. We demonstrate that a well founded measure of the equilibrium value of the dollar may be recovered from a relatively small set of fundamental variables and that this can be used to produce an assessment of the dollar in terms of periods of misalignment.     

Exchange Rate Instability: A Threshold Autoregressive Approach

We fit a two-regime threshold autoregressive model to a trade weighted index of the Australian real exchange rate. We find strong evidence of a threshold in the real exchange rate, with the data being classified into two regimes. The timing of the first regime is consistent with events that would be expected to have led to pressure on the Australian exchange rate. However, there is no evidence to suggest that the Asian economic crisis led to the real exchange rate entering this regime.     

人民币有效汇率与出口关系的实证分析

通过选取2001年1月～2005年12月的月度数据进行分析,得出长期内人民币有效汇率与我国出口之间并不存在协整关系,即从长期趋势来看,汇率变动不是我国出口的主要影响因素.     

人民币均衡汇率的BEER模型研究

人民币均衡实际汇率是判断人民币实际汇率水平的重要参考尺度.GDP同比增长率、进出口总额占GDP的比率、外汇储备都是人民币均衡实际汇率的重要长期决定因素,且GDP同比增长率、进出口总额占GDP的比率对人民币均衡实际汇率具有反向作用,外汇储备时人民币均衡实际汇率具有正向作用.1995年以来,人民币实际汇率在大部分时间内都偏离了人民币均衡实际汇率水平,表现为人民币实际汇率失调.造成人民币汇率长期失调的一个主要的宏观政策因素是,1997年亚洲金融危机以来实行的事实上钉住美元的汇率政策.在2005年人民币汇率形成机制改革之后,人民币对美元持续升值,使得这段时间承受被低估压力的人民币汇率有了一定程度的缓解.因此,应该建立和完善一个更富有弹性的人民币汇率形成机制.以促进我国经济的健康发展.     

Tax Effects on the Real Exchange Rate

This study examines the impact of taxes on the real exchange rate through their marginal effects on economic activity. We hypothesize that an increase in the capital interest tax rate leads to real domestic currency depreciation while an increase in wage or consumption tax rates leads to a real domestic currency appreciation. These hypotheses are supported by an empirical study using panel data estimations of annual data from 10 OECD countries over 17 years.     

The Malaysian Real Trade Balance and the Real Exchange Rate

The cointegration technique is used to examine the long‐run and short‐run relationships between the real Malaysian trade balance with the real exchange rate, domestic and world incomes. The results suggest that a real ringgit exchange rate depreciation improves the trade balance in the long run. World and domestic incomes are also found to be important determinants of trade balance. The significance of world income on trade balance indicates that Malaysia is prone to external shocks. An error‐correction model is then estimated to study the short‐run dynamics of the effects of exchange rate. The impulse response analysis shows that the effect of exchange rate on the trade balance lasts for about three years. A devaluation of ringgit will initially improve the trade balance, albeit small, after which the trade balance starts to deteriorate, and then improves again suggesting that there exists a delayed J‐curve.     

人民币有效汇率对中国进出口贸易影响的研究

人民币在升值过程中伴随着贸易顺差增速过快的问题。人民币的升值虽能对进出口起到一定的促进作用,但不能从根本上解决贸易顺差的问题。解决贸易顺差问题的首要前提是要认清人民币升值的消极影响,其消极影响主要体现在对我国劳动密集型的出口企业造成冲击、影响外商投资积极性、增加企业对外经营合作风险三个方面。有针对性地消除人民币升值的消极影响,有助于解决贸易不平衡问题。具体需要政府引导企业转变贸易发展方式,合理选择和利用外资,同时,出口企业应结合金融工具与财务手段规避外汇结算风险。     

Real Exchange Rate Trends and Growth: A Model of East Asia

In contrast to the Balassa–Samuelson hypothesis, many fast-growing Asian countries have experienced little trend real exchange rate appreciation, or even depreciation. Moreover, their long-run real exchange rate trend seems to be dominated by movements in traded goods prices. A model is developed which is consistent with these observations. As in the Balassa–Samuelson model, productivity growth is concentrated in the traded goods sector. Nevertheless the real exchange rate may exhibit trend depreciation, driven by persistent deviations in the price of traded goods from those in the reference country. The key feature of the model is the presence of endogenous productivity growth in the distribution services sector.