The relative importance of capital inflows: some evidence from emerging market economies

This article examines the relative importance of the main components of capital inflows for a sample of emerging market economies. Does composition matter? Is there a nexus between capital inflow components? We assess, firstly, how each capital inflow component reacts to important macro and policy variables, and secondly, how the components themselves interact. We find that bank inflows appear the most sensitive to macro factors, institutions matter more for Latin America and external financial factors matter more for Asia. Further, for Latin America, capital inflows interact largely as complements, while for Asia, any expansion of bank inflows might crowd out FDI and portfolio flows.     

Debt contracts with ex-ante and ex-post asymmetric information: an example

Summary. We consider a simple model of lending and borrowing combining two informational problems: adverse selection and costly state verification. Our analysis highlights the interaction between these two informational problems. We notably show that the higher the monitoring cost, the less discriminating the optimal menu of contracts is.Received: 24 September 2004, Revised: 5 April 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: C7, D8, G3.L. Renou: Correspondence toWe thank Anne Villamil for insightful comments.     

Prices and market structure: an empirical analysis of the supermarket industry in Chile

This article investigates empirically the relationship between market structure and consumer prices in the supermarket industry in Chile. A panel of monthly data from 16 cities in the period January 1998–September 2006 is used. We find that, the more concentrated the industry in a city, the higher the prices, while the participation of major national chains in cities tends to lower prices. In terms of magnitude, this latter effect prevails over the former. Moreover, the dominant local chain is found to behave differently depending on whether or not one of the national chains is present in the city. Finally, we find that prices rise when a national chain acquires another chain and both were previously in a city (inmerge) while if only one of the two was present (outmerge), prices fall.     

Imperfect competition in financial markets and capital structure

We consider a model of corporate finance with imperfectly competitive financial intermediaries. Firms can finance projects either via debt or via equity. Because of asymmetric information about firms’ growth opportunities, equity financing involves a dilution cost. Nevertheless, equity emerges in equilibrium whenever financial intermediaries have sufficient market power. In the latter case, best firms issue debt while the less profitable firms are equity-financed. We also show that strategic interaction between oligopolistic intermediaries results in multiple equilibria. If one intermediary chooses to buy more debt, the price of debt decreases, so the best equity-issuing firms switch from equity to debt financing. This in turn decreases average quality of equity-financed pool, so other intermediaries also shift towards more debt.     

产业结构调整的资本市场约束

近年来,资本市场繁荣,资本市场收益率激增,产业中的微观企业成为了资本市场的主体,希望在资本市场中迅速实现资本增值,为企业自身的产业结构合理发展、优化升级创造资本条件。然而,这种行为致使产业结构调整产生波动,产业内部的合理化受到阻碍,产业之间的优化升级遇到鸿沟。甚至出现了产业结构不合理,产业发展倒退现象。资本市场的快速发展最终对产业结构调整产生了投资约束。     

The water market in Israel: An example for increasing the supply

In this study we search for solutions to the problem of Israel's water shortage. To illustrate the shortage, we first model the water market in Israel, i.e., the corresponding supply and demand of water, and from it the dynamics of water prices. A direct way to solve the shortage problem and to reduce the high equilibrium price can be found via a different way of sharing water among the Levant countries, or by bringing more water from outside the region. The latter can take the form of conveying Nile water or water from Turkey or by constructing desalination plants along the shores. In this study we concentrate on the importing of Nile water.The costs of most of the solutions are too high compared to the returns to water in agriculture. This relation is continuously changing with the increasing demand for water for domestic and agricultural use. Our analysis shows that within 5–10 years the marginal value product of water in the area west of the Jordan river would equal the marginal costs of water from the Nile, $0.40m³.     

The elasticity of demand for wagering in an unregulated market

The literature estimating the take-out rate (price) elasticity of horse race wagering has consistently found values far above one. The persistence of these apparently inefficiently high prices can be attributed to institutional factors of the US market where federal taxes are imposed on the total amount wagered, and not on the bookmakers’ revenue. By investigating all horse races in New Zealand from August 1993 to April 2009, our article is the first one to consider price setting for wagering in an unregulated market where taxes for a monopolistic betting agency are based on revenues. In such a setting, one would expect elasticities close to one, but in all econometric specifications, we find values well below one. We identify two reasons why higher prices could nevertheless reduce profits: cross price elasticities are negative and, due to the specific features of parimutuel betting, international competitors may only be attracted when take-out rates are above a critical threshold.     

The state of research on technological uncertainties, social uncertainties and emerging markets: A multidisciplinary literature review

The objective of this research work is to study the progress of research on technological uncertainties, social uncertainties and emerging markets and outline and identify the key disciplines, journals, articles and authors. For this the author studied the existing literature from the various fields in which technological uncertainties, social uncertainties and emerging markets research work have been published using ISI Web of Knowledge database. The paper finds that there is increasing research work on technological uncertainties, social uncertainties and emerging markets and the bibliographical search resulted in ninety-one documents written by one-hundred-sixty-one authors in eighty-four journals in seventy-two disciplines. The five major disciplines and their underlying journals are business and economics, agriculture, psychology, public administration, and environmental sciences and ecology accounting for majority of publications. In journals the most prolific, measured by number of articles published are Harvard Business Review, Social Science and Medicine, World Development, and Higher Education; and most influential, measured by the global citation received, are Harvard Business Review, Social Science and Medicine and Sociological Review. The top 10% of the journals are responsible for 23% of all publications but 85% of all global citations received. This highlights that despite the high, diverse and increasing number of journals; only few are dominating and shaping the research arena of technological uncertainties, social uncertainties and emerging markets. Further, in the ten most cited articles, no author appears more than once.     

市场份额、负债融资与企业价值——基于中国房地产上市公司的实证研究

利用2008—2015年中国沪深A股房地产上市企业的数据,实证分析了负债融资和市场份额对企业价值的影响。结果显示:市场份额与负债水平正相关,两者之间存在显著的替代关系;从市场份额的角度看,负债水平能提升企业价值,且负债水平与企业价值的关系曲线呈U型;销售预期对企业价值具有调节作用,且高销售预期下这种调节作用更为明显。     

负债融资、财务杠杆和产品市场竞争关系实证研究

在指出负债融资产生财务杠杆效应的同时,又会导致企业产品市场竞争的压力,企业应该在财务杠杆效应和产品的市场竞争之间权衡才能确定合理的负债比例。在此基础上,选取了沪、深两地上市的117个公司作为研究对象,研究结果表明：中国上市公司财务杠杆效用应用不够合理,并针对性地提出对策。     

Ownership structure,board composition and the market for corporate control in the UK: an empirical analysis

This paper analyses the board composition and ownership structures of a sample of companies that have been acquired and those of a matching control sample that have not. We find significant governance differences between acquired firms and the control sample. Firms with the following characteristics were more likely to be acquired: they had the same person acting as CEO and chair, a higher proportion of non-executive directors, larger institutional shareholdings and higher director shareholdings. An analysis of small firms also found evidence of higher CEO shareholdings. We also find that treating all take-overs as a single group leads to a model mis-specification which does not identify the incentive effects of board and CEO shareholdings present in non-hostile acquisitions. These results are consistent with two agency-derived hypotheses, financial incentives and effective monitoring. We also find that targets exhibit lower growth potential but do not have worse accounting performance.     

Industry structure and labor market flexibility in the South African manufacturing sector: A time series and panel data approach

This paper presents a joint analysis of labor market flexibility and product market structure. Our investigation confirms earlier results of imperfect competition in South African manufacturing where we find an average mark-up of 50% for the period 1970 to 2004 that is without consistent trend over time. The contribution of the paper is to provide a theoretically grounded means of linking output market conduct to labor market flexibility. We infer the proportion of labor associated with rigidities in the labor market from the mark-up, and find that two thirds of total labor employed in South African manufacturing is associated with rigidities. We find that this proportion falls during the 1980s and rises during the 1990s, suggesting an increase in labor flexibility followed by a decrease.     

股权结构、债务治理与“效率悖论”——基于A股上市公司的经验数据

我国上市公司债务治理效应整体偏弱,公司业绩与债务水平显著负相关,但由于直接财务效应影响的差异性,以及债务期限结构、公司控制人性质、股权集中度和流通股比重等因素的作用,使债务水平具有较好的托宾Q效应,从而出现效率悖论现象。改善债务期限结构,增强金融机构对外信贷的预算约束和监控力度,加强国有投资主体对控股公司的约束力,强化股权制衡关系,加强证券市场建设,是解决这一问题的主要途径。     

债权性投资的确认与计量——新企业会计准则及其理论进步

2006年财政部发布的企业会计准则对债权性投资的会计确认、计量作出了新规定。本文在介绍我国新会计准则对债权性投资的分类及其初始确认、利息处理、后续计价等确认、计量的基本要求的基础上,分析新会计准则对债权性投资会计确认和计量的改进及其理论进步。     

Inequality,emulation and debt: The occurrence of different growth regimes in the age of financialization in a stock-flow consistent model

In the era of financialization, increasing income inequality could be observed in most developed and many developing countries. Despite similar developments in inequality, the growth performance and drivers for growth differed markedly among countries, allowing clusters of different growth regimes to be identified. Among them are 2 extreme types: the debt-led private-demand boom and the export-led mercantilist economies. Whereas the former rely mainly on credit-financed household consumption in order to compensate for the potential lack of demand (associated with the depressing effect of financialisation), the latter rely on net exports as the main driver of aggregate demand. Using a stock-flow consistent model it will be demonstrated how increasing inequality, depending on a countries institutional structure and regulatory framework, affects growth differently, explaining the occurrence of both regime types.     

Competition for foreign direct investment: The role of technology and market structure

We analyze the location choice of a multinational corporation (MNC) between two host countries. We consider both passive and active governments and examine the role of production efficiencies, and of market structure, in the MNC's choice. Our findings include: (i) when the domestic firms export, the country with fewer firms always gets the MNC, but the MNC is indifferent between hosts with firms that have different efficiency levels, (ii) when the domestic firms do not export, the country with more firms gets the MNC if they are sufficiently inefficient, and the MNC locates in the country with less efficient firms.     

农产品质量安全检测运行机制:来自韩国批发市场的启示

本文详细介绍了韩国可乐农水产品批发市场农产品安全检测体制的建立及其绩效，在对该体制特点深入分析的基础上，总结并提炼出对我国农产品批发市场的建设的有益经验与启示。主要结论为：建立系统化的农产品安全检测体制，重视批发市场与工商局等政府部门之间的协调与合作，制定合理的检测样品费用支付制度；借鉴先进的检测手段和方法，更新技术设备，提高农产品检测精度，增加检测品种；进一步提高风险管理水平和检测人员的素质；对不合格的农产品要采取严格的处理措施；与市场价格，交易数量一样，公布安全检测信息，大力鼓励普通市民参与监督。     

Vintage capital,market structure and productivity in an evolutionary model of industry growth

This paper examines the effects of inter-firm variation in vintage equipment replacement policies on industry productivity and structure using an evolutionary model based on Nelson-Winter. Traditional industry productivity measures assume a graduated replacement policy with low variation across firms in the average age of the capital stock. This approach allows for inter-firm policy variation. The first part reviews the neoclassical treatment of vintage capital investment; the second part outlines an evolutionary model of vintage replacement in the context of industry growth; and the third part presents results of simulation experiments focused on the relationship between vintage replacement patterns and industry productivity growth. Findings suggest that inter-firm differences in vintage capital investment policies may account for significant shifts in the rates of industry productivity growth and changes in market structure.