Afforestation and forestry land allocation in northern Vietnam: Analysing the gap between policy intentions and outcomes

Many tropical countries have recently implemented similar forest policies including large-scale afforestation programmes and the devolution of land-use rights. Their success in enhancing livelihoods and contributing to improved environmental services has been widely questioned. This paper discusses the impacts of state afforestation efforts and forestry land allocation on farmers’ land-use decisions in northern Vietnam. It links policy outcomes with factors located beyond the local level by analysing the decision-making process at the policy implementation stage. Our study suggests that the current national afforestation campaign has not successfully involved households in the forestry sector and that forestry land allocation to households has often disrupted existing land-use systems with little impact on afforestation. These discrepancies between policy intentions and outcomes are partly linked to the relative freedom provinces have to interpret and adapt policies during the implementation stage. In this respect, the political and economic context has played a significant role in providing particular financial and bureaucratic incentives to the former State Forest Enterprises and to civil servants. However, we argue that these actors have been allowed or even encouraged to take advantage of these incentives by national policy-makers thanks to: (1) the lack of clarity or the poor adequacy of the policies designed at the central level, and (2) the blurred character of prevailing national discourses promoting afforestation and community-based forest management. We recommend that national policy-makers allow flexibility in policy implementation but develop mechanisms of accountability and control between the provincial and the central authorities.     

福建三明市林业社会化服务体系调研报告

通过对福建三明市尤溪县和永安市林业社会化服务体系建设情况的调研发现,当地的林业部门创新服务形式,成立林业服务中心提供多种社会化服务,开通科技服务热线服务林农。集体林改后,林农林业投入增加明显,林业收入占总收入的三成以上。用材林联户经营增加,以大户经营为主,出现提供采伐服务的合作组织。经济林和林下经济的生产规模扩大,生产技术服务和产品销售以农户家庭为主体,合作社发挥作用并不明显,病虫害防治等公共服务不健全。建议:政府加强对合作社的支持和管理,发挥合作社在产前和产中服务林农的功能,促进合作社在带动林农增收中的作用;进一步完善林业服务中心建设,强化公共服务职能;完善基层林业技术服务体系,加强与林农合作社平台对接。     

松花江林管局国有森林资源配置效率评价

从自然资源和资本投入两方面选取投入指标,包括林业财政预算、年末在册职工数、林业中间消耗值和林业用地面积,从经济产出和生态产出两方面选取输出指标,包括林业总产值、林业增加值和林地改造面积,选取了2005～2010年的数据资料运用DEA方法的C2R模型对松花江林管局的国有森林资源配置效率进行分析评价,并依据评价结果,为松花江林管局的国有森林资源配置提出相应的合理化建议。     

10年来中国林业经济研究进展及今后的研究方向

分析在公共财政的投资下,天然林保护、退耕还林等森林生态工程的实施,使森林多目标经营思想得到体现,从而导致林业产出及结构发生了巨变;指出林业经济研究者及时地把握了变化的脉搏,但是森林经营目标的选择过程、约束条件等许多科学问题,期待继续深入探索。阐述市场机制在森林培育、林产品加工、林业企业经营管理等方面充分地发挥着配置资源的作用;林业行政部门的职能和行政管理方式的变化也推动了资源配置的进一步优化;指出学者们对此制度变迁进行了研究,但是重要发现仍显不足。通过《林业经济问题》10年来发表的论文总结出,未来的研究需要以林业经济活动的实践、数据资料的积累工作为基础,把握好选题、适用理论和计量工具等研究方法。     

Land allocation to meet sectoral goals in Indonesia—An analysis of policy coherence

Land is a scarce resource affecting the implementation of many sectoral policies. In Indonesia, the expansion of palm oil plantations has led to non-sustainable land use practices in past years, particularly deforestation. More recently, the government has set ambitious targets for the adoption of biodiesel which will require expansion of oil palm plantations, thus putting further pressure on land. Meanwhile, the need to guarantee food supply, forest conservation and climate change mitigation also imply challenges when it comes to land allocation and use. This paper examines the role that land plays in the implementation of sectoral policies in Indonesia, exploring the availability of land to satisfy the multiple goals defined in national policies. We explore land competition resulting from allocations made in official policy documents starting with biofuel policy. The analysis of policy goals and coherence when it comes to land allocation is made in relation to agriculture, climate and forestry policies. We conclude that adjustments need to be made in the policies to avoid overlappings and misinterpretations when it comes to land allocation. The area made available for meeting each sectoral policy goal when taking into account cross sectoral interactions is: 14.2 Mha for agriculture, 43 Mha for climate mitigation measures, 9.2 Mha for forestry, and 20.9 Mha for biofuels. A more uniform land classification and development of a common reference database will increase transparency on land allocation and use, and help to monitor land use change, ultimately supporting the achievement of multiple national goals.     

Analysis of individual private forestry in northern Spain according to economic factors related to management

In addition to being motivated by profit, the management decisions taken by non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners involve other considerations beyond timber, such as non-timber goods and services, as well as factors that affect the level of timber output from the land. Ensuring and improving forest profitability to make NIPF management viable is one of the main challenges faced by this type of landowner. This study empirically explores and assesses management by NIPF owners, through analysing attributes of forest economics (investment in holdings, expenditure on planting and silviculture, public subsidies, along with timber and non-timber incomes). With the aim of predicting outcomes, a multiple regression model was also constructed to investigate and quantify the relationship between socioeconomic and holding factors, and the planting activities carried out by NIPF owners. For this, 103 resident forest landowners in a forest region in northern Spain were interviewed in person, during March 2004, about their commitment to and involvement in land management during the period 1999–2003. The results mainly revealed that attractive forest returns and favourable market conditions for timber production are significant factors for investment in and development of forestry, with personal and family conditions also being important factors in explaining the type of land management carried out. In particular, the multiple linear regression model for forest planting activity correctly explained 84.5% of the variability observed in the study population, indicating that both the investments in and the incomes from forestry play an important role in the activity, as does the size of the holding. The findings may be of interest in promoting public measures related to timber markets and economic incentives for forest management, which will allow landowners to develop economically viable practices, as well as enabling fulfilment of social and environmental demands for sustainable forestry and rural development.     

新型林业经营主体林权抵押贷款的现状及对策——以浙江省为例

基于浙江省林业厅的统计数据,研究新型林业经营主体林权抵押贷款的现状。结果表明:林业金融资本不足是浙江省林业市场主体面临的主要问题之一,而作为融资工具的林权抵押贷款,存在着部门管理机制不健全、林地流转不畅通、保险机制不健全、评估机构专业化欠缺、担保机构不完善以及扶持政策不到位等问题。因此建议:提升发展新型林业经营主体、加强部门联动机制建设;完善林权抵押贷款的配套服务机构;加强林业产业政策环境建设。     

Making community forest management work in northern Vietnam by pioneering participatory action

Transfer of land-use rights from the state to individual households and groups of households to encourage community forest management (CFM) and use of forest resources for livelihood improvement, has been in place in Vietnam since the 1990s. However, to date there has been no evidence of allocation to groups of households as community entities with joint ownership. This paper examines the success of processes tested in four villages in mountainous northern Vietnam to officially secure joint ownership of and exclusive rights to community forest land. After four years, implementation of CFM led to enhanced equality and distribution of benefits, and better protection of forest resources. Household income remained largely unchanged, in part because of loss of income from activities which were now illegal, but also because it was too early for benefits to flow from new forestry initiatives. Active participation of and between village communities in land-use planning and allocation, and a willingness to compromise, particularly on the position of land boundaries, were essential elements to ensuring equity in the distribution of benefits. Lack of enabling processes and experience in the implementation of government policies mean that further support for village communities is needed to fully realize the benefits from joint management of the allocated community forest.     

永安市集体林权制度改革的绩效分析

在全面推行、深化集体林权制度改革的背景下,前期改革的实施情况和成效日益成为研究的热点。本文依托国家林业局集体林权制度改革跟踪监测课题的调查情况,以福建省永安市为研究对象,从林地经营的投入、产出,林地的流转,林改的满意度和政策需求等方面,探讨集体林权制度改革的成效。研究结果发现:集体林权制度改革增加了林农的林业生产收入,拓宽了林业融资渠道;同时也导致林业投入的增加,林业合作组织的出现和加强。最后指出提高永安市集体林权制度改革绩效的政策方向。     

南方集体林区林业规费调查分析及启示

在对福建省进行实地调查的基础上,分析了南方集体林区林业规费征收、使用和管理中的问题及其对林业生产的影响。总的来看,南方集体林区普遍存在林业规费种类多、规费挤占严重、用途改变、规费的分配对林农不公平以及政府公共支出缺位等问题。合理的林业规费体系的建立应包括取消育林基金、维简费和各种不合理的收费,保留林业保护建设费等少数费用,完善林业部门中的公共财政支出体系以及明晰森林产权等。     

我国林业经济体制转型的现实制度分析

分析了当前我国林业制度安排上存在与“社会办林业”不相适应的一系列问题:⑴在林地与森林资源产权界定上存在着不严密与不完整;⑵林地和森林资源产权主体虚置、权能不清;⑶森林资源产权的“委托-代理”关系制度扭曲,同时缺乏约束机制;⑷森林限额采伐制度安排与执行过程中存在缺陷;⑸森林生态效益补偿的对象、标准、使用管理等方面制度安排不科学等问题。研究认为,要保障我国社会办林业战略的有效实施,就必须对我国的林业制度进行变革与创新,作出新的制度安排。     

我国林业产业发展现状、趋势和政策取向

介绍了我国林业产业的发展现状,指出林业产业的社会贡献率凸现,森林食品和药材、种苗花卉等新兴产业迅速崛起,产业集群逐步形成。分析了林业产业的发展趋势,认为我国林业产业由大变强的过程中,将呈现林区经济结构、资源配置方式、经济增长方式、发展模式等五大变化。建议在新的发展时期,林业政策取向应由利用林地、林区资源为主,转向利用人工林、提高木材综合利用率、推进林业市场主体的建立、培育壮大产业协会等。     

新型林业经营主体培育存在的问题及对策——基于浙江、江西及安徽省的典型调查

基于实地调研和文献研究,新型林业经营主体培育过程中仍存在着经营思想认识不到位、经营理念有待提升、经营管理不规范、林权抵押贷款难、林地流转不规范、经营基础设施落后等问题。因此,提出了树立现代经营理念、加大政府扶持力度、完善林业经营管理服务体系、完善林业融资体系、规范林地流转机制、完善相关配套政策等建议。     

新疆集体林权制度改革经济效应分析

以集体林权制度改革为政策背景,采用C-D生产函数模型,根据新疆林业经济统计数据,就林业科技进步、林业资本投入、林业劳动力投入、新增造林面积以及作为虚拟变量的集体林权制度改革等要素,对新疆林业经济增长的贡献做出定量评价。结果表明:集体林权制度改革后林业科技进步、林业资本投入、林业劳动力投入对林业经济增长具有明显推进作用,作为虚拟变量的制度因素集体林权改革对林业经济增长具有正向推动作用。新疆林业经济的增长在很大程度上依赖于林业资本的大力投入,因此新疆林业要实现经济快速增长,必须继续深化集体林权制度改革,落实林权证的发放,不仅要继续加大劳动力投入和科技投入的力度,而且要促进林业劳动力投入和科技进步的结合;同时还要不断完善人才培养机制,加快新疆林业技术人才的引进。     

我国林业用地面积与林业产值的区域性关系研究

林业用地的面积直接决定了林业经营生产的规模,从而最终决定了林业产值的发展趋势。从利用单位林业用地面积林业产值的大小对各省市自治区进行类别划分这个角度,对每个类别内的林业用地与林业产值之间的关系进行建模,通过对比不同类别间的差异,发现我国林业经济发展过程中的区域性发展差异问题,提出若干建议以改善林业发展过程中的区域差异状况。     

我国集体林权制度改革态势与绩效评估——基于22省(区、市)1050户农户的入户调查

根据2011年对全国22省(区、市)76村1050户农户的调查数据,从微观角度跟踪观察了本次集体林权制度改革村庄实践态势,并对其经济、社会绩效进行了评估。调查显示:近7成的农户领到林权证,与林改前相比,样本户的承包山总面积累计有10%左右的增加;农户对国家林业政策稳定性仍有疑虑;部分地区政策执行不到位;林权抵押贷款政策实施面临一些困难。研究表明:随着集体林权制度改革的深入推进,农户对林地的投入有所增加;林农收入有所增加;社会资金向林产业积聚,社会造林绿化积极性提高;林下经济取得了初步发展。     

对我国集体林区产权改革一些问题的认识

集体林产权改革必须尊重历史,尊重广大基本群众对土地和民生的基本诉求,切实维护他们对土地的基本权力,核心是公平,而不是效率,效率上的改革企图只能在局部成功。新一轮林业产权改革没有触及林业行政和政府服务体系的改革。建议:尽快彻底取消林业税费;加强林业产权制度、基层森林管理模式、利益分配机制的综合研究和试验;林业部门主动放弃“森林”和“环境”等主导名词,而代替为“林农”“、林业”和“林区“”三林问题”新的话语;用以购买农民的森林所有权和林地使用权寻求少数林区作为改革试点,探索林区社会福利事业生态路径和管理模式,探索集体林区森林国有化改革的道路;寻求多样化、有弹性的林业改革发展道路。     

The incremental construction land differentiated management framework: the perspective of land quota trading in China

Construction land plays a vanguard role in China’s rapid urbanization process. However, confront with massive loss of farmland resources, the highly centralized land-use planning and management system established by the central government in 1998 stipulates that the red line of 1.8 billion mu of farmland should be guarantee to ensure food security. A series of land management system innovations such as “the replacement of basic farmland in different places”, “the compensated supplement of farmland in different places”, and “the land conversion quotas transregional transaction” in Zhejiang province have received increasing attention, under the premise that neither dissipating the economic development efficiency nor breaking the constraints of various planning quotas. Inspired by the “three-phase” efficiency improvement based on the concept known as the “adaptive efficiency”, this article first proposes the inherent policy shortcomings as incalculability, inseparability, and uncontrollability. Then, adopting the mathematical model derivation and economic analysis tool, we demonstrate that the “general allocation + competition allocation + rewarded allocation” of new construction land quota allocation scheme has improved the three-stage Pareto efficiency. Relying on the network analysis of the cross-regional trading in Zhejiang province, the “time hotspot”, “regional hotspot”, Siphon effect, price fluctuation and inequality of opportunity are also observed in the process of trading. The authorities should play a quasi “wedge-like” blocking role in due course. It is therefore suggested that a differentiated management scheme should be adopted considering the variance in regional resource endowments and social ecosystem. This paper expected to shed light on improving construction land-use efficiency for China and other similarly placed developing countries.     

曲线法的林业产业演进阶段测度研究——以黑龙江森工林区为例

介绍了黑龙江省森工林区林业产业发展的概况,使用1996～2010年40个国有林业企业的产值作为研究样本,运用Compertz生长曲线法,从产业组织和产业规模视角对黑龙江森工林区林业产业演进阶段进行测度,结果表明:黑龙江省林业产业在21世纪初经历了成熟期后,没有进入衰退期,而是进入下一产业生命周期的快速成长期。因此,提出积极培育合理利用森林资源、依靠科学技术转变林业经济增长方式、完善各项林业产业政策、建立健全林业产业发展制度等林区林业产业发展的对策。     

Socioeconomic drivers of forest loss and fragmentation: A comparison between different land use planning schemes and policy implications

Forest loss and fragmentation, which generate various negative environmental and ecological consequences, have become widespread phenomena across the globe. Motivation to investigate the underlying drivers is essential for land use planning and policy decision making. This paper characterizes forest loss and fragmentation from 1979 to 2014 in the Ningbo region (China) using multitemporal satellite imageries and a set of landscape metrics (area-weighted mean patch area, edge density, area-weighted shape index, Euclidean nearest neighbor distance, effective mesh size and total area); and then quantifies the responsible socioeconomic drivers (economy, social activities, science and technology, culture and policy, demography) under different land use planning schemes (urban and non-urban) using multivariate linear regression. Results show that the two zones present identical trend of intensifying forest loss and fragmentation but differ in changing magnitude and speed. More specifically, forest loss and fragmentation in the non-urban planning zone occurs at a significantly higher pace and magnitude. For the urban planning zone, population pressure, economic growth and fruit consumption are the primary drivers of forest loss, while forest fragmentation is mainly driven by economic openness, cash crop consumption and environmental protection consciousness. For the non-urban planning zone, income increases, fruit consumption and infrastructure development are the primary drivers of forest loss, while infrastructure and tourism development are the major drivers of forest fragmentation. Besides, forest loss and fragmentation in the two zones are both heavily subjected to land use policy. The variance partitioning analysis highlights that the policy driver is the most influential one and economic driver also has strong effect on forest loss and fragmentation in the urban planning zone. For the non-urban planning zone, the influence of policy driver is the strongest and social activity is also very powerful. These results provide compelling evidence that land use planning fails to play an efficient role in protecting forest resources in the Ningbo region. The failure should be attributed to several issues associated with land use planning and forestry governance that widely exist in China. We finally propose some pertinent implications and suggestions for China’s land use planning and forest policy. This study is believed to advance the understanding of the socioeconomic drivers of forest loss and fragmentation. It therefore provides some new insights in land use policy.