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1.
This paper has three objectives: (1) to survey the relevant literature addressing the (apparent) paradox of Research & Development
investments carried out within Small and Medium Enterprises; (2) to provide focused summaries of the articles in this special
issue; (3) to draw some general conclusions in terms of policy implications.
相似文献
Peter VoigtEmail: |
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3.
Daniele Archibugi Roberto Simonetti 《International Journal of the Economics of Business》1998,5(3):295-309
Technology, even more than other aspects of economic life, is characterized by a strong interdependence across both sectors and organizations. However, we still know little about the determinants and impact of technological interdependence. The standard input-output analysis is unable to explain interdependence in technological life since a large proportion of innovations are either untraded or are disembodied from products. Innovations which are not appropriated by the innovators are not signalled by prices. Moreover, input-output tables do not systematically consider exchanges within economic organizations, such as firms. This paper proposes a more complex accounting framework for innovation which would monitor the technological field of the innovation and the product where it is used, as well as the producer-user interrelationship. 相似文献
4.
Rinaldo Evangelista Tore Sandven Giorgio Sirilli Keith Smith 《International Journal of the Economics of Business》1998,5(3):311-333
This paper analyses the results of the 1993 Community Innovation Survey (CIS). Fifty per cent of European firms introduced a product or process innovation during 1990-92. The share of innovating firms varies between industrial sectors and firm size. The percentage of innovating firms is higher for large firms than for smaller ones. In high-tech sectors this share is two thirds and for traditional ones is one third. The largest part of firms' expenditure for innovation is linked to the adoption and diffusion of technologies through machinery and equipment, which absorbs 50% of firms' innovation expenditure. R&D activities represent, on average, 20% of total innovation expenditure while other innovative activities, such as design and trial production, account respectively for 10% and 11%. The mix of innovation inputs, especially R&D and investment, is strongly correlated with firm size, displays little change across countries and varies greatly across industries. 相似文献
5.
This paper investigates the impact of in-house R&D and innovation management practices on innovation success in small and
medium-sized firms (SMEs). While there is little doubt about the significance of technology competence for generating successful
innovations, in-house R&D activities may be a particular challenge for SMEs due to high risk exposure, high fixed costs, high
minimum investment and severe financial constraints. SMEs may thus opt for refraining from R&D and relying more on innovation
management tools in order to achieve innovation success. We analyse whether such a strategy can pay off. Based on data from
the German CIS, we find that R&D activities are a main driver for innovation success if combined with external R&D, using
external innovation sources or by entering into co-operation agreements. SMEs without in-house R&D can yield a similar innovation
success if they effectively apply human resource management tools or team work to facilitate innovation processes.
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Alfred SpielkampEmail: |
6.
Ben Ferrett 《International Journal of the Economics of Business》2016,23(1):87-107
We study the decision of two firms within an oligopoly concerning whether to enter into a horizontal agreement to exploit complementarities between their R&D activities and if so, whether to merge or form a research joint venture (RJV). In contrast to horizontal merger and motivated by real-world evidence, we incorporate a probability that an RJV contract will fail to enforce R&D sharing. We find that a horizontal agreement always arises in equilibrium, which is consistent with empirical findings that R&D complementarities between firms positively influence the formation of horizontal agreements. The insiders’ merger/RJV choice involves a trade-off: While merger offers certainty that R&D complementarities will be exploited, it leads to a profit-reducing reaction by outsiders on the product market, where competition is Cournot. Greater contract enforceability (quality) and R&D investment costs both favour RJV. Interestingly, the insiders may choose to merge even when RJV contracts are always enforceable, and they may opt to form an RJV even when the likelihood of enforceability is negligible. We also explore the welfare implications of the firms’ merger/RJV choice. 相似文献
7.
This article investigates the role played by one type of firm interaction, namely R&D cooperation, and also the acquisition
of labor, in the promotion of industrial innovations. We employ a unique innovation dataset from Finland which combines firm
specific information about the innovation performance of the firms along with their individual characteristics, as well as
firm specific information regarding the origins of their recent labor acquisitions. Analyzing this data allows us to identify
the different roles which the knowledge spillovers and labor markets play in the innovation process. Our results suggest that
small firms are generally more innovative than large firms; R&D cooperation is an essential feature of innovation, but the
variety of cooperation is of little importance; and labor acquisition appears to be only of limited importance for innovation.
相似文献
Philip McCannEmail: |
8.
We discuss alternative organizational forms of research and development in a symmetric duopoly framework. Firms play a noncooperative game at the output stage but can collaborate at the R&D stage. In the absence of patent protection, technology licensing that prevents imitative R&D may emerge as an equilibrium outcome. In general, greater probabilities of success in R&D rule out noncooperative arrangement at the R&D stage. Delegative R&D, where firms move sequentially, tends to dominate the cooperative form of R&D.Department of Economics, Monash University 相似文献
9.
Kun-Huang Huarng 《Journal of Business Research》2010,63(5):451-453
Now that we live in a world full of cutting-edge breakthroughs, technology management seems to be particularly essential. The Journal of Business Research has published a special issue entitled “Essential Research in Technology Management.” This special issue includes 11 papers. Six of them are from the 2007 Chinese Society for Management of Technology Annual Meeting and Conference held at Feng Chia University, Taiwan, while the other five are invited. All of them went through double-blind reviews and revisions. These papers contribute to various perspectives of technology management in different countries. 相似文献
10.
Innovation in SMEs exhibits some peculiar features that most traditional indicators of innovation activity do not capture. Therefore, in this paper, we develop a structural model of innovation that incorporates information on innovation success from firm surveys along with the usual R&D expenditures and productivity measures. We then apply the model to data on Italian SMEs from the “Survey on Manufacturing Firms” conducted by Mediocredito-Capitalia covering the period 1995–2003. The model is estimated in steps, following the logic of firms’ decisions and outcomes. We find that international competition fosters R&D intensity, especially for high-tech firms. Firm size and R&D intensity, along with investment in equipment, enhances the likelihood of having both process and product innovation. Both these kinds of innovation have a positive impact on firm’s productivity, especially process innovation. Among SMEs, larger and older firms seem to be less productive.
相似文献
Jacques MairesseEmail: |
11.
Mario I. Kafouros 《Journal of Business Research》2008,61(8):868-876
This paper investigates the relationship between R&D and corporate performance. The study extends previous research by examining the conditions under which firms benefit from R&D; by incorporating in the analysis the varying costs of R&D inputs; and by employing an opportunity-cost approach that estimates the monetary returns to R&D. The findings indicate that industrial research generates revenues that are significantly higher than the returns that other investments yield. The study also resolves previously conflicting results concerning firm size, and offers new insights on the role of technological opportunities that contradict past studies. Although the potential for innovation is greater in high-tech industries, intense R&D competition prevents technologically dynamic firms from enjoying high returns to R&D. By contrast, the results demonstrate that low-tech firms use R&D successfully as part of their strategies, implying that prior research underestimates the importance of R&D for these firms. 相似文献
12.
In this paper we evaluate the effectiveness of R&D tax incentives in Quebec, using manufacturing firm data from 1997 to 2003
originating from R&D surveys, annual surveys of manufactures and administrative data. The estimated price elasticity of R&D
is –0.10 in the short run and –0.14 in the long run, with slightly higher elasticities for small firms than for large firms.
We show that there is a deadweight loss associated with level-based R&D tax incentives that is particularly acute for large
firms. For small firms it is not sizeable enough to suppress the R&D additionality, at least not for quite a number of years
after the initial tax change. Incremental R&D tax credits do not suffer from this deadweight loss and are from that perspective
preferable to level-based tax incentives.
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Pierre MohnenEmail: |
13.
《Latin American Business Review》2013,14(1):61-75
ABSTRACT Ronstadt observed that R&D laboratories in foreign subidiaries of American multinationals follow an evolutionary pattern of development. First, these laboratories adapt foreign technology to the local conditions and local raw materials. Later, laboratories focus their activity in obtaining product quality. In the last stage, these R&D units generate new technology of a long-term or exploratory nature for the corporate parent. Based on this theoretical background, this paper studies the evolution of R&D investments in polymer firms in Brazil. The methodology used was a case study conducted in 5 firms from the polymer area, complemented with secondary sources. RESUMEN. Según Ronstadt, los laboratorios de I&D de las subsidiarias extranjeras de las multinacionales norteamericanas, cumplen un programa de desarrollo evolucionario. En primer lugar, estos laboratorios adaptan las tecnologías extranjeras a las condiciones locales y las materias primas existentes. A continuación, los laboratorios orientan sus actividades en obtener un producto de alta calidad. En la última etapa, estas unidades de I&D generan nueva tecnología de características a largo plazo o naturaleza exploratoria para la corporación matriz. Usando como base estos antecedentes teóricos, este documento estudia la evolución de las inversiones realizadas por las empresas de polímeros en el campo de la I&D en el Brasil. La metodología utilizada fue un estudio de caso realizado en 5 empresas fabricantes de polímeros, complementado con otras fuentes secundarias. RESUMO. Ronstadt observou que os laboratórios de R&D em subsidiárias estrangeiras de multinacionais americanas seguem um padrão evolutivo de desenvolvimento. Primeiro, estes laboratórios adaptam a tecnologia estrangeira às condiç[otilde]es e às matérias-primas locais. Posteriormente, os laboratórios focalizam a sua atividade na obtenção da qualidade do produto. E, finalmente, estas unidades de R&D geram uma nova tecnologia para a matriz de natureza exploratória ou de longo prazo. Baseado nesta experiência teórica, este trabalho investiga a evolução dos investimentos de R&D em empresas de polímeros no Brasil. A metodologia usada foi um estudo de caso conduzido em cinco empresas da área de polímeros, complementada por fontes secundárias. 相似文献
14.
Jonathan Michie 《International Journal of the Economics of Business》1998,5(3):261-277
The international economics of business and management has focused - both in the academic literature and in corporate and public policy discussions - increasingly on issues of globalisation, innovation and 'competitiveness'. These issues, and in particular their interrelation, are analysed in detail in this Special Issue of the International Journal of the Economics of Business. This opening article aims to set the scene by considering how the rather distinct literatures around the above three topics can best be drawn upon in order to focus on what implications the new global economic environment has for the economics of business and public policy. 相似文献
15.
Bulent Unel 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(1):105-133
This paper investigates the significance of Research and Development (R&D) spillovers through intra- and international trade in intermediate goods for productivity growth in a panel of OECD industries during 1973–1994. In the model, four different sources of R&D are identified: R&D conducted in the particular industry itself, R&D conducted in the same industries in other countries, R&D conducted in other domestic industries, and R&D conducted in other foreign industries. I find that among R&D sources the most important contributions to productivity growth come from the domestic R&D efforts. Here, own R&D is important for both domestic innovation and for the productivity catch-up process. Evidence that international R&D spillovers also have significant effects on productivity growth is found to be less robust. My analysis also shows that human capital affects productivity directly as a factor of production. 相似文献
16.
When a firm launches a market-creating innovation, it launches a new product for which there are no close product substitutes. Thus, the new product causes a shift in the existing product-market structure of an industry. This paper reports on the findings of the analysis of 51 large pharmaceutical firms and their market-creating activities. The study suggests that market-creating firms have capabilities in both R&D and marketing. Furthermore, market-creating firms enjoy stronger efficiencies, manage costs better and make more profitable use of their assets. 相似文献
17.
Firms fund research and development (R&;D) to generate commercializable innovations and to increase their ability to understand and absorb knowledge from elsewhere. This dual role and opposed incentive structure of internal R&;D create a significant question for both theory and R&;D policy: Is internal R&;D a complement or substitute for external R&;D? We develop a model and novel technique for empirically estimating R&;D substitution elasticities. We focus on bio-pharmaceutical and software industries in California and Massachusetts, where tax credit rates changed differently over time for the two types of R&;D, creating a natural experiment. The effective tax prices for the two R&;D types differ from type to type, firm to firm, state to state, and year to year. This allows us to examine changes in the composition of firms’ R&;D budgets between in-house R&;D and external basic research when the relative tax prices of each category of research change. We find evidence of a substitute relationship both for a sample comprising exclusively small firms as well as for a more general distribution of firm sizes. 相似文献
18.
The roles of R&;D in new firm growth 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Innovative start-ups are an important driver of economic growth. This article presents empirical evidence on the effects of
research and development (R&D) on new product development, interfirm alliances and employment growth during the early life
course of firms. We use a dataset that contains a sample of new firms that is representative of the whole population of start-ups.
This dataset covers the first 6 years of the life course of firms. It is revealed that R&D plays several roles during the
early life course of high-tech as well as high-growth firms. The effect of initial R&D on high-tech firm growth is through
increasing levels of interfirm alliances in the first post-entry years. R&D efforts enable the exploitation of external knowledge.
Initial R&D also stimulates new product development later on in the life course of high-tech firms, but this does not seem
to affect firm growth. R&D does not affect the growth rate of new low-tech firms, which seem to be driven mainly by the growth
ambitions of the founding entrepreneur. The results show that R&D matters for a limited but important set of new high-tech
and high-growth firms, which are key in innovation and entrepreneurship policies.
相似文献
Karl WennbergEmail: |
19.
This paper documents the relationship between R&D, firm size, and growth rate for a panel data of Taiwanese electronics firms.
Using GMM method to control for endogeneity of R&D, the main finding is that an increase in R&D induces a higher growth rate
and this impact is particularly higher for small firms. Testing Gibrat’s law shows that small firms indeed have a higher growth
rate than their larger counterparts, while size is independent with firm growth in the group of large-sized
firms, supporting the weak form of Gibrat’s law. 相似文献
20.
We consider a systems market where two complementary components must be used in combination to provide valuable services. The market for the first component is monopolized whereas the market for the second is potentially served by multiple firms. We show that integration of the monopolist into the competitive complementary market may distort incentives for R&D, reducing total economic welfare. 相似文献