探析汇率制度、购买力平价及国际货币供求因素对人民币汇率的长期影响

影响人民币汇率的因素很多,但其作用时间的长短却不同。文章通过对中国的汇率制度、购买力平价及国际货币供求的分析,来说明其对汇率的长期影响。     

全球性货币错配与国际货币体系改革

全球性货币错配是全球经济失衡的货币表现,而以"美元本位制"为核心的现行国际货币体系是全球性货币错配的重要根源。国际货币体系改革的方向是加强国际间货币金融合作,最大限度地降低各国货币错配程度,以防止金融风险的扩大和货币危机的频繁发生。     

The effects of risk and return on the currency composition of money demand

Zusammenfassung Die Wirkungen von Risiko und Ertrag auf die W?hrungszusammensetzung der Geldnachfrage. — In diesem Aufsatz wird ein theoretisches Modell einer variablen W?hrungszusammensetzung der Geldnachfrage entwickelt, das auf dem Maximierungsverhalten und einer Geld-Produktionsfunktion basiert und Wechselkursunsicherheit einschlie\t. Ein empirischer Test des Modells zeigt, da\ es eine solche Portfolio-Diversifikation auf den internationalen Geldm?rkten gibt. In den Vereinigten Staaten beeinflu\t die Unsicherheit über den Wechselkurs die Zusammensetzung der Geldbest?nde statistisch in der erwarteten Richtung. Obwohl die Ergebnisse für Deutschland statistisch kaum signifikant sind, haben die Reaktionen doch das richtige Vorzeichen. Diese Ergebnisse legen es nahe, die Diversifikationswirkungen in die Theorie von den Anpassungsprozessen der internationalen Geldm?rkte einzubauen.

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Résumé Les effets de risque et de rendement sur la composition de monnaie de la demande monétaire. — Dans cet article nous avons développé un modèle théorique de la composition variable de monnaie de la demande monétaire qui se fonde sur le comportement de maximiser et sur une fonction de la production monétaire et qui incorpore l’incertitude sur le taux de change. Un test empirique du modèle démontre une évidence concrète d’une telle diversification du portefeuille de monnaie sur les marchés internationaux monétaires. L’incertitude sur le taux de change influence statistiquement fort les dispositions monétaires de la direction anticipée dans les états-Unis. Bien que les résultats pour l’Allemagne ne soient statistiquement significatifs que marginalement, la direction de la réponse a aussi le propre signe. Les résultats impliquent que ces effets de diversification devraient être incorporés dans la théorie d’ajustement des marchés internationaux monétaires.

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Resumen Los efectos del riesgo y del retorno sobre la composición monetaria de la demanda por dinero. — En este artículo hemos desarrollado un modelo teorético de una composición monetaria variable de la demanda por dinero, basada en el comportamiento maximizador y en una función de producción del dinero e introduciendo incertidumbre de tasa cambiaria. Un test empírico del modelo provee evidencia concreta de tal diversificación del portafolio de dinero en los mercados monetarios internacionales. Incertidumbre de tasa de cambio afecta la tenencia relativa de dinero con un efecto estadístico fuerte de la dirección anticipada en los EE.UU. A pesar de que los resultados para Alemania son estadísticamente solo marginalmente significantes, la dirección de la respuesta tiene nuevamente el signo correcto. Estos resultados implican, por lo tanto, que estos efectos de diversificación deberían ser incorporados en la teoría del ajuste de mercados monetarios internacionales.

     

国际收支视角下人民币汇率形成机制改革探讨

我国国际收支持续双顺差和外汇储备大幅增长导致了人民币升值压力的形成。目前我国已实行以市场供求为基础的有管理的浮动汇率制,且已实现了人民币经常项目下的可兑换,因而外汇市场供求和国际收支状况对人民币汇率的影响逐步加大。本文基于外汇供求模型构建了我国国际收支影响人民币汇率形成的模型并进行了实证分析,结果显示出口、外资流入和外汇储备变动对汇率的影响比较显著。最后基于上述分析对如何完善人民币汇率形成机制提出了政策建议。     

Interest rate subsidies on international finance as a means of assisting low-income countries

Many of the conventional ways of using the international financial system as a mechanism for making resource transfers to developing countries require quite fundamental restructuring of that system. Furthermore the relevance of the most notorious plan - the SDR-aid link – has been reduced by the increase in the rate of interest on SDR net use and by the insignificant proportion of reserve growth accounted for by SDRs. The use of interest rate subsidies on IMF finance, in conjunction with reforms to Fund conditionality, offers one practical way of providing an albeit small amount of financial assistance to low income countries. Analysis suggests that such subsidies represent an attractive form of aid and may enhance international financial efficiency.     

Risks and returns in international currency futures

Conclusion This paper analyzed the risk/return level of international currency futures traded on International Monetary Market of Chicago during 1972–1977 period. The empirical results indicate that relative risk and returns for each currency future studied are both close to zero during the sample period. The fact that the beta value for currency futures is close to zero implies its returns are uncorrelated with the market portfolio. Therefore, investors can reduce the risk level of their total portfolio significantly by adding currency futures.     

国际货币基金组织改革评析

国际货币基金组织(IMF)诞生50多年来，一直在成员国经济发展和世界经济的协调中扮演举足轻重的角色，而且IMF的目标也随着经济发展深入到更广泛的领域。在成立之初，IMF仅仅通过对成员国提供短期贷款来帮助调整国际收支。在布雷顿森林体系崩溃之后，IMF开始运用国际货币合作和有秩序的汇率安排来促进国际经济增长。到目前为止，IMF不仅承担着184个成员国宏观经济政策的监督并提供金融和技术支持，同时，还对世界上最贫困的国家提供援助，通过贷款、技术援助来帮助设计宏观经济政策体制。     

The needs for international monetary reserves,exchange rate flexibility,and joining a currency area

Summary The needs for reserves, exchange rate flexibility and monetary policy are derived, the need being the result of an optimization problem. The level of domestic production, its variance and that of the domestic price level have been chosen as criteria of the benefits and costs. The effectiveness and costs of balance of payments adjustment, which appear to be co-determinants of the needs, are expressed in the parameters of an economic model. This shows that the need for reserves displays a one-to-one relation to quantities of the demand for money and to the balance of payments disturbance. Only the latter is a meaningful criterion for joining a currency area. Helpful comments by Mr. G. J. Lanjouw and a referee are acknowledged. This article is a revised and extended version of Jager (1977).     

The choice of an invoicing currency in international trade and the balance of trade impact of currency depreciation

Cross-country differences in the choice of an invoicing currency in international trade is one reason for cross-country differences in estimated exchange rate coefficients in short-run balance of trade equations. If exports are invoiced in domestic currency while imports are invoiced in a foreign currency, a depreciation will increase the domestic currency value of outstanding import contracts, and may cause the balance of trade to fall in the short run. Countries with different invoicing patterns will have different effects on the short-run trade balance following a depreciation. We explore a simple theory of invoicing currency choice, drawing inferences regarding the likely choices for 14 countries. This allows a classification of countries according to the expected short-run balance of trade effect of a currency depreciation. Empirical estimates support the hypothesized groupings based on suggested currency invoicing patterns.     

A theory of international currency: Competition and discipline

We explicitly consider strategic interaction between governments to study currency competition and its effects on the circulation of currencies and welfare in a two-country two-currency search-theoretic model. Each government finances public goods by means of seigniorage. Compared with a regime with two local currencies, a regime with one international currency allows the issuer of the international currency to reduce the inflation tax while collecting more seigniorage, and forces the other issuer to raise the rate to compensate for a diminished tax base. However, the country with a local currency is sometimes constrained by an inflation discipline: the more open a country is, the stronger is the discipline. Strategic selection of equilibrium gives rise to a further inflation discipline: the larger country tries to have its currency circulate abroad, while the smaller country tries to prevent the circulation of Foreign currency.     

全球金融危机与国际货币体系改革分析

由美国的次贷危机引发的全球性金融危机愈演愈烈,已经演变成一场席卷全球的经济危机,使以美元为主导的国际货币体系要面临严峻挑战,国际货币体系改革重新被提到议事日程上来。本文分析了当前国际货币体系存在的问题,并为国际货币体系改革提出了若干建议。     

汇率、货币政策与经济增长

一、名义汇率与实际汇率我们知道,汇率的变化会对国际贸易产生直接的影响。例如,当本币贬值时,以外币表示的本国出口商品价格下降,这使本国商品在国际市场上的竞争力增强,进而促进本国的出口增长。但是这里所说的汇率变化是名义汇率的变化还是实际汇率的变化呢?对于这个问题,我     

货币政策与汇率关联的实证研究

本文从五个方面对国内外货币政策与汇率关联的实证研究方面的文献进行了回顾。借鉴国外的研究方法,利用较高频、更长、更新的时间序列数据,并考虑变量之间存在的联立关系,对我国情况做进一步的研究。     

Crowding out and the rate of return on capital in Japan

It is often argued that a crowding out of capital must be accompanied by a rise in the rate of return on capital and in the interest rate. This paper demonstrates that this does not need to be the case by showing that the hypothesis of a crowding out of capital in Japan during the 1990s is consistent with a fall in the rate of return on capital and in the interest rate. In the model economy constructed in the paper, persistent increases in government debt which crowd out capital also induce a decline in the price of existing capital goods. This decline leads to capital losses. When these capital losses are large enough to offset increases in the marginal product of capital stemming from the fall in the stock of capital, the rate of return on capital will fall. Numerical exercises suggest that the crowding out of capital contributed to the decline in the rate of return of capital observed in Japan during the 1990s.     

China's investment and rate of return on capital revisited

We revisit China's suspected overinvestment problem by examining the rate of return on capital from two perspectives. First, we find that two existing methods of estimating the rate of return generate conflicting results, and we succeed in reconciling them. Our revised estimates show that the rate of return rose sharply from 1998 to 2014, which helps explain the strong investment drive. Second, we explore what caused the rate of return to rise. We find the explanation lies mainly with the long-term factor of rising total factor productivity but that the short-term cyclical factor of low real interest rates has also contributed.     

市场和政府:扩大内需的约束条件

七次降息未能扭转通货紧缩现象,其原因在于以间接融资为主的金融市场,利率机制自发调节存在 失灵的区域,而宏观调控缺乏运作的基础,也存在盲目性。应加快利率市场化进程,促进金融市场直接融 资的迅速发展,才能有效实现币值稳定和经济增长。     

Interest payments and the stability of the government budget deficit in an open and growing economy

Summary This article discusses the basic determinants of stability and instability of the accumulation of public debt in an open and growing economy. Unlike most previous studies which start from the basically short term IS-LM framework, this analysis centers on the long-term dynamics arising from the government budget restraint, the balance of payments restraint and the interaction between growth and income distribution. Several policy regimes for the government's budget are taken into consideration and specific attention is paid to the question of whether monetary and fiscal policy can effectively ensure the stability of the system.Comments by W. Driehuis, S.K. Kuipers and H. Thoben are gratefully acknowledged.     

Balance of payments deficits,the adjustment cost and the optimum level of international reserves

Zusammenfassung Zahlungsbilanzdefizite, die Ausgleichskosten und die optimale H?he der internationalen Reserven. — Die Kosten des Ausgleichs eines Zahlungsbilanzdefizits durch eine Politik der Einkommenskürzung, eine Abwertung und induzierte kompensatorische Kapitalzuflüsse werden für eine Auswahl von fünfzehn L?ndern gesch?tzt. In dieser Stichprobe sind die Abwertungskosten und die Kosten von induzierten Kapitalzuflüssen niedriger als die Kosten einer reinen Einkommensdrosselungspolitik. Für Kanada, D?nemark und Südafrika stellt die Abwertung die billigste Anpassungspolitik dar. Das bedeutet, da\ es für diese L?nder vorteilhaft ist, flexible Wechselkurse zu haben. Anschlie\end wird die optimale H?he der internationalen Reserven auf der Grundlage der Formel von H. R. Heller berechnet; sie ist dann erreicht, wenn die marginalen Kosten des Ausgleichs des Zahlungsbilanzdefizits durch eine der drei Arten der Anpassungspolitik, die in dem Aufsatz beschrieben werden, gleich sind den Alternativkosten, die durch das Halten von internationalen Reserven entstehen. Die Verfasser stellen abschlie\end fest, da\ in ihrer Stichprobe die entwickelten L?nder, deren W?hrungen keine Leitw?hrungen sind, überschu\reserven besitzen, w?hrend die Entwicklungsl?nder über weniger Reserven verfügen, als optimal w?re.

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Résumé Les déficits de balance des paiements, les coüts d’ajustement et le niveau optimal des réserves internationales. — Sont estimés, pour un échantillon de quinze pays choisis, les coüts de l’ajustement d’un déficit de balance des paiements, ajustement au moyen d’une politique de réduction du revenu, d’une dévaluation et d’un afflux induit de capitaux compensatoires. Dans cet échantillon, les coüts de dévaluation et les coüts de l’afflux induit de capitaux sont plus bas que les coüts d’une pure politique de réduction du revenu. Pour le Canada, le Danemark et l’Union Sud-Africaine, la dévaluation représente la politique d’ajustement la moins coüteuse. Cela veut dire qu’il est avantageux pour ces pays de maintenir un système de cours des changes flexibles. Ensuite, le niveau optimal des réserves internationales est calculé sur la base de la formule de H. R. Heller. Ce niveau est atteint quand — au moyen d’une des trois politiques d’ajustement décrites dans cet article — le coüt marginal de l’ajustement du déficit de balance des paiements égale les coüts alternatifs d’une détention de réserves internationales. Finalement, les auteurs constatent que, dans leur échantillon, les pays développés, dont les monnaies ne sont pas des monnaies clef, possèdent un surplus de réserves, tandis que les réserves des pays á développer sont en dessous du niveau optimal.

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Resumen Déficit de balanza de pagos, el coste de compensatión y el volumen óptimo de réservas internationales. — El coste de compensación de un déficit de balanza de pagos mediante retractión de ingresos, devaluatión cambiaria o influjo de capital inducido se estima para una muestra de quince paises. Para esta muestra son los costos de devaluatión y de influjo de capital inducido menores que el coste de un pura retraction de ingresos. Para el Canadá, Dinamarca y Suráfrica la devaluation résulta ser la forma de ajuste más económica. Esto significa que séria ventajoso para estos paises tener tipos de cambio flexibles. A continuatión se calcula el volumen óptimo de réservas internacionales mediante la fórmula de H. R. Heller; el volumen es óptimo cuandoel coste marginal de compensaci?n del déficit de balanza de pagos mediante una de las très formas de ajuste, que se discuten en este artfculo, es igual a los costos alternatives que implica el mantenimiento de réservas internacionales. Los autores subrayan que en la muestra los paises desarrollados, cuyas monedas no son monedas de réserva, tienen réservas excesivas, mientras que los paises en desarrollo disponen de menos réservas de lo que séria óptimo.

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Riassunto Deficit délia bilancia dei pagamento, i costi di compensazione e le altezze ottimali délie riserve internazionali. — I costi délia compensazione di un deficit délia bilancia dei pagamenti per mezzo di una politica délia riduzione dei redditi, di una svalutazione ed afflussi compensativi indotti di capitale vengono valutati per una selezione di quindici Paesi. In questa prova a caso, i costi di svalutazione e quelli di afflussi indotti di capitale sono più bassi dei costi di una pura politica di strozzatura dei redditi. Per il Canadá, la Danimarca e il Sudafrica, la svalutazione rappresenta la politica di adattamento più a buon mercato. Ció significa che per questi Paesi è vantaggioso avère cambi flessibili. Successivamente viene calcolata l’altezza ottimale délie riserve internazionali sulla base délia formula di H. R. Heller; essa è allora raggiunta quando i costi marginali délia compensazione del deficit della bilancia dei pagamenti mediante uno dei tre modi della politica di adattamento che sono descritti nell’articolo sono uguali ai costi alternativi che sorgono per il mantenimento di riserve internazionali. Gli autori constatant) infine che nella loro prova a caso i Paesi sviluppati, le cui valute non sono monete guida, possiedono eccedenze di riserve, mentre i Paesi in sviluppo dispongono di minori riserve di quanto sia ottimale.

     

Exchange rate determination and the balance of payments,a theoretical framework

Summary In order to distinguish the more fundamental determinants of the exchange rate, a static model for the balance of payments is constructed. From this theoretical exercise it follows that the exchange rate is determined by three kinds of phenomena: first, real phenomena such as exploitation of natural resources and the relative level of economic activity; second, nominal phenomena such as relative prices; and finally, monetary phenomena such as interest rate differentials, exchange rate expectations and official intervention.