智力外流对欧盟新成员国人力资本的影响——基于波兰的经验研究

伴随全球化的深入,"智力外流"引发的问题受到越来越多国际组织、政府和学者的重视。本文根据最新的区分教育水平的多国移民面板数据,以波兰为例,考察了欧盟新成员国这一特定国家组的智力外流经验数据,研究了其对母国长期人力资本存量的影响。本文采用反事实假定测验法,模拟了波兰的智力外流对其人力资本的影响。结论是:欧盟新成员国的智力外流问题突出;就波兰智力外流而言,在上世纪90年代,对外净流失的高教育移民上升了66.9%,从而导致母国高教育劳动力比率有了0.3%的下降,对母国的长期人力资本存量形成了负向冲击。     

R＆D,Human Capital Investment and Productivity： Firm-level Evidence from China＇s Electronics Industry

Usingfirm-level panel data covering 2005-2007, the present paper examines the effects of R＆D and human capital investment on productivity in China＇s electronics industry. It is found that both R＆D and on-the-job training positively contribute to total factor productivity （TFP）. Firms＇ investment inemployees＇ health insurance andpensions, whichare components of workers＇ compensation, generate a productivity-enhancing effect, supporting the efficiency wage hypothesis. The estimated impact of R＆D on productivity varies among different forms of ownership, and foreign-owncd enterprises experience higher R＆D efficiency than state or private enterprises. After controlling for potential endogenous causality between TFP and R＆D, the above findings remain unchanged We also find that on-the-job training can improve the quality of human capital and is helpful in promoting productivity. Therefore, establishing indigenous technological capability through various technological sources is quite important, and the government should devote further effort to investing in human capital.     

The Impact of Minimum Wages on Job Training: An Empirical Exploration with Establishment Data

Human capital theory suggests that workers may finance on-the-job training by accepting lower wages during the training period, Minimum wage laws could reduce job training, then, to the extent they prevent low-wage workers from offering sufficient wage cuts to finance training. Empirical findings on the relationship between minimum wages and job training have failed to reach a consensus. Previous research has relied primarily on survey data from individual workers that typically lack both detailed measures of job training and important information about the characteristics of firms. This study addresses the issue of minimum wages and on-the-job training with a unique employer survey. We find no evidence indicating that minimum wages reduce the average hours of training of trained employees and little to suggest that minimum wages reduce the percentage of workers receiving training.     

The Impact of Brain Drain on Human Capital in Developing Countries

The debate over the effect of human capital flight on educational attainment in immigrants' source countries has received huge theoretical propositions but a few analytical approaches. This paper examines the short‐run and long‐run impact of skilled migration rates (brain drain) on human capital formation in migrants' source developing countries. Specifically, we revisited some empirical studies that found evidence of beneficial brain drain in migrants' source countries. Our empirical result, using school enrolments does not only disagree with theirs but also presents an insight on how human capital leakages that occur through brain drain can be counterbalanced through remittances received in the immigrants' source countries.     

On-the-job training and productivity: Firm-level evidence from a large developing country

We investigate the effects of on-the-job training on firm productivity and wages using a large panel data set constituted of all large and medium size manufacturing firms in China over 2003–2007. We estimate firm productivity carefully with a recent semiparametric method and combine the propensity score matching and the difference-in-differences techniques to estimate the treatment effect of training. We find consistent evidence that i) training helps boost firm productivity and wages; ii) the higher the training expenditure per capita, the higher the increase in productivity and wages; iii) firms benefit more from training than workers. These findings are not sensitive to industrial capital intensity or firm ownership structure.     

国际人口迁移、信贷约束与人力资本积累

本文以收入不平等与经济增长的关系为基础,在信贷市场不完全的条件下,进一步考察了熟练劳动力跨国迁移对发展中国家人力资本积累及经济增长的影响。分析显示,基于跨国移民的"教育激励"效应对发展中国家的人力资本积累及经济增长的影响在短期和长期存在差异。短期中,基于跨国移民的"教育激励"效应会减缓"人才流失"效应对发展中国家人力资本积累及经济增长的负面影响,甚至可能会提高发展中国家熟练劳动力的比重,从而促进人均收入水平的提高。长期中,当代际转移收敛于稳态水平时,国际人口迁移不再具有"教育激励"效应,而国际人口迁移的"人才流失"效应则会继续损害人力资本积累,从而对发展中国家的人均收入产生负面影响。     

Why Do Foreign-Owned Firms Pay More? The Role of On-the-Job Training

While foreign-owned firms have consistently been found to pay higher wages than domestic firms to what appear to be equally productive workers, the causes of this remain unresolved. In a two-period bargaining framework we show that if training is more productive and specific in foreign firms, foreign firm workers will have a steeper wage profile and thus acquire a premium over time. Using a rich employer-employee matched data set we verify that the foreign wage premium is only acquired by workers over time spent in the firm and only by those that receive on-the-job training, thus providing empirical support for a firm-specific human capital acquisition explanation. JEL no. F23, J24     

我国人力资本安全的现状、影响及对策

随着全球化的发展,作为战略性生产要素的人力资本的大量流失,对国家经济安全构成了严重威胁。它导致国家投资—收益失衡,高层次人才青黄不接,商业、技术信息流失,就业机会减少,贫富差距拉大等一系列问题。因此,要保障我国经济安全,必须保障我国人力资本安全,构筑人力资本安全监测预警体系,创建“双赢竞局”的人力资本管理制度,构建人力资本可持续流动的国际协调机制。     

Active labour market policies and job tenure

In this paper, we study the effect of subsidised on-the-jobtraining, training for the unemployed and pure wage subsidieson job tenure. Correcting for selection biases, we find thateach of the labour market policies increases the length of jobtenure. Despite the sensitivity of the estimates to the parametricassumptions with respect to the unobservables, the effect ofsubsidised on-the-job training schemes is always found to besignificantly positive. Training programs for the unemployedand pure wage subsidies always have a positive, but statisticallynon-significant effect Our results provide some support forhuman capital theories as opposed to matching theories.     

The capital tax paradox in a greening economy

We adopt a simple model of endogenous growth with polluting capital and a fixed budget for aggregate emissions. Pollution abatement efficiency is growing over time due to technical progress. We find that long-run capital and consumption are inversely related to the initial capital stock. Capital taxation does not harm the economy but actually raises long-run consumption and production, which we call the “capital tax paradox.” The reason for this surprising result is that in an economy with a binding carbon policy, early abundance of polluting capital is not a blessing but a curse. It is preferable to have a large capital stock when abatement efficiency has grown sufficiently large. The paper also provides novel results on the impact of pollution intensity and the rate of technical progress on the greening of the economy and the pollution permit prices. In the quantitative part, we calibrate model and study economic growth under different assumptions on the basic model parameters.

     

人力资本对城市化贡献的实证研究——以江西省为例

目前国内外对人力资本的研究大多以人力资本存量为基础,着重探讨了人力资本与经济增长、外部性及就业等方面的相关效应,而对城市化与人力资本关系的研究鲜有涉及。由此,文章以经济发展为中间变量,建立了人力资本与城市化的经验模型,并以江西省为例进行了实证检验,研究表明人力资本促进了江西省城市化进程。     

Regulation,Institutions and Aggregate Investment: New Evidence from OECD Countries

This paper investigate the relationship linking investment (capital stock) and structural policies. Using a panel of 32 OECD countries from 1985 to 2013, we show that more stringent product and labour market regulations are associated with less investment (lower capital stock). The paper also sheds light on the existence of non-linear effects of employment protection legislation (EPL) on the capital stock. Several alternative testing methods show that the negative influence of EPL is considerably stronger at higher levels. Finally, and importantly, the paper uncovers important policy interactions between product and labour market policies. Higher levels of product market regulations (covering state control, barriers to entrepreneurship and barriers to trade and investment) tend to amplify the negative relationships between EPL and the capital stock and ETCR and the capital stock. Equally important is the finding that the rule of law and the quality of (legal) institutions alters the overall impact of regulations on capital deepening: better institutions reduce the negative effect of more stringent product and labour market regulations on the capital stock, possibly through the reduction of uncertainty as regards the protection of property rights. This result also implies that the benefit from product and labour market reforms may be smaller in countries with weaker institutions.     

转型、经济增长与动态财政政策——Zou(1996)两步法

本文在Zou (1996)的框架基础上,通过内生政府支出,并且将生产性支出设定为存量,求解一个含有私人消费、公共消费、私人资本存量和公共资本存量的动态系统。结论表明,存在一个最优资本产权结构,使得经济能够登上平衡增长道路。与Barro（1990）等不同的是,本文的模型将转型与经济增长紧密联系起来,用资本产权结构的动态变化来表征经济的转型过程,进一步地,财政政策的动态学也有了市场基础。     

上市公司的"壳"交易背后的资金配置效率

本文从已有文献出发,建立了一个两期企业生命周期模型来分析在存在金融压抑的情况下我国证券市场中的“买壳”现象,在证券市场有效的情况下,资本应该尽可能流向好企业,均衡状态下“好壳”背后总应是好企业,但给定当前信息难以判断好坏企业。模型和实证表明“买壳”所需股份的大小可以作为识别“壳”背后好坏企业比例的标志,买壳所需股份越多,“好壳”背后好企业的概率就越大。但由于种种原因,我们难以通过对“买壳”比例的限制来调节市场上资金的配置．比例的大小仅仅作为识别“壳”背后企业类型的标志。考虑到在国内证券市场中存在非流通股与流通股的现实,笔者又将模型拓展,得出目前适合我国证券市场的政策建议：从短期来看,要防止非流通股以过低的价格转让,尤其要避免仅以净资产拍卖国有股的不当行为。从长远来看,最终要实施非流通股的减持。     

Occupation-specific human capital and local labour markets

Most skills acquired through on-the-job training may be specificto an occupation and therefore transferable to some but notall firms. This paper explores the relationship between thesize of the local market for an occupation-specific skill andjob-training outcomes. The Stevens (1994) model of trainingpredicts that as market size increases, job turnover increasesand training becomes more general. I test these predictionsusing data on blue-collar workers and variation in market sizeacross US metropolitan areas. The empirical results supportthe theoretical predictions and the impacts are most relevantat low levels of market size.     

我国企业培训后人才流失的原因分析及对策

本文从当前我国企业培训后人才流失现象入手，从企业与员工两大方面分析了企业培训后人才流失的原因，在此基础上提出了防止企业培训后人才流失的对策建议。     

股市波动对股市募资的影响——基于VAR模型实证分析

本文选取1991年8月至2010年7月一级市场实际募集资金、上证指数及深成指的月度数据作为样本,运用向量自回归(VAR)模型、格兰杰因果关系检验、脉冲响应分析及方差分解方法分析股市波动与股市募资的关系,实证分析表明:股市波动是股市募资的原因,其中深成指对股市募资的影响较大;股市募资对股市波动短期有强劲的响应,在长期趋于稳定;股价指数和股市募资存在长期均衡关系。并且在定量分析和定性分析相结合的基础上给出相应的对策建议。     

创新型人才对江苏省经济发展贡献率分析

为了检测创新型人才培养对经济增长的贡献率,以江苏省为研究对象,利用Cobb – Douglas生产函数建立物质资本、劳动力投入及创新型人才与经济发展关系的函数模型,使用SPSS26.0软件计算上述各要素对经济发展的贡献率。结果表明,江苏省创新型人才对经济发展贡献在2011年开始下降后,于2017年开始有回升趋势,但创新型人才存量的增长率变化不稳定,仍然需要有力的人才培养和引进措施才能保证稳定的创新型人才存量增长,以此来提供合理的经济发展形式,使经济得以持续健康发展。     

中国经济转轨中社会资本存量的制约与重构

中国经济转轨时期的社会资本具有过渡的性质。随着市场化改革的深入,转轨时期社会资本存量的积极作用正在减退,已成为发展的制约因素。必须对现有的社会资本存量进行改造,增加现代意义社会资本的规模,以适应现代市场经济的需要。     

The impact of economic fundamentals on stock markets in southern Africa

The issue of whether stock markets reflect economic fundamentals or speculative bubbles is an important one for their potential role in allocating capital, and relates to a policy issue of whether stock markets should be encouraged in developing countries. This article examines the impact of both domestic and foreign economic factors on real stock market returns in three southern African stock markets – South Africa, Zimbabwe and Botswana, from 1985-95 – using cointegration and error correction techniques. It finds that, while in all cases stock markets are influenced by domestic economic growth, there are no common patterns beyond this. The influence of other domestic and economic variables depends on the size, openness and market-orientation of the individual economies, as well as the size and liquidity of the various stock exchanges. Where foreign economic variables are important, they appear to be those related to trade, rather than international capital flows, indicating that there is little integration of these capital markets, whether regionally or internationally.