我国采矿业资源税费制度的国际比较研究

目前我国采矿业资源税费制度存在着定位不准、税金重复设计、征收税率低、征收方式和计税依据不科学、资源收益分配不合理等问题.文章在与国外资源税费制度对比分析基础上,提出合并资源税、矿产资源补偿费与矿区使用费,改为征收权利金;将石油特别收益金、资源税的级差调节功能由特别收益税行使;建立矿产资源耗竭补贴制度;在采矿企业发展的不同阶段采用不同的税率;合理确定矿产资源收益在各级政府间的分配等改革建议.     

江西稀土资源税的最优税率选择——基于CGE模型的分析

2015年5月中国迎来了稀土资源税改革,由从量计征到从价计征,稀土资源税迈出了实现市场化的突破性一步。然而,当前南方稀土资源税率并未达到最优。文章以企业的生产销售环节为着手点,以资源税率提高导致市场价格上升为基础,利用CGE模型计算出全国范围内稀土资源的最优税率,然后再结合江西稀土的稀缺性,推导出南方稀土资源税的最优税率为30.67%。     

资源税与资源租、资源费的比较

现行资源税在实施中存在诸多问题,资源租、税、费错位是其中主要问题之一.以费代租、名税实租、以费挤税,资源租、税、费征收错位.互为替代.混淆了各自的征收性质和目的,都同化为国家取得收入的工具.资源税保护资源、减少外部性的目的得不到有效体现.本文试从国家参与社会产品分配的三种权利着手,对资源租、税、费各自作用的空间进行了定位.     

欧洲物业税征收经验及借鉴研究

文章介绍了欧洲国家的物业税征收制度及相关经验,主要包括法国、德国、英国、意大利、西班牙、葡萄牙等国在物业税的税种、纳税主体、税基、税率、减免等方面的规定.同时,文章还概括了一些欧洲国家在第二套房产的物业税征收做法,及欧洲国家的经验对中国物业税研究的借鉴.     

资源税改革：问题识别与政策取向

新一轮资源税改革对资源节约利用、环境保护的功效有限,问题主要在于历次税改均将资源税定位于调节级差收益,而从资源税的权力依据、资源价值实现途径及税制演化方向看,促成外部成本内在化、保护环境方为其功效所在。据此,现行资源税制与新定位不相容的制度设计表现为征税范围狭窄、税负过低、资源税归属与税权配置不当、优惠政策监管滞后且缺乏配套设计。今后的政策取向应在于梯次推进征税范围扩围;在其他税种配套改革下,实行高低有别的分类动态税率,适度提高税负水平;实行中央、地方共享分成资源税;统筹各税种优惠政策,强化优惠政策监管。     

可持续发展视角下的资源税改革

随着我国现代化建设进程的加快和能源需求的日趋增长,资源紧缺和环境恶化问题已十分突出。因此,本文在可持续发展视角下提出应调整和完善我国现行的资源税,使之成为一个贯穿环保思想的生态资源税制。本文介绍了我国资源税的实施情况,分析了其存在的主要问题,并在借鉴其他国家资源税经验的基础上,提出了改革和完善我国资源税制的设想。     

科学发展观下的资源税改革研究

2010年,以新疆为试点的资源税改揭示了我国对于完善资源税制、深化经济体制改革的重大决心。在科学发展观下,现行资源税制已不符合我国实现经济可持续发展的要求。因此,文章通过对我国现行资源税制进行研究,探寻我国资源税改革的方向。特点在于以科学发展观为指导,比较国内外资源税现状和实施效果,总结存在问题,借鉴国外先进经验,有针对性的对我国资源税改革提出解决对策及建议。     

财税改革专题之四 资源税改革再启

石油和天然气的资源税改革早在2011年就已开始,煤炭资源税‘拖了后腿’。10月9日,财政部、国家发改委宣布,自2014年12月1日起,在全国范围统一将煤炭、原油、天然气矿产资源补偿费费率降为零,原油、天然气矿产资源税适用税率由5%提高至6%;实施煤炭资源税＂从价计征＂改革。该通知还规定了原油、天然气资源税的优惠政策：对油田范围内运输稠油过程中用于加热的原油、天然气免征资源税;对稠油、高凝油和高含硫天然气资源税减征40%;对三次采油资源税减征30%;对低丰度油气田资源税暂减征20%;对深水油气田资源税减征30%。     

国内

1日新疆原油天然气资源税费改革开始施行，原油、天然气资源税由从量计征改为从价计征，税率为5％。     

欧盟各国社会保障税及其税率比较

欧盟地区是世界上社会保障制度最为完善的地区,且构成社会保障制度基石的社会保障税其重要性已经超过了个人所得税.但不同国家在社会保障资金的筹措方式上和社会保障税的税率结构上都各有特点.本文旨在对欧盟15国社会保障税及其税率结构进行比较分析,为我国今后社会保障税的开征提供可供借鉴的经验.     

Allocating and taxing rights to state-owned minerals

Is Indonesia using the most effective possible strategies to derive revenue from its mineral resources? Auctions and work program bidding are the main ways of allocating mineral leases. In addition to the company taxes applied to all companies, governments can raise revenue from minerals owned by the state through auctions, royalties and rent taxes paid by private firms, and through dividends from state-owned firms. Indonesia uses work program bidding to allocate leases, and its production-sharing contracts are roughly equivalent to a rent tax at a high rate. This paper considers these options for raising revenues from mineral resources. It argues that efficiency and government revenue would both be increased if Indonesia relaxed direct controls on the operations of mining companies, and allocated leases by means of auctions, combined with a much lower rate of rent tax or, better still, a royalty.     

预约转让定价的博弈分析

国际关联交易中,跨国公司常常根据各国税制差异利用转让定价套取税收利益,逃避税收。我国作为吸引外国直接投资最多的国家之一,也面临由此产生的税收大量流失的严重问题。本文通过构建预约定价中参与人之间的博弈模型,对其进行分析,提出相应措施,对进一步完善反避税制度具有重要意义。     

Corporate effective tax rates in Asian countries

This paper aims to (a) calculate Devereux and Griffith's (2003) forward-looking effective tax rates for 12 Asian countries over a span of 30 years, (b) show the impact of tax holidays on the effective tax rate in Asian countries, and (c) empirically explore the possibility of tax competition among Asian countries. Through relevant analyses, I arrive at three key conclusions. First, while small countries with little rent in domestic markets set their effective tax rates at almost zero, large countries maintain much higher effective tax rates. Second, for countries that have generous capital allowance systems, tax holidays may lead to a rise in not only the effective marginal tax rates (EMTRs), but also the effective average tax rates (EATRs). Third, some Asian countries may engage in tax competition, at least over the EATR, for a limited period of time. However, while some countries have raised their effective tax rates in recent years, others have continued with tax reductions. These results indicate that the recent tax interactions among Asian countries differ from the simpler interactions seen among the European countries.     

新时期公司境外税务筹划策略研究

越来越多的中国公司跨出国门从事国际商业活动。由于境内外的税务环境、税法及征管与中国存在差异,中国公司必须承担税负带来的风险从而影响境外经营的收益。文章从商业经营运作模式、国外经营地点的选择、境外税务代理及服务、费用的确认和安排、内部交易转移定价、税收优惠政策、国际税收协定等方面提出了税务筹划的内容,提倡中资公司在合理合法的前提下,综合地运用差异空间做好税务筹划,降低税务成本。     

对开征环境税的思考

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立和税制改革的进一步深化,仅凭行政手段来解决环境问题,已不能适应市场经济发展的客观需要。通过课征环境税来保护环境,已成为大势所趋。本文首先介绍了开征环境税的必要性;然后对国外环境税税制建设情况进行了分析和总结,并介绍了我国环境相关税费制度的建设情况;最后,从我国环境污染现状出发,借鉴发达国家的成功经验,结合现有税费制度提出了我国环境税的设计思路。     

企业国际化发展中税收政策运用的国际比较

政府税收政策的制定和实施对企业的国际化发展起重要的促进作用,无论在发达国家还是发展中国家,税收政策都为企业的发展融入全球经济提供了必不可少的条件。随着中国经济形势的变化和发展,我国税收政策面临诸多挑战,和发达国家比较,不仅存在一些不合理的因素,甚至和有些发展中国家的某些税收政策相比,也有不足之处。本文试图分别从出口、海外引资及境外投资等3种企业国际化主要形式入手,对比典型发达国家及发展中国家与我国政府税收政策的差异、优劣,佐证企业的国际化发展绝对离不开政府税收政策的支持和指导,也离不开具体的税收制度提供的服务和帮助。     

R&D Investments and Tax Incentives: The Role of Intra-Firm Cross-Border Collaboration*

U.S. multinational corporations increasingly use intra-firm, cross-border research collaboration to disperse R&D across different countries. This paper investigates the implications of such collaboration on the abilities of firms to garner benefits from R&D tax incentives. We find that the association between R&D intensity and tax incentives is three to five times larger when firms have extensive cross-border collaboration connected to a country. We also find that the effect is stronger when local intellectual property protection is weaker and when local innovation resources are higher. Our results suggest that cross-border collaboration helps firms achieve more tax-efficient R&D investments both by reducing the nontax frictions posed by weak intellectual property protection and by increasing the nontax benefits of foreign R&D.     

国外农村人才资源开发的经验与借鉴

国外一些国家和地区在农村人才资源开发方面都有自身经过长期探索而形成的经验。本文针对我国在农村人才资源开发中存在的问题,对国外关于农村人才资源开发的经验和模式进行了分析,并提出有利于我国农村人才资源开发的意见和建议。     

Tax‐Avoidance Activities of U.S. Multinational Corporations*

This paper investigates whether economies of scale exist for tax planning. In particular, do larger, more profitable, multinational corporations avoid more taxes than other firms, resulting in lower effective tax rates? While the empirical results indicate that, ceteris paribus, larger corporations have higher effective tax rates, firms with greater pre‐tax income have lower effective tax rates. The negative relation between effective tax rates (ETRs) and pretax income is consistent with firms with greater pre‐tax income having more incentives and resources to engage in tax planning. Consistent with multinational corporations being able to avoid income taxes that domestic‐only companies cannot, I find that multinational corporations in general, and multinational corporations with more extensive foreign operations, have lower worldwide ETRs than other firms. Finally, in a sample of multinational corporations only, I find that higher levels of U.S. pre‐tax income are associated with lower U.S. and foreign ETRs, while higher levels of foreign pre‐tax income are associated with higher U.S. and foreign ETRs. Thus, large amounts of foreign income are associated with higher corporate tax burdens. Overall, I find substantial evidence of economies of scale to tax planning.