Child Labor: A Normative Perspective

Examining child labor through the lenses of weak agency, distributiveinequality, and harm suggests that not all work performed bychildren is equally morally objectionable. Some work, especiallywork that does not interfere with or undermine their healthor education, may allow children to develop skills they needto become well-functioning adults and broaden their future opportunities.Other work, including child prostitution and bonded labor, isunambiguously detrimental to children. Eliminating these formsof child labor should be the highest priority. Blanket banson all child labor may drive families to choose even worse optionsfor their children, however. Moreover, child labor is oftena symptom of other problems—poverty, inadequate educationsystems, discrimination within families, ethnic conflicts, inadequatelyprotected human rights, weak democratic institutions—thatwill not be eliminated by banning child labor.     

Child Labor, Child Schooling, and Their Interaction with Adult Labor: Empirical Evidence for Peru and Pakistan

Using data from Peru and Pakistan, this article tests two hypotheses:there is a positive association between hours of child laborand poverty, and there is a negative association between childschooling and poverty. Both of these hypotheses are confirmedby the Pakistani data, but not by the Peruvian data. The reductionin poverty rates due to income from children's labor is greaterin Pakistan than in Peru. The nature of interaction betweenadult and child labor markets varies with the gender of thechild and the adult. In Peru rising men's wages significantlyreduce the labor hours of girls, whereas in Pakistan there isa strong complementarity between women's and girls' labor markets.Both data sets agree on the positive role that increasing adulteducation can play in improving child welfare.     

劳动收入、财富与资产选择：一个文献综述

本文对国外有关家庭劳动收入与资产选择,财富与资产选择以及在房产和股票上进行的资产选择的有关研究文献进行了综述.一些学者研究认为劳动收入的形成吸引投资者随着年龄的增长减少股票持有的比例,因而提供了在流行的金融文献中理性的建议的证据.一些学者研究认为家庭在股票上的投资的比例随着他们财富的增加而增加.一些学者研究发现富裕的家庭获得更多的信息,因为信息产生增加的回报,因而对股票的需求是财富的凸函数.还有学者研究发现房价风险挤出了股票持有量,这对高的和低的金融净资产投资者都是如此,但是,这种挤出效应在低的金融净价值水平上比较大.这些研究成果对研究我国家庭投资行为有一定的参考和借鉴作用.     

Child Labor and School Achievement in Latin America

Child labor’s effect on academic achievement is estimatedusing unique data on third and fourth graders in nine Latin-Americancountries. Cross-country variation in truancy regulations providesan exogenous shift in the ages of children normally in thesegrades, providing exogenous variation in the opportunity costof children’s time. Least squares estimates suggest thatchild labor lowers test scores, but those estimates are biasedtoward zero. Corrected estimates are still negative and statisticallysignificant. Children working 1 standard deviation above themean have average scores that are 16 percent lower on mathematicsexaminations and 11 percent lower on language examinations,consistent with the estimates of the adverse impact of childlabor on returns to schooling.     

Child Labor: Lessons from the Historical Experience of Today's Industrial Economies

Child labor was more prevalent in 19th-century industrializersthan it is in developing countries today. It was particularlyextensive in the earliest industrializers. This pattern maybe a source of optimism signaling the spread of technologiesthat have little use for child labor and of values that endorsethe preservation and protection of childhood. Today and historically,orphaned and fatherless children and those in large familiesare most vulnerable. Efficient interventions to curb child laborinvolve fiscal transfers to these children and active policiestoward street children. Changes in capitalist labor markets(including technology), family strategies, state policies, andcultural norms are examined to shed light on the causes, chronology,and consequences of child labor.     

Housing Wealth,Financial Wealth and Consumption Expenditure: The Role of Consumer Confidence

The objective of this paper is to examine the role of consumer confidence on the relationship between two forms of wealth—housing and financial—and four categories of consumption expenditure, which include total consumption, service, durable goods and nondurable goods consumption. This paper uses U.S. quarterly data from 1978 to 2012 for its analysis. Applying the FMOLS estimation method, the results show that consumer confidence has a positive effect on the association between housing wealth and consumption expenditure, whereas its effect on the association between financial wealth and consumption expenditure is negative. The implications of these results are discussed.     

Targeting Child Labor in Debt Bondage: Evidence, Theory, and Policy Implications

Despite recent multilateral efforts to single out child laborin debt bondage as one of the worst forms of child labor, severalimportant questions have yet to be addressed: How pervasiveis the phenomenon? Are there systematic correlations betweenthe incidence of children in debt bondage and the economic,legislative, and financial development indicators of the economy?How does an understanding of these correlates affect the waynational and international policy measures aimed at targetingthis form of child labor are perceived? This article addresseseach of these questions. The empirical findings suggest strongcorrelation between the likelihood of the incidence of childlabor in debt bondage with the stage of development of an economy,the stage of financial development, and enforcement of corelabor rights. Building on this evidence, the article presentsa theoretical model that highlights the drawbacks and meritsof a number of policies aimed at putting checks on child laborin debt bondage.     

Compliance and Controversy: The AAS 25 Reporting Paradox

The adoption of AAS 25, which specifies uniform reporting requirements for superannuation funds, has been particularly controversial. While the Australian Accounting Research Foundation (AARF) has maintained that uniform reporting practices for superannuation funds are necessary to provide performance information to investors, the superannuation industry has argued that AAS 25 will cause "confusion, misunderstanding and unnecessary concern among fund members". Although the controversy has been widely reported, little information has emerged about the extent to which funds were already complying, or substantially complying, with the standard. This paper reports the results of a survey which indicates, contrary to expectations, that in the two years before the introduction of AAS 25 most funds were reporting in a way which would effectively comply with provisions of the standard.     

财务报告内部控制:一个悖论

从历史发展、实践考察和理论逻辑等三个视角来看,财务报告内部控制面临着两难困境。从历史发展看,围绕资产保护展开的一桩历史公案表明,财务报告内部控制无法离开资产保护而单独存在。但若广义理解资产保护,就须定位为内部控制;而狭义理解资产保护,会导致人为割裂经营活动与财务报告之间的关系。从实践考察看,无论是横向分离还是纵向分离,都无法从内部控制系统中分离出一个所谓的财务报告内部控制系统。从理论逻辑看,财务报告内部控制是审计和监管当局自我界定责任范围的一个权宜之计。总之,财务报告内部控制研究陷入了一个为不能独立存在的系统寻找独立存在的理由的尴尬境地。因此,应该尽早用"内部控制"取代"财务报告内部控制"。     

特里芬两难的辨析

通过理论推导和实证分析,本文依次从可兑换性与流动性的关系、国际收支与流动性的关系,以及关键货币国家货币政策目标定位三个角度分析了特里芬两难,结论是特里芬两难并不成立。这意味着,现行国际货币体系并不存在根本性矛盾,经过较大改进后仍然可能在相当长的时期内存在;美国经常账户赤字的根本原因是其国内经济失衡,美国对由此导致的国际经济失衡应负主要责任。     

Child Labor, School Attendance, and Intrahousehold Gender Bias in Brazil

An extensive survey data set of Brazilian households is usedto test whether intrahousehold gender bias affects the decisionsof mothers and fathers to send their sons and daughters to workand to school. An intrahousehold allocation model is examinedin which fathers and mothers may affect the education investmentand the child labor participation of their sons and daughtersdifferently because of differences in parental preferences ordifferences in how additional schooling affects sons' and daughters'acquisition of human capital. Brazilian household survey datafor 1998 are used to estimate the impact of each parent's educationon the labor market participation and school attendance of theirsons and daughters. For labor market participation, the father'seducation has a greater negative impact than the mother's educationon the labor status of sons. The father's education also hasa greater impact on sons' labor status than on daughters'. Forschooling decisions, the mother's education has a greater positiveimpact than the father's education on daughters' school attendance,but fathers have a greater positive impact on sons' school attendancethan on daughters'.