我国城乡居民消费差距：现状、原因及对策

目前我国城乡居民消费差距较大,而影响城乡居民消费差距的因素可归结为收入水平和边际消费倾向两个因素。从我国实际来看,农民边际消费倾向并不低,因此,影响城乡居民消费差距的根本因素是城乡居民收入差距过大。要缩小城乡居民消费差距,必须采取各种有效措施提高农民收入。     

基于误差修正模型的我国城乡居民消费差异研究

文章基于消费函数和误差修正模型,分别建立了我国农村和城镇居民消费的协整方程和误差修正模型,结果发现农村居民和城镇居民各自的收入和消费存在长期协整关系,并且这种关系由于体制改革和制度创新而发生了结构性变化。农村居民的边际消费倾向较高,收入不足才是农民消费需求不足的根源,因此扩大农民消费需求的政策着眼点应当放在促进农民增收、提高农民收入水平方面。对于城镇居民来说,其消费需求疲软主要是边际消费倾向较低造成的,要通过体制改革和制度创新提高城镇居民边际消费倾向以刺激城镇居民消费需求。     

我国城乡居民文化消费的特征及趋势

对全国31个省(自治区、直辖市)城乡居民的文化消费数据进行分析的结果表明,城乡居民文化消费边际消费倾向分别呈非对称的倒U型和较对称的倒U型,城镇居民文化边际消费倾向要大于农村居民。我国城乡居民的文化消费收入弹性已大于1,但城乡居民收入弹性分化明显,城镇居民明显高于农村居民。短期内要促进文化市场的大繁荣大发展,关键要促进城镇居民收入的增加。而从长期来看,未来文化消费市场的潜力在农村。     

提高农民收入与带动西部消费关系研究

本文通过对我国东西部农村居民的边际消费倾向与消费需求收入弹性大小的比较,探讨收入增长对西部消费需求扩大的影响,说明在东西部收入差距拉大的情况下,通过增加西部,尤其是西部农村的收入水平,从而启动西部市场,是提高我国消费需求的主要途径。     

我国城镇居民边际消费倾向的实证研究

笔者对扩展线性支出系统(ELES)模型作了改进,用改进的ELES模型和面板数据估计出我国城镇居民2002年～2005年对各类消费品的基本需求,分别计算出各年各收入组对各种消费品和全部消费品的边际消费倾向,各年平均、各收入组平均的边际消费倾向,对各类边际消费倾向进行了简要分析.     

我国城乡居民收入与消费支出关系的实证研究——兼论影响农民收入及其差距的因素

通过城乡居民收入与消费支出关系的实证研究实证分析和比较得出,我国农民的收入与消费支出水平呈高度正相关关系,收入是影响农民消费最直接、最具决定性的因素,从而需要加大提高农民收入的力度.针对目前影响收入及其分配差距的因素,应当采取相应措施以缩小其收入差距并推动农民收入的提高,从而提高其边际消费倾向和农村消费水平.     

影响中国城镇居民边际消费倾向的因素分析

增加居民消费支出是促进经济增长的源泉之一 ,城镇居民消费水平的高低不仅取决于收入的多少 ,还取决于边际消费倾向的大小。文章主要分析了影响城镇居民边际消费倾向的因素 ,认为收入水平的差距、物价水平的高低 ,消费信贷的发展以及预防性储蓄动机四个因素相互作用 ,共同影响我国城镇居民边际消费倾向。     

转移性收入对农村居民消费的影响分析

本文运用实证分析的方法考察了我国农村居民消费水平和政府转移性收入之间的关系,与获得政府转移性收入后相比,农民的边际消费水平并没有随着收入的增加而提高,这说明我国农村居民尽管消费欲望强烈,但是并没有摆脱消费倾向递减的规律。考虑我国农民收入增长缓慢和政府转移性收入水平较低的状况,政府应当从生产环节和消费环节进一步完善对农民的补贴政策,提高农民的收入水平和消费水平。     

转移性收入对农村居民消费的影响分析

本文运用实证分析的方法考察了我国农村居民消费水平和政府转移性收入之间的关系,与获得政府转移性收入后相比,农民的边际消费水平并没有随着收入的增加而提高,这说明我国农村居民尽管消费欲望强烈,但是并没有摆脱消费倾向递减的规律.考虑我国农民收入增长缓慢和政府转移性收入水平较低的状况,政府应当从生产环节和消费环节进一步完善对农民的补贴政策,提高农民的收入水平和消费水平.     

居民边际消费倾向影响因素研究

目前对于边际消费倾向主流的观点是边际消费倾向随收入的提高而递减.收入分配差距是影响边际消费倾向的重要因素.政府的财政政策、货币政策在短期对居民边际消费倾向造成影响,文化和制度因素在长期对于边际消费倾向有决定性的影响.除此之外,其他因素也能够对居民的边际消费倾向造成影响.政府需综合考虑各种因素制定短期和长期政策.     

持久收入假说与我国城镇居民消费——基于省级面板数据的实证分析

运用基于持久收入和暂时收入的两种分解方法的省际面板模型检验持久收入假说的三个假设.结果发现,我国城镇居民消费与持久收入和暂时收入均存在显著的相关关系,暂时收入的边际消费倾向不为零;就诸省份而言,暂时收入的边际消费倾向不同.进一步探讨了持久收入假说不能完全解释我国城镇居民消费行为的原因."λ假说"检验表明,城镇居民消费对当期收入过度敏感,其呈现理性化趋势.     

Consumer durables and the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income shocks

This paper derives and estimates a model in which the utility of durable and non-durable consumption is allowed to be non-separable and individuals face a convex adjustment cost for the purchase of a new durable good. Panel data on subjective expectations allow us to identify income shocks and estimate the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income shocks.     

The permanent income hypothesis in an underdeveloped economy

After a concise but critical survey of several tests of the permanent income hypothesis (PIH), the authors advance their own test for India using annual data from 1919–1960. It employs Friedman's technique for calculating the permanent value of a variable. Two different specifications of the model are tested, using different values of the consumer's ‘horizon.’ In almost all cases it is found that the marginal propensity to consume out of transitory income is very similar to the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent income. The authors conclude that even a looser variant of the PIH is not valid for India. However, no valid generalization with respect to the appropriate planning horizon can be made, for the PIH was almost equally invalid with a horizon of one, two and two-and-a-half years. The authors briefly discuss the policy implications of their results for the savings efforts in underdeveloped countries.     

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSUMPTION, INCOME AND WEALTH IN HONG KONG

Abstract. This paper estimates a consumption function for Hong Kong along the lines of the standard life‐cycle model. I find a stable relationship between consumption, labour income and wealth with plausible long‐run estimates of the implied marginal propensity to consume out of income and wealth. The marginal propensity to consume out of housing wealth is estimated to be lower than in other industrialized economies, which is consistent with a relatively uneven distribution of wealth in Hong Kong. Arithmetically, the decline in housing wealth in Hong Kong since 1997 can more than account for the weakness of consumption since then.     

INCOME,CONSUMPTION AND SAVING IN URBAN AND RURAL INDIA*

The main purpose of the study is to determine the savings potential of urban and rural households in India and in the process determine the possible savings and consumption functions separately for urban and rural areas. Four different possible functions have been used for determining the savings behaviour of the households both at the aggregate level and at the per capita level. The rural households, according to the results, have an extremely low rate of saving with income elasticity of saving of less than unity. For the urban households on the other hand, the income elasticity of saving is high enough to suggest the possibilities of considerably high savings potential. To understand the consumption behaviour of these households, the long-run and the short-run marginal propensities to consume and the marginal propensities to consume out of‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income and ‘transitory’ income have been worked out. For the urban sector none of these give encouraging enough results and the analysis has been extended to examine whether other factors like prices and household assets are of any significance. Whereas for the rural sector, Milton Friedman's theory of ‘permanent’ or ‘normal’ income is somewhat substantiated, other factors like ‘transitory’ income, prices and assets appear to inthence urban consumption behaviour though no single one of them substantially enough. A negligible effect of ‘permanent’ income on urban consumption behaviour is, on the other hand, very clearly suggested by the results. Household consumption and savings have next been projected using the above results to determine the possible levels for the next three years. The results suggest that the rate of domestic savings likely to be achieved by the end of the Third Five Year Plan (1965–66) falls short of the targets laid down.     

中国居民收入差距对消费倾向变动趋势的影响

本文以消费的边际效用递减规律为基础,探讨了居民收入差距和消费倾向间可能的关系,并对中国居民消费倾向变动趋势进行解释.本文分析表明,收入差距对消费倾向可能的影响和经济发展水平有关系,当经济发展到一定程度时,居民收入差距在一定的范围内变化不会影响消费倾向的变化,但超过一定范围后,随着收入差距变大,消费倾向变低.我们认为过大的居民收入差距是造成近年来消费倾向变低的重要原因.     

Intertemporal propensity to consume

Cross-sectionally estimated Engel curves tend to exhibit shapes that imply ultimately decreasing marginal propensities to consume as income rises. This suggests at first sight a tendency to slow down in private consumption. This tendency has to be reconsidered taking into account the fact that Engel curves usually shift significantly over time. We introduce the notion of “intertemporal propensity to consume” to shed more light on the drivers and patterns of the evolution of Engel curves. Using this notion, we are able to identify and measure the direction of the expansion path of consumption as time goes by, while controlling for household characteristics and price levels. Using German household data, we show that, over time, the intertemporal propensity to consume systematically offsets the consumption paths implied by the marginal propensity to consume that is derived cross-sectionally at one point in time. We claim that this difference between marginal and intertemporal propensity to consume should be ascribed to variations in the socioeconomic structures that occur over time and that may be linked both to the supply side (innovation and technical change) and the demand side (learning dynamics of consumers). We also show that changes in relative prices play a minor role in the evolution of Engel curves.     

我国居民消费需求为何不足?——基于1978—2008年基尼系数的分析

我国居民消费需求不足现象近年来成为一个被普遍关注的问题。笔者的理论分析表明收入分配差距可能是引起居民平均消费倾向减小的一个原因。同时笔者选取我国1978—2008年的基尼系数和城乡居民平均消费倾向数据,在数据平稳化处理的基础上,用E-G两步法对数据进行协整分析和格兰杰因果检验。研究结果发现城镇居民平均消费倾向与基尼系数之间存在长期稳定均衡关系,并且互为格兰杰原因;而农村居民平均消费倾向与基尼系数间不存在长期均衡关系。这一研究结果为政府制定缩小收入差距和促进居民消费需求的政策提供了决策参考。     

Back to Basics: Remittances in the Keynesian Macroeconomic Framework

This paper examines a remittance multiplier based on the short-run Keynesian equilibrium approach and shows how income may be affected by remittance inflows. We explore this through the equilibrium in the goods and money markets, where remittances can affect both consumption and the demand for real money balances. We present this simple theoretical model utilizing a standard Keynesian framework. The short-run Keynesian equilibrium approach provides insight into how remittances affect output and income, and its potential multiplier effects. The model used is indicative of a positive relationship between the marginal propensity to consume out of remittances and the multiplier. The framework also shows that remittances will have a greater impact if its marginal propensity to consume is greater than that for standard disposable income.     

居民收入结构与消费结构关系演化的差异研究*——基于AIDS扩展模型

本文基于AIDS扩展模型,从时间影响和城乡差异两个视域,实证研究了居民收入结构与消费结构关系的差异演化。实证结果表明,不同时期和不同群体中收入结构对消费结构的影响表现出明显的差异性,并没有完全遵循边际消费倾向递减规律。工资性收入和转移性收入是促进消费结构优化升级最主要的收入因素,经营性收入和财产性收入则在特定阶段或群体中对各项消费产生一定的影响。