The European Budget in the Years 2007 to 2013 and the Common Agricultural Policy

The EU budget for the new fi nancial period of 2007 to 2013 represents a compromise with which no-one is truly satisfied. The controversial debate which preceded it was unable to produce a radical reform of the EU's finances, particularly as regards the Common Agricultural Policy. The differences in the level of wealth in the EU countries and regions will therefore be reduced more slowly than would otherwise have been possible.     

Reform of the Common Agricultural Policy

The Common Agricultural Policy faces a number of major challenges. Further reforms are necessary in order to cope with the repercussions of the BSE crisis, the pending enlargement of the EU and the latter’s international trade commitments. What reform steps should be taken?     

欧盟共同农业政策改革面世

<正> 经过三轮艰苦的谈判之后,欧盟15国终于就欧盟共同农业政策改革方案达成一致。方案主要包括直接补贴与产量脱钩问题、财政纪律与调整、环境保护、市场规则等内容。直接补贴与产量脱钩改革方案规定,从2005年1月1日起,大部分直接补贴将转移到开发专项费用上,从而使直接补贴和产量脱钩。协议规定某些部门允许部分脱钩,但其他部门应全部脱钩。1.谷物实行75%的部分脱钩。一些希望实现全部脱钩的国家对这一比例基本满意。     

EU enlargement and governance of the Common Agricultural Policy

The requirements for the implementation, administration and control of the application of the current CAP are much higher than they were 15 years ago. The governance problems caused in the present EU by today’s higher regulation density are already severe. The new member countries are even less well equipped than the present ones to deal with these problems. What political consequences should be drawn?     

On the European Responsibility in the Agricultural Multilateral Trade Negotiations: Modelling the Impacts of the Common Agricultural Policy

The present round of multilateral trade negotiations is still deadlocked over agricultural trade. The European Union (EU) is urged by its trading partners to open its agricultural markets. Economic evaluations of trade liberalisation scenarios unanimously conclude that a substantial opening of agricultural markets is required for a successful (welfare‐improving) Doha Round. In this paper, we perform new evaluations to identify precisely the contributions of the European farm policy and to examine the robustness of these evaluations in the representation of this complex policy. Using the same specifications as in major previous studies, our first simulations show that the EU has a major responsibility in delivering significant gains to the developing countries. On the other hand, when we conduct the same experiments with a more relevant calibration and modelling of the European farm policy instruments, the gains that these developing countries may reap from the EU liberalisation are considerably reduced. Accordingly the current charge against the EU is simply inopportune.     

论农业基础设施建设与农业政策性金融体系的重构

农业基础设施的准公共产品属性决定了市场机制与政府机制无法单方面满足其融资需求,决定了政府机制与市场机制相结合的农业政策性金融是解决农业基础设施融资困境的有效途径。当前中国农业发展银行功能的弱化未能有效满足农业基础设施的融资需求的,为此应重新构建双层合作模式的农业政策性金融体系,并就农业政策性金融机构的职能和资金运作方式,制定保障其有效运转相关政策。     

政策性保险:我国农业保险制度的创新

顺应WTO新形势 ,建立政策性农业保险已是我国农业保险制度创新的首要任务。促使这一制度变迁的主要动因是收入压力、交易效率、公共物品、环境变动四个因素。实施农民合作保险 ,农业巨灾保险与一般农业险业务分离 ,政策性保险业务商业化运作 ,财政保费补贴支持的政府参与商业保险的混合经营模式 ,是我国发展农业政策性保险较为现实的选择     

2004 Trade Policy Review – The United States

Many of the findings of the seventh Trade Policy Review of the United States are similar to those reached in earlier reviews: the US is unanimously acknowledged as having an open and transparent system; the US economy has remained amongst the world's most competitive, and has continued to support global growth by keeping its import market largely open. This review finds, however, that the US has developed a disturbing pattern of non‐compliance with WTO rules. During the period of review the United States enacted policies, most notably the infamous Byrd Amendment and the 2001–02 steel safeguard action, that were found to be clear violations of its WTO obligations. Despite these and other such findings, the United States has obstinately refused to bring its domestic statutes in line with WTO rules. In addition, in recent years the United States’ aggressive pursuit of regional and bilateral initiatives has led many Members to question whether the United States is committed to the multilateral approach espoused by the WTO. Overall, despite the US's many virtues, Member countries expressed concern that the US's stated leadership of and commitment to the WTO is not matched by its actions.     

WTO框架下的中国国内农业支持政策的调整与选择

中国入世已3年多,从农产品的贸易现状来看,贸易顺差进一步减少,直至首次出现2004年的逆差,因而,中国农产品的国际竞争力问题值得关注.而农产品竞争力的强弱与国内农业支持政策密切相关,为了提升中国农产品的国际竞争力,应大力调整和优化中国的国内农业支持政策.     

农业政策性金融支持农业产业化的思考

农业产业化的融资困难以及新时期农村经济的发展和粮食流通体制市场化改革对农业政策性金融提出了新要求,两方面要求农业政策政策性金融加大对农业产业化的支持,为此提出农业政策性金融支持农业产业化的思路与建议。     

Turning point for European Agricultural Policy?

Agriculture is undoubtedly the most important and controversial topic in the ongoing Uruguay Round of the GATT. Can a compromise between the divergent positions of the EC and the USA on agricultural trade be found? Does the Uruguay Round mark a turning point for the EC’s Common Agricultural Policy?     

我国农业补贴与农产品价格支持政策比较研究

价格支持与直接补贴是保护农业的两种重要手段,在WTO协议框架内,农业保护中直接补贴要甚于价格支持。通过对我国农业补贴与农产品价格支持政策的比较,并对我国实施农产品价格支持政策进行SWOT分析,提出改革农产品价格支持政策的方向,促进农业发展。     

欧盟共同农业政策的演进、走向与启示——基于区域经济一体化和贸易自由化的博弈

欧盟共同农业政策的改革就是区域经济一体化和全球贸易自由化的博弈过程。实施50年以来,政策目标从强调农业发展转向强调农业、农村并重,对农村环境、可持续发展关注越来越多;政策手段由单一价格支持转为价格支持、收入补贴、农村发展支持多种综合措施,市场自由化程度有所提高;政策框架由封闭逐步转向开放,全球化一体化程度不断提高。但是共同农业政策的困境并未解除,首先,内部经济成本依然很高;其次,欧盟扩张导致了内部协调成本增加;此外,近几年国际粮食价格的持续上涨也加大了政策效应外溢的压力。欧盟共同农业政策与多边贸易谈判息息相关,当前多哈谈判陷入僵局,欧盟共同农业政策也处于纠结中,但是希望以较小的成本为区域农业发展寻求更大的空间这一基本态度并不会改变。这都对我国目前的农业发展尤其是粮食安全有一定的启示作用。     

论完善农业政策性金融体系

文章指出,长期以来由于国家对农业发展银行没有一个长远的系统规划,加之农业政策性金融条例和有效财务安排的缺乏,导致我国农业发展银行缺乏独立生存发展的外部环境和有效营运机制,其生存发展面临困境。为完善我国农业政策性金融体系,文章认为,国家应以全额投资方式建立若干个全国性的具有专门职能的农业政策性金融机构,由国家、地方政府联合出资共同设立若干个区域性农业政策性金融机构,同时通过国家、地方政府参股或控股地方农村金融机构,形成一个产权结构多元化、业务经营专业化、经营形式多样化的农村政策性金融服务体系,从根本上解决我国市场经济发展过程中农村金融与农村经济发展之间的矛盾,推进农村经济建设和社会发展。     

关于推进农业政策性银行改革的若干思考

本文认为,在我国推进政策性银行改革、国家开发银行首先推行商业化运作的大背景下,从有利于金融体系建设、有利于"三农"问题解决、有利于农业和农村经济以及整个国民经济发展出发,农业发展银行的改革必须确立几个基本观念,即对农业政策性银行的存在不容置疑,农业政策性银行必须坚持政策性方向,农业政策性银行必须坚持市场化运作模式,农业政策性银行必须按市场机制原则构建发展机制。     

美国农业政策调整对中国农产品贸易的影响

农业补贴一直是世界贸易中争论最大的问题之一,也是发展中国家扩大农产品出口最大的障碍。美国大幅度增加对农业的拨款,将对中国农产品贸易产生很大的影响。