论技术性贸易壁垒的抑制效应与我国出口行业的对策

在世贸组织贸易自由化精神的倡导下,发达国家纷纷降低关税水平,同时却设立技术性贸易壁垒等非关税壁垒。发达国家凭借经济和技术优势,设立起来的技术性贸易壁垒已经威胁到发展中国家的传统优势产业的贸易。如何采取有效措施突破技术性贸易壁垒是包括中国在内的发展中国家对外贸易的新课题。     

从防御到进攻:发达国家农产品技术性贸易壁垒发展的新趋势分析

本文从竞争战略的角度对中国农产品的质量竞争力问题进行研究,指出发达国家实施农产品技术性贸易壁垒实际上是一种针对发展中国家的国际农业产业竞争战略,近年来发达国家的农产品技术性贸易壁垒开始从防御战略转向进攻战略,在中国等发展中国家越来越多地失去发达国家农产品市场准入机会的同时,发达国家正在以发展了的技术性贸易壁垒为依托谋求对发展中国家农业产业的全面控制,中国等发展中国家农业产业安全面临潜在威胁。     

中国农产品出口受阻于标准贸易壁垒的理论与比较实证分析

本文从竞争战略的角度对中国农产品出口受阻于发达国家标准贸易壁垒的深层次原因进行分析,指出发达国家实施农产品技术性贸易壁垒实际上是一种针对发展中国家的国际农业产业竞争战略,技术性贸易壁垒竞争战略建立在发达国家的农业生产的高技术优势和农产品精密检验检测尖端技术优势的基础上,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

标准制度互认机制与发展中国家技术性贸易壁垒的突破

技术性贸易壁垒的发展趋势20世纪90年代以来,由于长期关税减让谈判以及对传统非关税壁垒国际约束的强化,作为关税和传统非关税壁垒的替代,发展中国家出口开始越来越多地遭受到发达国家技术性贸易壁垒的障碍。据此,国内外许多学者对发展中国家如何应对技术性贸易壁垒做了专门研究。从现有文献来看,许多学者认为由于自身技术水平落后,发展中国家应对技     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国的影响及对策

加入WTO后，我国产品出口遭遇了国际技术性贸易壁垒的严峻挑战，作为一个刚“人世”的发展中国家，应顺应国际潮流，加强认识并积极应对各种国外技术性贸易壁垒。本文根据世界上主要发达国家与发展中国家应对技术性贸易壁垒的实践并结合技术性贸易壁垒的发展的趋势以及我国的实际情况，从政府机构、非政府机构和企业自身等层面寻找应对之策。     

出口企业如何走出技术性贸易壁垒困境

在国际贸易中,许多发达国家以保护环境为由,通过立法手段,对商品中的有害物含量制定严格的、发展中国家很难达到的强制性技术标准。我国是发展中国家,在环境和检测手段上较为落后,往往在这些技术性贸易壁垒面前处于弱势,使企业出口陷入困境。基于分析目前国际贸易中常出现的技术性贸易壁垒,提出出口企业应对技术性贸易壁垒的对策建议,包括明晰技术性贸易壁垒涉及的公约、法规、国际标准以及检验检疫要求等规定;建立技术性贸易壁垒预警与快速反应机制,为企业提供最新的贸易信息;加强企业自身管理,努力提高技术水平,与国际标准接轨。     

技术性贸易壁垒产生的理论解释和对策

技术性贸易壁垒（TBT）的产生有其深刻的社会背景，在国际贸易中对发达国家和发展中国家造成的影响迥异。针对中国贸易现状，政府和企业应该采取一系列措施积极应对技术性贸易壁垒，抓住机遇，迎接挑战，使之为我国贸易服务。     

论技术性贸易壁垒对我国外贸经济的影响

以技术法规、技术标准和合格评定程序为主要内容的技术性贸易壁垒已经成为发达国家贸易保护的重要手段。中国作为世界上最大的发展中国家,出口产品正面临越来越多的技术性贸易壁垒的挑战。以农产品为例说明技术性壁垒对我国外贸经济的影响。     

技术性贸易壁垒对我国国际贸易的影响及对策

技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade,即TBT)又称技术性贸易措施,主要由"技术性贸易壁垒协定"(TBT协定)和"实施卫生与动植物卫生措施协定"(SPS协定)两个文件组成,涉及农产品、食品、机电产品、纺织服装、信息产业、家电、化工医药的初级产品、中间产品和制成品,同时还涉及到加工、包装、运输和储存等贸易的各个领域和环节,涵盖了科学技术、卫生、检疫、安全、环保、产品质量和认证等诸多技术性指标体系。发达国家凭借在世界贸易中的主导地位和技术优势,强制推行根据其技术水平定出的技术标准,使众多的贸易壁垒借助"技术"而披上了合法的外衣,使发展中国家处于"被动挨打"的劣势,因此,技术性贸易壁垒已成为阻碍发展中国家和次发达国家国际贸易的最为隐蔽、最难对付的壁垒。     

浅议技术性贸易壁垒

随着贸易自由化,全球一体化的不断加深。在国际贸易领域,数量限制和高关税已经成为历史。WTO各成员国原则上已不能通过限制数量和高关税为国内产品提供保护。技术贸易壁垒正成为发达国家保护本国产品的新手段,对各国产生深远影响,尤其是发展中国家,我国作为最大的发展中国家,国际贸易也受到了很大的冲击。这对于广大发展中国家既是机遇又是挑战。研究技术性贸易壁垒制度,正视机遇、接受挑战,具有重要的实践意义。本文首先介绍技术性贸易壁垒的基本情况,进而分析其产生的原因及对我国的影响,最后应对技术性贸易壁垒障碍提出几点对策。     

全球视角下技术性贸易壁垒周期性及贸易效应——兼论我国技术性贸易壁垒体系的缺失

近年来,国际技术壁垒发展在形式、规模和影响上都具有新的特征。本文在全球视角下对当前发达国家和发展中国家实施的技术壁垒特点进行分析,并基于经济学MQS模型作比较。笔者发现,国际技术壁垒呈现一定的周期性,各发展阶段有着不同的贸易效应,据此进一步指出我国技术贸易壁垒建立存在的问题和解决思路。     

国外实施技术性贸易壁垒的新动向及我国的应对措施

技术性贸易壁垒(TBT)作为一种无形的非关税壁垒,正日益成为国际贸易中最棘手、最难应付的贸易障碍之一,并正在对我国的出口贸易产生显著的影响。而技术标准作为发达国家实施TBT的重要手段之一,已成为当今国际经济竞争的制高点。技术标准不仅是保护国内市场的标志,而且是争夺国外市场、提高国家竞争力的有力手段,是国家利益和价值观念的载体。近年来,发达国家为了保护自身利益、限制他国发展,纷纷制定和实施标准化战略。本文首先分析了现阶段美国、日本和欧盟的主要技术标准壁垒及其标准化战略的新动向,在此基础上,从宏观和微观两个层面提出了我国应对国外技术标准壁垒的战略措施。     

A South–South Survival Strategy: The Potential for Trade among Developing Countries

Trade between developing countries, or South–South trade, has been growing rapidly in recent years following reductions in tariff barriers. However, significant barriers remain, and there is currently reluctance in many developing countries to undertake further reductions, with a preference instead for focusing on opening up access to developed country markets, or maintaining the status quo given that multilateral liberalisation may result in the erosion of preferential access enjoyed by some developing countries. This emphasis on Northern markets represents a missed opportunity for developing countries. To assess this we compare the potential effects of the removal of barriers on South–South trade with the gains from developed country liberalisation and from regional free trade areas within Africa, Asia and Latin America. A general equilibrium model, the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, containing information on preferential bilateral tariffs, is used to estimate the impacts. The results indicate that the opening up of Northern markets would provide annual welfare gains to developing countries of $22 billion. However, the removal of South–South barriers has the potential to generate gains 40 per cent larger. The results imply that giving greater emphasis to removing barriers between as well as within continents could prove a successful Southern survival strategy.     

基于WTO规则的环境贸易壁垒研究

在当今国际贸易中,许多国家特别是发达国家频繁地将基于WTO规则的环境贸易壁垒作为新的贸易保护手段和政策加以运用。环境贸易壁垒表现形式多种多样,其实质是发达国家对发展中国家设置的贸易屏障,使之在国际贸易中遭受进出口双重贸易障碍。中国作为WTO最大的发展中国家成员,必须制定跨越环境贸易壁垒的应对战略。     

Assessing the Benefits to Developing Countries of Liberalisation in Services Trade

This paper discusses the potential impacts of services trade liberalisation on developing countries and reviews existing quantitative studies. Its purpose is to distill themes from current literature rather than to advocate specific policy changes. The picture emerging is one of valiant attempts to quantify in the presence of formidable analytical and data problems yielding only a clouded image of likely impacts on trade, consumption, production and welfare emerging to the point that the policy implications of results are not always clear. A central intuition would seem to be that with genuine two‐sided (OECD/non‐OECD) liberalisation in services that are seemingly considerably labour‐intensive in delivery, the potential should be there for significant developing country gains from global liberalisation allowing full cross‐border delivery. However, this picture is neither fully endorsed by available studies, neither is it explicitly contradicted. This seems to be the case for a number of reasons. One difficulty with the studies is that the conceptual underpinnings of what determines trade in services and how this trade differs analytically from that of trade in goods (if at all) is an issue prior to assessments of impacts of liberalisation of trade in services on developing countries being discussed. Key issues here are the treatment of mobility for service providers (both firms and workers), and the differing analytical structures needed to analyse individual service items (banking, insurance, telecoms, etc.). Some recent analytical work suggests that liber‐alisation in some service items, such as banking, need not always yield gains, and this contrasts with quantitative studies where analytical structures mirror conventional trade in goods treatments. The discussion and measurement of barriers to service trade in both developed and developing countries is also problematic. One is talking of domestic regulation, entry barriers, portability of providers, competition policy regimes more so than only barriers at national borders, as with tariffs. Both representing and quantifying such barriers raise major difficulties, and these are also spelled out in the paper. Which barriers actually restrict trade, and which do not because they are redundant is one issue, for instance. It is also often misleading to represent barriers in simple ad valorem equivalent form. As a result, numerical modelling work on the effects of service trade barriers which is based on ad valorem equivalent modelling is often not fully convincing. In addition, individual country results vary considerably across studies in ways that it is frequently hard for outsiders to understand. Studies do, however, point towards a tentative conclusion that effects are small and positive for developed and most developing countries if FDI flow changes accompanying service trade liberalisation are excluded from the analysis, but much larger and more variable across countries if they are present. This could be taken to suggest that mode 3 GATS liberalisation (roughly captured in some studies) might be important for developing countries; but mode 4 GATS liberalisation could be even more important given large barriers to labour flows across countries. Thus, if service trade liberalisation is thought of primarily as a surrogate for improved functioning of global factor markets in which more capital flows to developing countries and more labour flows from them to developed countries, then developing countries could benefit in a major way from genuine two‐sided (OECD/non‐OECD) liberalisation. Developing countries fear, however, that in global negotiations on services liberalisation where there is an asymmetry of power that largely one‐sided liberalisation may be the outcome, and their gains will be correspondingly limited. The paper concludes by evaluating econometric studies on linkage between services liberalisation and country growth rules, and briefly discusses some key sectoral issues in health services and transportation.     

汽车制造业应对国外技术性贸易壁垒的策略

WTO后过渡期到来,中国汽车制造业面临的国外技术性贸易壁垒成为非关税壁垒的主要内容之一.文章简述了主要发达国家为保护汽车业而设计的技术性贸易壁垒,并提出几点中国汽车制造业应对国外技术性贸易壁垒的策略建议,提出应借鉴国外的保护性措施,构建一种有效的管理体制,提升该行业的国际竞争力.     

知识性贸易壁垒对我国出口贸易的影响及对策研究

在知识经济时代 ,知识已成为重要的生产要素。近年来 ,发达国家正在采用控制知识产权及其交易条件 ,在国际贸易中对发展中国家进行歧视性做法 ,构建知识性贸易壁垒。知识壁垒的新兴和发展对我国的出口贸易是有极大危害的 ,我国必须高度重视 ,积极应对。     

国际贸易中绿色包装问题与中国对策分析

绿色包装已成为发达国家设置绿色贸易壁垒的主要手段之一,对包括中国在内的发展中国家商品出口形成了很大的阻碍。绿色包装对中国商品出口贸易带来的负影响不容忽视,应从政府、行业协会、企业三个方面建立中国绿色包装制度。     

主要发达国家农产品技术性贸易壁垒的比较及对我国的启示

加入WTO以来我国农产品出口贸易增长很快,但由于种种原因,在国际市场上屡受阻挠,尤其是以欧美日为代表的发达国家凭借自身优势所实施的技术性贸易壁垒,对我国农产品出口带来了极大的影响。通过对欧美日等发达国家的技术性贸易壁垒比较分析,探寻我国能够借鉴的经验。     

EU卫生标准对发展中国家渔业产品的影响及对策

欧盟对发展中国家渔业产品实施严格的卫生标准以及标准的多层次、复杂性和不统一形成了对发展中国家产品的技术性贸易壁垒,发展中国家为维持或拓展发达国家市场,付出了直接成本、间接成本、隐合成本和风险增加的代价.发展中国家可以通过产业共性技术研发在形成本国产业自主技术标准的基础上,与发达国家建立互认机制等来跨越TBT.