Reviews

'LONDON INDUSTRIAL STRATEGY'

Greater London Council, London Industrial Strategy. London: GLC, 1985. £5.00 paper. (Now available from Economic Policy Group, Middlesex House, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London, SW1.)

'FUTURE WORK'

James Robertson: Future Work Aldershot, Hants; Gower Publishing Co Ltd, 1985. £15.00 hardback, £6.95 paperback.

'SMALL FIRMS IN REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT'

STOREY, D. J. (ed): Small Firms in Regional Economic Development-Britain, Ireland and the United States. Cambridge University Press, 1985. Cloth, £22.50.

'POLITICS AND METHOD'

Massey, D. and Meegan, R. (eds): Politics and Method: Contrasting Studies in Industrial Geography. London. Methuen, 1985. £6.95 paperback.     

Competitiveness, partnership — and democracy? Putting the “local” back into London government

The division of the powers and responsibilities of government in London has been a constant source of friction and debate between central and local government. In the wake of the abolition of the Greater London Council, the Conservative government waited for the corporate sector to take the lead. When this failed to materialise, a complicated array of unelected agencies and partnerships were constructed to promote London, deliver services and allocate expenditure. This paper reviews the nature and function of these organisations and examines proposals for regional development agencies and an elected strategic authority for the capital arising from the election of a Labour government in May 1997. While pointing to considerable organisational innovation, for instance in the setting up of the Government Office for London, it is argued that, during 18 years of Conservative government, the emphasis on policy delivery through a variety of discrete partnership agencies deliberately overlooked issues of subsidiarity and local accountability. Thus the debate about the relationship between central and local government in London reflects substantial philosophical differences between the two parties. The Labour government's proposals for a strategic authority and regional development agency will require a substantial reallocation of powers and functions between a number of overlapping and competing agencies and a redefinition of what are legitimately local and central functions.     

Industrial property letting: Lessons from the GLC's policies and experience

The GLC, and the Greater London Enterprise Board, has been developing innovatory policies for letting industrial properties. The aim has been to support priority industrial sectors and to require “good employer” practices by tenants

Although the full value of this work has been cut short by the abolition of the GLC, the experience acquired raises important issues for other local authorities who wish to use their industrial property instrumentally to support other employment development policies.     

National economic forecasting at local level: Applications of the Cambridge model in the West Midlands

The pioneering local economic strategies developed by the GLC and Metropolitan County Councils prior to their abolition in March 1986 frequently drew upon comprehensive research and analysis. The West Midlands County Council was the only local authority using forecasts derived from a national economic model as an input to research for local economic development. This article discusses the West Midlands' experience in using forecasts derived from Cambridge Econometrics' model of the UK economy for sectoral analysis, strategic land-use planning and evaluation of the regional impact of national economic policies.     

Stakeholding and the local economy

During the 1980s local economic policy became an issue of major political concern. The polarisation of the New Right market-led strategies advanced by the Thatcher governments and the New Left-inspired counter-response, typified by the last years of the GLC, reflected the tenor of national political and economic debates at the time. Arguably, in the 10 years since the abolition of the GLC, local economic development has been devoid (some might say spared) of any “big idea” arising from wider political debates. Recently, however, there have been signs that a new political direction may be emerging at the national level with significant implications for local economic policy. That direction is the notion of stakeholding.     

Industrial property letting: Traditional v radical approaches

Following the earlier article on GLC and GLEB property letting, this contribution argues that an industrial lettings policy is inadequate for the promotion of good employment practices and sector strategy.     

Production activity within the London economy

As Britain's largest city with the most extensive range of service functions, London has led most other cities within the country in its loss of production activity. Within the overall net loss, there is however some new industrial development. This development is investigated to throw light on areas of possible industrial regeneration relevant to large urban areas throughout the UK. The paper first estimates recent change in production employment in London and then investigates a sample of industrial developments in the city identified through the Land Use Change Statistics. Though a significant 244 hectares was developed for industrial use, few new production jobs are likely to have been generated. The results point to growth dominated by the small firm sector, but with an even spatial spread over all parts of the city. The implication for policy is a reinforcement of its dependence on the small firm sector to offset major structural changes in economic activity.     

Reviews

UNITARY AUTHORITIES.

Coopers & Lybrand Deloitte, 1992: Partnership in Prosperity: local government's role in economic development. Association of County Councils: The review of local government — Paper No 6 (February).

THE NISSAN ENIGMA.

Garrahan, P. and Stewart, P. 1992: The Nissan Enigma: Flexibility at Work in a Local Economy. London: Mansell, £35.00 cloth, £12.99 paper.

THE INTELLIGENT REGION.

Cooke, P. and Morgan, K. 1991: The Intelligent Region: Industrial and Institutional Innovation in Emilia-Romagna. Cardiff: Regional Industrial Research, Report 7, PO Box 906, Cardiff CF1 3YN.

STRENGTHENING BRITAIN'S TECHNOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE.

Brunskill, 1.1992: Making It: A Federal approach to industrial policy. London: Institute for Public Policy Research, £10.00 paper.

INVISIBLE MINORITIES.

Wrench, J., Brar, H. and Martin, P. 1991: Invisible Minorities: The employment experiences and needs of black and ethnic communities in Harlow. University of Warwick: Centre for research in Ethnic Relations. Available from Harlow District Council.

RURAL RESTRUCTURING.

Gilg, A.W. (ed), 1992: Restructuring the Countryside: Environmental Policy and Practice, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd, £32.50 cloth.     

区域特色战略性新兴产业政策体系的探究

中共中央、国务院关于区域战略性新兴产业政策可以分为全局性质和单一性政策两种。国家发展和改革委员会的政策一般是对战略性新兴产业起指导审批作用的政策,财政部的政策一般为涉及战略性新兴产业资本方面的政策,科学技术部的政策一般是涉及战略性新兴产业技术方面的政策,而工业和信息化部、环境保护部及商贸部等的战略性新兴产业政策通常与自身分管的工作领域相关。在各省市县,绝大部分政策的着力点是执行性质的。政策的预期协同效应为三种,分别为正协同效应、无差异和负协同效应。     

Reviews

GRAND STRATEGY OR DRAINING LAKE WINDERMERE WITH A TEASPOON?

Chandler, J.A. and Lawless, P. 1985: Local Authorities and the Creation of Employment. Aldershot: Gower, £14.50 hardback only.

HOW IT'S DONE IN HAMMERSMITH.

Allan, M., Fenton, M. and Flockhart, A. 1985: Creating a local economic development network. A case study of Hammersmith and Fulham. Dundee Park Place Publishing/The Planning Exchange, £7.50 paperback.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP FOR THE UNEMPLOYED?

Nabarro, R., Davies, R., Cobbold, C. and Galley, N., 1986: Local enterprise and the unemployed. London: Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. £4.00 plus 60p postage.

THE CO-OP BANK LOOKS AT CO-OPS.

P. A. Management Consultants Ltd. and Co-operative Bank plc, 1985: Workers Co-operatives Past, Present and Future. Manchester: P. A. Management Consultants (Manchester), £20.00.

HOUSING LAND: ARE PLANNERS LOSING THEIR GRIP?

Rydin, Yvonne, 1986: Housing Land Policy. Aldershot: Gower, £15.00 cloth.

MONETARISTS LOOK AT LIVERPOOL.

Liverpool Research Group in Macroeconomics, 1986: Merseyside Economic Prospect Vol. 1, No. 1 February 1986. Liverpool: University of Liverpool, £6.00.

THE FORGOTTEN DEPRIVATION OF RURAL AREAS.

Association of District Councils, 1986: The Rural Economy At The Crossroads—A Review of Rural Needs and Problems in the '80s. ADC,

9 Buckingham Gate, London SW1E 6LE. £5.00.

THE LONDON FINANCIAL STRATEGY.

Greater London Council, 1986: London Financial Strategy London: Greater London Council, £3.50 (now available from London Strategic Policy Unit, 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SW1).     

Short reviews

FOUR SHORT REVIEWS ON THE THEME OF MARKETS AND JOBS

Leedale, M. 1988: Working Paper No. 108 — Intervention and the East London Clothing Industry. Oxford Polytechnic School of Planning, £4.00 plus 85p p. & p.

Lemaitre, J. (ed) 1988: Long Term Unemployment: Which Way Out? Brussels: Elise Publications, 10/Ecus/BF440 + BF50 postage.

Stewart A. 1968: Planning Homes and Jobs: The Sheffield Report Sheffield City Council, £10.00 including postage.

Association of County Councils, Association of District Councils, Association of Metropolitan Authorities. Stimulating Local Enterprise, the local authority role. £5.50 including postage.

Anglo German Foundation and Otto-Blume-lnstitut fur Sozialforschung und Gesellschafts politik, 1988, Local Labour Market Policies in Britain and Germany, London: Anglo-German Foundation for the Study of Industrial Society. 17 Bloomsbury Square. London WC1A 1LP, £4.50.

Watson, J. (ed), 1989: An Introduction to Political Economy & Planning: Four Interesting Essays, Anglia Higher Education College.

Report for the Commission of Bishop's Council of Diocese of Birmingham, 1988: Faith in the City of Birmingham. Exeter. Paternoster Press, £3.50.     

Reviews

“LOCAL EMPLOYMENT PLANS” Norwich City Council, 1987: Taking Norwich into the 1990s. Norwich, free.

Bristol City Council, 1987: Bristol: An Employment Plan. Bristol, £1.00.

Reading Borough Council, 1987: Creating Opportunities: A Programme for Jobs in Reading. Reading, no price stated.

Cleveland County Council, 1987: Unemployment Strategy. Middlesbrough, free.

Sheffield City Council: Employment and Economic Development Department 1987: Sheffield Employment Matters. Issue 1. Sheffield, £10 for 3 issues.

Lancashire Enterprises Ltd, 1987: Annual Report 1986-87. Preston, free.

“ETHNIC MINORITIES AND YOUTH TRAINING” Malcolm Cross and Douglas Smith (editors) 1987: Black Youth Futures: Ethnic Minorities and the Youth Training Scheme, National Youth Bureau. No price stated.

“HOMEWORKING” Allen, S. and Wolkowitz, C., 1987: Homeworking: Myths and Realities. London: Macmillan, £25.00 cloth, £7.95 paper.

“STRATEGY FOR RETAILING” Montgomery, J., 1987: Trade Winds — the changing face of retailing and retail employment in the South East — an alternative strategy. South East Economic Development Strategy, Daneshill House, Danesgate Street, Stevenage, Herts. No price stated.     

The strategies and limits of gentlemanly capitalism: the London East India agency houses, provincial commercial interests, and the evolution of British economic policy in South and South East Asia 1800–50

This article explores the development of the London East India agency houses during the first half of the nineteenth century, and their evolving commercial and political relationships with merchants and manufacturers in the British provinces. It outlines the emergence of pressure groups in Britain concerned with influencing British economic policy in India and the Far East, and their role in shaping policy as the East India Company receded in importance following the Charter Acts of 1813 and 1833. What emerges is a complex picture of collaboration between interest groups in London and the provinces. This challenges and refines aspects of the gentlemanly capitalism thesis of Cain and Hopkins, which emphasizes both the supremacy of London-based financial and mercantile interests in the formation of British policy towards the empire, and the separateness of City-based 'gentlemanly capitalists' from provincial mercantile and industrial interests.     

The end of the Stability and Growth Pact?

Fiscal policy is the incomplete chapter in the macroeconomic arrangements agreed at Maastricht. The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) was an attempt to patch it up, but it failed. We need to understand: why? When the Ecofin Council in November 2003 voted against proceeding with the Excessive Deficit Procedure regarding Germany and France, many observers concluded that the Pact was dead or at least “suspended”. No doubt the decision violated the spirit of the SGP. Yet, it was nothing else but the application of the rules: contrary to the original idea of automaticity of sanctions proposed by the German finance minister Theo Waigel in 1995, the Pact stipulated the need for a vote by the Council and therefore implied the possibility that the Commission might be overruled. The Commission requested Germany to reduce its structural deficit by 0.8% of the GDP, and France by 0.4%. This recommendation was blocked and thereby also the consequence of imposing sanctions if these countries would not comply. What appeared so shocking about the events in 2003 was the fact that the decision to not follow the Excessive Deficit Procedure was taken so early in the Pact’s life and as a consequence of bullying by the two largest member states and without genuine economic reasons. In other words, the procedures of the Pact have never been fully applied. Together with the serious policy divergences over the Iraq war and the failure of agreeing a European constitution, the SGP is the third major issue in less than one year that undermines the political credibility of European integration. I believe that this fact is not just to be blamed on incompetent or unwilling politicians; rather it is intrinsic to the issue of fiscal policy coordination in an incomplete federation. It is a constitutional issue.     

2009年以来中国区域发展规划及政策评述

2009年以来为应对国际金融危机,国务院陆续批复了十多项区域发展规划及政策。研究表明这些规划与政策体现出了更加明晰细化的区域空间格局、多元多极的区域发展模式和注重协调发展、可持续发展和环境友好发展理念等三方面的特征。文章从资源重组、空间重构和管理体系三个角度分析其仍然存在以下问题：现阶段过于偏重重组优质资源,忽视发达地区与欠发达地区的协调发展;造成“政策交集”地区的战略定位和发展路径选择的“两难”处境;需进一步完善仍处于分割状态的规划管理体系等。最后,针对以上问题提出政策建议。     

Reviews

Kate Mertes, The English noble household, 1250-1600: good governance and politic rule (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Pp Rosalind Mitchison and Peter Roebuck, eds., Economy and society in Scotland and Ireland, 1500-1939 (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1988. Pp Jeremy Boulton, Neighbourhood and society: a London suburb in the seventeenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp James C. Riley, The eighteenth-century campaign to avoid disease (London: Macmillan, 1987. Pp J. R. Smith, The speckled monster: smallpox in England, 1670-1970, with particular reference to Essex (Chelmsford: Essex Record Office, 1987. Pp Macquarie University Julian Hoppit, Risk and failure in English business, 1700-1800 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Edward Royle, Modem Britain: a social history, 1750-1985 (London: Edward Arnold, 1987. Pp Edgar Jones, A history of GKN, vol. i: innovation and enterprise, 1759-1918 (London: Macmillan, 1987. Pp Terry Gourvish, Norfolk beers from English barley: a history of Steward & Patteson, 1793-1963 (Norwich: Centre of East Anglian Studies, University of East Anglia, 1987. Pp J. W. R. Whitehand, The changing face of cities: a study of development cycles and urban form (Oxford: Blackwell, for the Institute of British Geographers, Special Publications Series no. 21, 1987. Pp John Saville, 1848, the British state and the Chartist movement (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Thames Polytechnic R. C. Michie, The London and New York Stock Exchanges, 1850-1914 (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987. Pp Imperial College, London Gerard M. Koot, English historical economics, 1870-1926 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp Jane Morgan, Conflict and order: the police and labour disputes in England and Wales, 1900-1939 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Pp P. W. J. Bartrip, Workmen's compensation in twentieth-century Britain: law, history and social policy (Aldershot: Gower, 1987. Pp Barry Supple, The history of the British coal industry, vol. 4, 1913-46: the political economy of decline. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Pp Gerry R. Rubin, War, law, and labour: the Munitions Acts, state regulation, and the unions, 1915-1921 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Pp Wolfson College, Oxford Steven Tolliday, Business, banking and politics: the case of British steel, 1918-1939 (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp Marguerite Dupree, ed., Lancashire and Whitehall: the diary of Sir Raymond Streat, 1931-57 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987. 2 vols. Pp Patricia Herlihy, Odessa: a history, 1794-1914 (Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press, Ukrainian Research Institute Monograph Series, 1986. Pp Jean Baechler, John A. Hall, and Michael Mann, eds., Europe and the rise of capitalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Pp Michael Anderson, Population change in north-western Europe, 1750-1850 (London: Macmillan, 1988. Pp Frank B. Tipton and Robert Aldrich, An economic and social history of Europe, 1890-1939. An economic and social history of Europe from 1939 to the present (London: Macmillan, 1987. Pp London School of Economics and Political Science Carole Shammas, Marylynn Salmon, and Michael Dahlin, Inheritance in America from colonial times to the present (New Brunswick, N.J. and London: Rutgers University Press, 1987. Pp Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria Peter Kilby, ed., Quantity and quiddity: essays in U.S. economic history (Wesleyan University Press. 1987. Pp Robert F. Dalzell, Jr., Enterprising elite: the Boston Associates and the world they made (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp Cambridge University Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: critical episodes in the growth of American government (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp Rutgers University Jonathan Liebenau, Medical science and medical industry: the formation of the American pharmaceutical industry (London: Macmillan, in association with the Business History Unit, University of London, 1987. Pp The Queen's University of Belfast Peter Fearon, War, prosperity and depression: the U.S. economy, 1917-1945 (Oxford: Philip Allan, 1987. Pp Michael J. Hogan, The Marshall Plan: America, Britain, and the reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Cynthia Taft Morris and Irma Adelman, Comparative patterns of economic development, 1850-1914 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988. Pp Bielefeld University Shireen Moosvi, The economy of the Mughal Empire c. 1595: a statistical study (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp Donald N. McCloskey, Econometric history (London: Macmillan, 1987. Pp Queen s University, Kingston, Ontario Margaret Garritscn de Vries, The International Monetary Fund, 1972-1978: cooperation on trial. Vols. 1, 11, and in (Washington D.C.: The International Monetary Fund, 1985. Vols. I and II, pp     

Reviews

Book reviewed in this article:
GREAT BRITAIN
The Victoria History of the Counties of England: A History of the County of Middlesex, Vol. V, ed. by T. F. T. Baker.
The Butchers of London.
Scottish Themes.
Essays in the Economic and Social History of South Yorkshire.
Working-Class Radicalism in Mid-Victorian England.
The Lower Middle Class in Britain, i8yo-igi4.
Middle Class Housing in Britain.
Coal Metropolis: Cardiff, 1870-1914.
The Discount Houses in London: Principles, Operations, and Change.
Women at War, 1914-18.
The Economic Advisory Council, 1930-9.
REVIEW OF PERIODICAL LITERATURE 1976
GENERAL
Plagues and Peoples.
Ireland in the Age of the Tudors: The Destruction of the Hiberno-Norman Civilization.
The American Colonies: From Settlement to Independence.
Slave Population and Economy in Jamaica, 1807-34.
The Land and People of Nineteenth-Century Cork.
An Economic Spurt that Failed: Four Lectures in Austrian History.
The Lebanese Traders in Sierra Leone.
THE LOW COUNTRIES
Miscellanea offerts à. Charles Verlinden àľoccasion de ses trente ans de professorat.
Economisch- en Sociaal-Historisch Jaarboek. Vols, XXXVIII and XXXIX.
La statistique industrielle dans les Pays-Bas autrichiens àľépoque de Marie- Thérèse: Documents et cartes. Tome premier (Commission Royale ďHistoire).
Finances publiques ďancien regime: Finances publiques contem-poraines en Belgiques de 1740 à 1860. Collection Histoire Pro Civitate.
Hommes et pouvoirs: Les principales etudes de Jan Dhondt sur ľhistoire du 19e et du 2oe siècles.
Dossier pour Vhistoire de ľEurope monétaire, 1958-73.     

Reviews

E. B. Fryde, William de la Pole, merchant and king's banker, (1366) (Hambledon Press, 1988. Pp Grenville Astill and Annie Grant, eds., The countryside of medieval England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Pp London Susan Dwyer Amussen, An ordered society: gender and class in early modern England (Oxford: Blackwell, 1988. Pp The Open University Eric Kerridge, Trade and banking in early modern England (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988. Pp Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge Roger B. Manning, Village revolts: social protest and popular disturbances in England, 1509-1640 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Pp Lucinda McCray Beier, Sufferers and healers: the experience of illness in seventeenth-century England (Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1987. Pp Wellcome Unit for the History of Medicine, Oxford J. S. Hurt, Outside the mainstream: a history of special education (Batsford, 1988. Pp D.G. Wright, Popular radicalism: the working-class experience, 1780-1880 (London and New York: Lonsman. 1988. Po. x + 211. Paperback 5.95) Boyd Hilton, The age of atonement: the influence of evangelicalism on social and economic thought, 1795-1865 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988. Pp Wadham College, Oxford Lilian Lewis Shiman, Crusade against drink in Victorian England (Macmillan, 1988. Pp Stewart Angas Weaver, John Fielden and the politics of popular radicalism, 1832-1847 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987. Pp Alan Armstrong, Farmworkers: a social and economic history, 1770-1980 (Batsford, 1988. Pp Frank Neal, Sectarian violence: the Liverpool experience, 1819-1914: an aspect of Anglo-Irish history (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987. Pp Judy Slinn, Linklaters & Paines: the first one hundred and fifty years (Longman, 1988. Pp City of London Polytechnic W. J. Reader, The history of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1871-1971 (Peter Peregrinus Ltd. on behalf of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, 1987. Pp William P. Kennedy, Industrial structure: capital markets and the origins of British economic decline (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp David Hey, Family history and local history in England (Longman, 1987. Pp Geoffrey Jones (ed.), British multinationals: origins, management and performance (Aldershot: Gower, 1986. Pp Bernard Wakes, A class society at war: England, 1914-1918 (Berg, 1987. Pp The Open University Anne Crowther, British social policy, 1914-1939 (Macmillan, 1988. Pp London School of Economics & Political Science G. S. Peden, Keynes, the Treasury and British economic policy (Macmillan, 1988. Pp Brunei University Roger Price, A social history of nineteenth-century France (Hutchinson, 1987. Pp Peter D. Slachura (ed.), Unemployment and the great depression in Weimar Germany (Macmillan, 1986. Pp King's College, London Peter Hayes, Industry and ideology: IG Farben in the Nazi era (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Princeton University John H. Pryor, Geography, technology and war: studies in the maritime history of the Mediterranean, 649-1571 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp David Cressy, Coming over: migration and communication between England and New England in the seventeenth century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp Polytechnic of North London Marcus Rediker, Between the devil and the deep blue sea: merchant seamen, pirates, and the Anglo-American maritime world, 1700-1750 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Dalhousie University W. Ross Yates, Joseph Wharton, Quaker industrial pioneer (London: Golden Cockerell Press/Associated University Presses, 1988. Pp London School of Economics & Political Science David Eltis, Economic growth and the ending of the transatlantic slave trade (New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp Rider College, New Jersey David C. Klingaman and Richard K. Vedder, (eds.,) Essays on the economy of the old northwest (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1987. Pp Harold van B. Cleveland and Thomas F. Huertas, Citibank, 1812-197O (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986. Pp Burton W. Folsom, Jr., Entrepreneurs vs the state: a new look at the rise of big business in America, 1840-1920 (Young America's Foundation, 1987. Pp John Opie, The law of the land: two hundred years of American farmland policy (Lincoln, Nebraska and London: University of Nebraska Press, 1988. Pp M. J. Heale Wayne Lewchuk, American technology and the British vehicle industry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Michael A. Bernstein, The Great Depression: delayed recovey and economic change in America, 1929-1939 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988. Pp Himanshu Prabha Ray, Monastery and guild: commerce under the Satavahanas (Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1987. Pn. vr + 13.50) Ashin Das Gupta and M. N. Pearson, India and the Indian Ocean, 1500-1800 (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987. Pp Pembroke College, Cambridge Amiya Kumar Bagchi, The evolution of the State Bank of India. Vol. I: The roots, 1806-1876. Part I. The early years, 1806-1860; Part II. Diversity and regrouping, 1860-1876 (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1987. Part I: Pp Keijiro Otsuka, Gustave Ranis, Gary Saxonhouse, Comparative technology choice in development: the Indian and Japanese cotton textile industries (Macmillan, 1988. Pp London School of Economics and Political Science Frank H. H. King, The history of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. Volume I, The Hongkong and Shanghai Bank in late imperial China, 1864-1902: on an even keel (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp Victor Bulmer-Thomas, The political economy of Central America since 1920 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Pp Bill Albert and Adrian Graves, (eds.), The world sugar economy in war and depression, 1914-40 (London and New York: Routledge, 1988. Pp     

我国当代科技政策价值取向探析

2006年2月,国务院发布了《2006-2020年国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》,这是党中央在新形势下根据我国国情制定的科技政策,对科学技术发展重新进行规划,体现了当代科技政策新的发展方向和价值取向。     

The shift from sterling to the dollar, 1965–76: evidence from Australia and New Zealand

The management of foreign exchange reserves has recently attracted attention from both policy‐makers and historians. Historical research has focussed on the nineteenth century and the interwar period, with less attention to the strategies of smaller countries in the final transition from sterling to the dollar in the post‐1945 period. This article examines the evolution of reserve currency policy from the perspective of Australia and New Zealand in the 1960s and early 1970s. As in the 1930s, economic uncertainty and a shift in global economic power prompted changes in reserves strategy. Patterns of trade and debt and falling confidence in British economic policy prompted a move away from sterling, but the timing and extent of this transition were affected by the fragility of the sterling exchange rate, lack of alternative assets, and continued dependence on the London capital market. The choices for Australia and New Zealand were thus constrained, but they were able to leverage their position as holders of sterling to engage in agreements that provided an exchange rate guarantee for their sterling holdings and continued access to the London capital market. This mitigated the effect of the final global transition from sterling to the dollar while protecting their interests.