Value-Added Erosion in Global Value Chains: An Empirical Assessment

In the period from 1995 to 2008, many countries experienced what we call the “value-added erosion.” It describes the decline in the sectoral shares of domestic value-added in a country’s exports as the country becomes more integrated into the global value chains (GVCs). We argue that the decline of the domestic value-added share in a country’s exports is likely to be caused by the expansion of high value-adding activities performed by foreign lead firms in the upper stream of the GVCs. The variables of interest — the domestic value-added share in exports and foreign high-skill labor embodied in a country’s exports (a proxy for foreign lead firms’ high value-adding activities) — are estimated using a multi-regional global input-output model. Using these results and other control variables, we apply a panel cointegration model to explain and assess the likelihood of value-added erosion and its possible determinants.     

Do Preferential Rules of Origin Reverse Trade Creation and Trade Diversion?

Restrictive preferential rules of origin (PROOs) moderate the ‘trade diversion and trade creation’ effects of free trade agreements (FTAs). Moderation effects occur because restrictive PROOs reverse the increase in the relative price of non-member country goods initially caused by FTAs. Such a reversal arises because high compliance costs associated with restrictive PROOs lead to a lower utilization of tariff preferences by member countries. With a lower utilization, the increase in the relative price of non-members country goods would be smaller than it could have been with a full utilization. Thus, restrictive PROOs will lead to less than full trade diversion from non-members to member countries, and less than complete trade creation to member countries. This paper infers the effect of restrictive PROOs on intra-regional trade from the estimated parameters of the revenue function, on the presumption that trade diversion refers to a decrease in the elasticity of substitution between import sources, and that trade creation refers to a difference between the change in import price elasticity and the trade diversion effect. Empirical results support the conjecture that restrictive PROOs move in the opposite direction of FTAs partly undoing the trade diversion and trade creation effects of FTAs.     

Measuring patterns of specialization using trade in value added: the case of manufacturing in Italy

This article aims to contribute to the long-standing debate on the ‘anomaly’ of Italy’s specialization in manufacturing by providing fresh analysis based on new data. It offers: 1) a comprehensive survey of Italian comparative advantages measured in value-added terms and their evolution over time; 2) an international comparison of these advantages with Italy’s main competitors. Results show that the country’s traditional comparative advantages are substantially confirmed, a genuine capacity of the Italian domestic production factors to maintain added value in production with comparative advantage can be observed and new trends in terms of specialization and competitors are also highlighted, showing the influence of the international fragmentation of production on trade and specialization.     

The incidence of import liberalization with and without a value added tax: an application to bangladesh

This paper examines the impact of import tariffs and tariff-replacing indirect taxes on the welfare of households grouped by the size distribution of income. A computable general equilibrium model for Bangladesh is simulated to examine the removal of quantitative restrictions and tariffs as well as the replacement of trade taxes with a value added tax (VAT). Import liberalization alone expands the manufacturing sector and increases the welfare of lower income households. If a uniform VAT is placed on both imports and all non-agricultural production in order to replace the lost tariff revenue for the government, some of the gains from import liberalization are diminished. If exports are exempted from the VAT, the gains are sustained to a greater degree. With a combination of tariff liberalization, quota markups, and the VAT, the economy goes through a contraction and the welfare of all households is reduced.     

全球价值链嵌入与制造业转移 ——基于贸易增加值的实证分析

本文利用亚洲开发银行的多区域投入产出表(ADB-MRIO),依据出口贸易增加值分解框架,测算了中国制造业细分行业2000—2017年的全球价值链嵌入位置和国际产业转移情况,通过构建动态面板模型,实证分析了全球价值链嵌入位置对制造业国际转移的影响。研究发现:第一,价值链地位提升促进产业向外转移。劳动生产率提升、垂直专业化与研发投入的交互作用有利于产业向外转移,而过度投资和行业垄断则导致产业向内转移。第二,分行业类型检验结果表明,中低技术行业产业转移对于价值链嵌入位置提升的反应更为敏感。第三,影响机制检验表明,外商直接投资和中间品贸易是全球价值链地位提升作用于产业转移的主要渠道。     

An assessment of the Europe agreements’ effects on bilateral trade, GDP, and welfare

The so-called Europe Agreements had been enacted in the 1990s to initiate the integration of goods markets between the 15 EU incumbent economies as of 1995 and 10 potential entrants located in Central and Eastern Europe. This paper evaluates the trade, GDP, and welfare effects of these agreements by means of structural analysis of a bilateral trade flow model. The results support three conclusions. First, the agreements exerted significant positive effects on goods trade between the EU15 incumbents and the CEEC and, at the same time, they induced trade redirection from other countries. Second, EU15 GDP responded by an increase of much less than 1% while that in the 10 CEEC increased by several percent in response to the agreements. Third, the effects on welfare were moderate in the EU15 but amounted to more double-digit percentage changes in the involved CEEC.     

垂直专业化与中国企业技术创新

本文利用面板数据分析方法,从行业和地区的角度实证分析了垂直专业与中国企业技术创新之间的关系。研究发现,以垂直专业化融入全球价值链在总体上促进了企业技术创新产出的提高,但对本土的创新投入有一定的挤出效应。通过对不同种类专利数据的进一步分析表明,中国企业往往只是掌握某些实用型的非核心技术实现一般意义上的产品升级,要彻底改变中国企业在全球价值链中的位置,仍需要在开放条件下实现本土自主创新能力的提升。     

对德国经济发展的研究及其启示

德国作为欧元区最具实力的第一大经济体,是一个典型的出口导向型国家,机械制造业和汽车业是德国两大支柱产业。德国在产品研发、品牌创新和外贸出口等领域长期处于世界领先地位,其出口的产品具有高品质、高科技、可持续性、附加值高等特点。政策体系支持、不断进行技术创新、对中小企业的保护、健全的产业体系是德国经济发展的主要原因,值得中国学习和借鉴。     

贸易自由化与增加值贸易*——WTO对中国出口的真实影响

国际贸易的中间品贸易的兴起,使传统关境贸易统计无法准确衡量全球价值链下一国的实际贸易利得。本文基于增加值贸易视角重新评估加入WTO对于中国出口的真实影响,以及关境统计下WTO贸易促进作用与真实状况的偏离。基于引力模型的实证结果表明：（1）总体上,中国加入WTO显著促进其增加值出口,但关境统计明显高估了WTO贸易促进作用。（2）分行业看,WTO对中国增加值出口的贸易促进作用存在显著的行业差异：加入WTO显著地促进了中国非制造业工业、制造业和服务业增加值出口,却抑制了中国农林牧渔业的增加值出口。（3）进一步研究发现,关境统计数据对于WTO贸易促进作用的高估问题仅存在于制造业,对于农林牧渔业等其他三个行业反而存在低估问题。     

全球价值链背景下北京市现代制造业海外直接投资的发展战略新思维

本文首先分析了全球价值链的本质特征,在此基础土分析了北京市现代制造业海外直接投资的发展战略,提出了海外直接投资以整合产业链的新思维。     

"新区域主义"与多边贸易体制的冲突及协调

"新区域主义"蓬勃发展使WTO建立的多边贸易体制面临新的挑战.文章解析了"新区域主义"自20世纪90年代以来盛行的背景及原因,指出了其与多边贸易体制的冲突根源,厘清了多边贸易体制通过管理区域贸易协定以协调二者冲突的行事思路,并根据上述研究重新定位了"新区域主义"与多边贸易体制的相互关系.     

EVA管理评价体系的优势与不足

EVA是一个比较新的管理评价指标,它有其他传统指标无法比拟的优势所在:可以真实反映企业的经营业绩;尽量剔除会计失真的影响;从股东角度定义企业利润;将股东财富与企业决策联系在一起;有利于企业内部财务管理体系的协调和统一等,当然它也有不容忽视的缺点:在部门间或企业间存在规模差异时失去决断力;导致经理的短期行为;无法解释企业内在的成长性机会等。所以,我们必须对它有一个比较清醒的认识,以求在实践中更好的改进、提高与应用它。