我国能源使用效率的地区差异及影响因素分析

随着我国经济的高速发展,如何提高能源效率备受到学术界关注,但现有文献多以全国或省域为研究对象,对地区差异关注不足。基于相关统计数据,借鉴面板协整理论,实证我国东、中、西部地区能源效率与经济发展诸变量间的长期协整及短期波动关系,发现产业结构及固定资产投资是影响各地区能源效率的共性因素,科技进步及能源消费结构是差别性因素,研究成果有助于政府根据各地区实际采取有针对性的节能措施。     

我国区域创新系统效率差异及收敛性分析——基于2002—2011年省际面板数据

建设创新型国家是我国重大战略举措,而区域创新系统效率为决定创新型国家建设成败的关键因素。本文基于DEA方法,采用2002—2011年省际面板数据,计算了我国31个省域创新系统效率,并用收敛检验方法,从全国、东、中、西部4个维度,分析了区域创新系统效率是否趋同。结果发现：近10年来,在全国层面,技术效率、规模效率提高明显,而纯技术效率没有明显提升;在区域层面,技术效率呈现东部高于中部,中部高于西部;纯技术效率却呈现东部高于西部,西部高于中部;规模效率东部、中部相差不大,东、中部高于西部。收敛性分析发现：在全国层面,技术效率、纯技术效率趋同,但规模效率没有显著趋同;在区域层面,东部创新效率的趋同性远好于中、西部。     

中国碳排放量影响因素研究——基于省级面板数据的分析

采用中国30个省（市、区）2000～2010年的相关数据,运用面板数据模型对中国碳排放量的影响因素进行实证研究。面板协整检验表明：区域碳排放量与人均GDP、产业结构、人口数量、能源价格、能源效率和人均可支配收入之间存在长期稳定的内生经济关系。运用面板模型估计各因素的影响系数分析,认为对中国东部、中部、西部地区碳排放量影响最大的三大因素为人均GDP、人口数量和能源效率。     

Trade liberalization and technical efficiency in the Indonesian chemicals industry

This article examines the impact of trade reform on technical efficiency on the Indonesian chemicals industry using firm-level panel data. The effects of trade reform on technical efficiency are analysed using a stochastic frontier approach. Two variables represent trade reform in this model: effective rate of protection (ERP) and import ratio (IMP). The findings of the present study suggest that both trade reform variables have significant effects on technical efficiency. The coefficient of ERP has a positive sign and is statistically significant, which means that an increase in ERP increases the inefficiency (or decreases the technical efficiency) of firms in the chemicals industry. The coefficient of IMP is negative and statistically significant, which represents the negative impact of IMP on technical inefficiency (or positive on technical efficiency). Thus, trade reform, a reduction in ERP or an increase in IMP, has an unambiguously positive effect on technical efficiency in the Indonesian chemicals industry.     

发达国家科研投入效率初探——基于16个OECD国家纵列数据的统计学分析

以16个OECD国家作为研究对象,以SCI来源期刊论文量作为衡量一国科研产出的指标,通过纵列数据(Panel Data)分析方法建立了科研投入-科研产出关系模型,定量描述了发达国家科研产出与科研经费投入、科研人员数、时间等因素的关系。为了排除母语因素对SCI论文量可能产生的影响,语言变量也被引入到模型中。同时,还比较了不同统计模型估计出的不同结果,验证了统计模型选取的重要性。     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed:
Vladimir Gimpelson and Douglas Lippoldt, The Russian Labor Market. Between Transition and Turmoil
G.A. Cornia and R. Paniccià, The Mortality Crisis in Transitional Economies
Giovanni Andrea Cornia and Vladimir Popov, (eds.) Transition and Institutions: The Experience of Gradual and Late Reformers
Peter Murrell, (ed.) Assessing the Value of Law in Transition Economies
Michael Schröeder, (ed.) The New Capital Markets in Central and Eastern Europe     

我国科技创新效率的实证研究——基于DEA-Malmquist模型和中国省际面板数据

运用DEA-Malmquist模型对2002—2010年我国省域科技创新效率进行了静态和动态分析。研究结果表明:十六大以来,我国整体科技创新的投入、产出是有效的;我国科技创新效率存在明显的梯度特征,即南部沿海经济区的科技创新效率最高,东北综合经济区的科技创新效率最低,部分省份仍然存在投入冗余和产出不足的情况;全要素生产率的改善主要得益于技术进步和规模效率的改进,但是各地区全要素生产率的改善并不均匀。最后指出,未来发展仍需合理调节资源配置、提高科技成果转化效率、制定和实施促进科技成果转化等各种措施。     

中国省域农业耕地产出效率实证研究

快速的经济增长导致耕地面积以一种非期望速度被转化为非农用地,无论中国目前是否具备满足日益增长的农产品需求能力,耕地产出效率问题都将成为国内外学者当前甚至未来关注的焦点。通过构建中国农业耕地产出效率评价的DEA模型,以中国31个省（市）为研究对象,进行省域农业耕地产出效率测算,并选取气候条件、农业机械技术、外商直接投资以及教育水平等影响因素与效率值进行回归分析,深层次挖掘中国农业耕地产出效率低下的症结所在,最后,提出相应的改进耕地产出效率的对策措施,以期确保国家粮食安全战略的顺利实施和耕地资源系统的健康发展。     

我国城市劳动力市场的就业效率

本文借助协整分析、面板数据模型等方法和工具,运用劳动部门公布的全国部分城市劳动力市场供求情况的数据和国家统计局公布的经济运行的相关数据,分析经济形势的变化对劳动力市场的影响,发现我国的经济增长与城市劳动力市场的求人倍率之间存在着较为稳定的均衡关系,发展第三产业是吸纳更多劳动力的有效途径,各行业投资吸纳就业的能力没有差别,因此,着重投资于居民服务和其他服务业等行业,可以有效引致更多劳动力需求。     

Oil consumption and economic efficiency: A comparative analysis of advanced, developing and emerging economies

This paper investigates the economic efficiency-oil consumption relationship in 42 countries during the period 1986-2006. In a first stage by using DEA window analysis countries' economic efficiencies are obtained. In a second stage an econometric analysis based on robust GMM estimators reveals an inverted ‘U’-shape relationship between oil consumption and economic efficiency. In order to capture heterogeneities among countries' development stages the analysis has been separated into two groups (advanced economies and developing/emerging economies). The results show that advanced economies have much higher turning points compared to emerging and developing economies. It appears that oil consumption increases countries' economic efficiency. In addition the consumption patterns of oil products and its derivatives have changed through years and among countries. The different turning points from the econometric analysis indicate the dependence of oil consumption in advanced economies (higher turning points) is driven mainly by household purchasing activities and their standards of living (transport, housing and water, food, etc.). Finally, it appears that oil consumption is the main driver behind the progress of industrialization and urbanization regardless of the country's development stage.     

城市公用事业民营化改革的复杂性研究

我国城市公用事业民营化改革处于初始阶段且有加速推行的迹象,但改革的微观模式尚没有厘清。从理论上看,城市公用事业民营化在技术不变的情况下,无论禀赋是否增加,均非帕累托改善。从实际上看,城市公用事业民营化也会产生诸多的政策困境,且有两难的特点,其中包括民营化与固定回报;价格调整与普遍服务;特许经营中的垄断与竞争;市场准入门槛的高与低等一系列操作性难题。加之,民营化易引发的腐败和失业等负面效应。因此,必须建立符合我国国情的城市公用事业民营化改革模式。     

Employer-supported training in Canada and its impact on mobility and wages

Using information on job histories and on two training questions contained in Statistics Canada's Follow-Up to the School Leavers Survey, this paper seeks to answer three basic questions: 1) what are the characteristics of the trainees?; 2) Does the receipt of employer-supported training cause an increase in the wage paid to those young workers?; and 3) Does it improve the degree of job attachment?; I find that more educated young people are somewhat more likely to be trained than high school dropouts although there is strong evidence of selectivity as employers clearly seem to support training for those that have the most “favorable” characteristics. Also, controlling for unobserved individual characteristics, I find that training has a sizeable wage impact for men while the effect is much more modest for women. Finally, results using Chamberlain (1985) fixed-effects hazard model show that the conditional probability of the employment relationship being terminated decreases substantially for trainees, which is consistent with the notion that the skills learned by trainees may have a sizeable firm-specific component. First version received: October 2000/Final version received: February 2002  I would like to thank Nathalie Viennot-Briot for excellent research assistance, as well as Claude Montmarquette and an anonymous referee for useful comments and suggestions. Financial support from Human Resources Development Canada is gratefully acknowledged.     

Reinterpreting the performance of immigrant wages from panel data

Immigrants differ from the native born in terms of unobserved factors, such as motivation, and observed factors, including those related to the interruption of labour market activity and earning capacity, which may bias estimates of immigrant integration. Using panel data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, we show that using potential experience, rather than actual experience, exaggerates estimates of the disruption and recovery caused by immigration. More importantly, we find support for omitted variables bias, arising from unobserved fixed effects. Instrumental variable estimates for both pooled and separate samples of immigrant and native born men demonstrate a wage disadvantage for immigrants upon entry that persists through their lifetime. Standard estimates of a modest wage advantage for the children of immigrants also suffer from omitted variables bias arising from unobservables. Contrary to most of the literature to date, our instrumental variable estimates which allow for unobservable fixed effects suggest that immigrants never catch up to otherwise comparable native born workers, but their children do just as well. We would like to thank Statistics Canada for permitting access to the data and solving associated technical problems, the Prairier Centre for Research on Immigration and Integration for financial assistance, and Peter Schnabl for excellent research assistance. An earlier version of this paper was presented to the 10th International Conference on Panel Data in Berlin, July 5–6, 2002. The authors take sole responsibility for errors, omissions and interpretation of the data.