国家意志、发展战略与市场制度的演进——改革开放以来中国西部地区的经济发展轨迹及展望

文章通过地区产业结构、地方政府行为及企业家创新意愿三个变量刻画了作为国家意志体现的经济发展战略在西部地区经济发展过程中所扮演的角色,分析了发展战略作用于地区经济发展绩效的传导渠道.分析表明,改革开放以来的西部地区经济发展,在某种程度上是通过国家动用东部市场化(新增部门)创造的财富持续补贴西部现行体制(存量部门)的方式取得的,最终引发了地区发展中的"体制补贴"矛盾.其政策含义是:新的发展战略应避免以牺牲(抑制)地区市场制度的演进为代价来换取西部快速发展,应在满足国家战略性需求与增强西部可持续发展潜力之间寻求一个恰当的平衡点.     

基于区域经济协调发展对我国转移支付制度的思考

实现区域经济的协调发展,是我国当前所面临的一个重要战略任务.目前,我国的东西部经济发展和财政能力都严重失衡.以我国的转移支付制度作为切入点,对造成我国东西部经济发展不协调的原因进行了分析,在此基础上,就如何完善我国转移支付制度从而促进我国区域间经济协调发展提出了有益的建议和措施.     

Assessing the economic impact of entrepreneurship on a regional economy using social accounting matrices: the case of Andalusia

This article analyses the impact that entrepreneurial activity has, from the economic point of view, on a regional economy (Andalusia), based on a Social Accounting Matrix linear model. Moreover, to measure entrepreneurship at regional level, it is defined what can be considered an entrepreneurial initiative company from a quantitative point of view. The results obtained, in terms of Production, GDP and job creation, show how entrepreneurship, in the case of Andalusia, contributes to the sustainability of the economy, its growth and, above all, the reduction of unemployment in the short term.     

Economic thoughts from an East Asian perspective: a conceptual framework of viability and development strategy

This paper attempts an analytical framework centred on the relationship between the concept of viability and choice of development strategy. On the basis of a critical review on the mainstream literature in economic development, it presents the conceptual framework with an emphasis on elaborating the dichotomy of ‘comparative advantage defying (CAD) strategy’ versus ‘comparative advantage following (CAF) strategy’. Empirical experiences of economic development in China and other East Asian economies in the contemporary era are discussed in the context of the conceptual framework.     

房地产投资在地方经济发展中的影响研究——基于东部10个省市的经验分析

在构建房地产投资与地方经济增长的面板数据模型基础上,利用东部地区10个省市1996～2009年的数据,就房地产投资对地方经济增长的影响进行了实证检验。结果显示,房地产投资通过其投资效应和极强的产业波及效应推动了东部地区各省市的经济增长,但是这种增长效应并不显著,弱于同期的人力资本形成、物质资本投资和外贸发展的推动效应。     

环境规制对资源型省份经济高质量发展的影响效应——以新疆为例

针对中国资源型省份经济转型升级尤其是经济高质量发展中生态环境与经济发展之间的两难问题,论文以新疆为例,探究环境规制能否成为加快资源型省份经济高质量发展的助推器。基于新疆14个地州市2000—2019年的面板数据,分别从工业"三废"角度和新发展理念角度构建环境规制和经济高质量发展评价指标体系,利用熵值法测度新疆环境规制强度和经济高质量发展水平,并构建空间面板回归进行实证分析,得出以下结论:(1)新疆环境规制能够促进经济高质量发展;(2)从子系统来看,环境规制能够促进绿色发展和共享发展,抑制协调发展和开放发展,促进创新发展的作用不显著;(3)从空间效应来看,环境规制对新疆经济高质量发展存在正向溢出效应;(4)从区域异质性来看,北疆环境规制对经济高质量发展的促进作用强于南疆。     

民族地区省域经济高质量发展的测度与分析——以内蒙古自治区为例

基于内蒙古9个地级市2010—2017年的平衡面板数据,采用时序全局主成分分析法研究了内蒙古经济高质量发展水平的时间变化趋势和空间差异。结果表明,内蒙古经济高质量发展水平总体上呈上升趋势,创新发展和共享发展对其贡献显著,而绿色—协调—开放发展贡献相对不足。经济高质量发展水平空间差异明显,蒙中、蒙西、蒙东经济高质量发展水平依次递减,并且经济高质量发展分项指标在不同地市具有不同的优势与短板。因此,未来内蒙古经济高质量发展整体上要补齐绿色—协调—开放发展的共同短板,局部则要补齐各地市自身发展的特有短板。充分把握各地市经济高质量发展的异质性,因地制宜探索差异化发展路径,强化地域间的协同合作机制,是内蒙古实现经济高质量发展的关键。     

Measuring the welfare effects of tax changes using the LES: An application to a carbon tax

This paper explores the use of a parametric approach to the measurement of compensating and equivalent variations resulting from price changes. The approach is based on the application of the Linear Expenditure System (LES) to each of a range of household income groups, rather than being based on a representative consumer. The method is then used to examine the distributional effects of a carbon tax, designed to reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The price changes resulting from a carbon tax depend on the carbon intensities of each good, which depend in turn on the nature of inter-industry transactions (the input-output matrix). The use of transfer payments to compensate for adverse distributional effects of a carbon tax is investigated, using social welfare functions based on equivalent incomes.     

Relations of the regional Brazilian cane agro-industry with the national economy: analysis applied to the Centre-South and North-Northeast

Cane, sugar and ethanol production in Brazil has been divided between two major production regions, the Centre-South (CS) and the North-Northeast (NNE), which present very different productivity, and henceforth production costs. The CS average productivity is more than 72 tonnes of cane per hectare, while average productivity in the NNE is 49 tonnes per hectare. The objective of the study was to establish interrelations between the cane agro-industry and other regional sectors and with the overall Brazilian economy. This framework was used to compare a demand impact upon regional cane production upon the regional and the overall Brazilian economy. An interregional input–output matrix was used to characterize how regional demand impacts on both regional and overall Brazilian economies. Rasmussen–Hirschman indexes, together with a pure linkage index were used for the analysis. In addition, production multipliers, with and without considering endogenous family consumption were estimated. The results showed that a positive demand impact upon the cane agro-industry produces a greater impact upon the NNE compared to the CS, considering income effects, indicating that cane production is more important for the NNE than for the CS. These results can be useful to establish priorities for development policies for the country.     

The Correct Conception of Capital: A Reply to Baldwin Ranson

This paper assesses the economic importance and the limits of using the Economic Freedom Index (EFI) to help explain and realize higher levels of per-capita income. Specifically, I elaborate on the need to disaggregate and place the EFI into a coherent and meaningful theoretical context in order to generate economically cogent analytical predictions as well as more reasonable public policy recommendations. As it stands, the EFI can produce highly misleading causal results with potentially disastrous consequences for public policy. Hereby, I make a preliminary attempt at constructing an alternative aggregate index to measure the importance of market-related institutions for achieving higher levels of per-capita income. This alternative index, termed here the Good Capitalist Governance Index (GCGI), better correlates with per-capita income and has a higher threshold value than the Economic Freedom Index. The GCGI highlights the importance of secure private rights, limited corruption, and sound money for the realization of higher levels of per-capita income. The evidence supports the hypothesis that good capitalist governance requires a well-working, but not minimalist government.     

How market access shapes human capital accumulation in a peripheral country: the case of Spain

Human capital endowment is one of the main factors influencing the level of development of a region. This article analyses whether remoteness from economic activity has a negative effect on human capital accumulation and, consequently, on economic development. Making use of microdata, this research proves that remoteness from economic activity can explain the differences in the level of education observed across Spanish provinces over the last 50 years. The effect is significant even when controlling for the improvement of education supply. Nonetheless, the accessibility effect has been petering out since the 1960s due to decreasing barriers to mobility.     

China: Towards a new model of development

This essay argues that changes in China's circumstances require a different model for the Chinese economic development. Because China's circumstances are different from that of other countries, the model for China inevitably needs to be different from that of elsewhere. In line with the central ideas, the essay discusses extensive issues regarding China's economic development such as export growth model, innovation, property rights, tax policy, social insurance, etc.     

中国货币政策的区域经济稳定效应分析——基于2000-2008年省份月度数据的实证研究

文章基于TVP-GARCH模型构建货币政策反应函数,利用时变参数模型构建包含货币政策变量的省份宏观经济波动模型,发现货币政策对各省份经济的稳定性作用并不明显,可预期的货币政策的省份稳定效应高于不可预期的货币政策,而经济冲击和货币政策制定层面引发的货币增长的不确定性,加大了省份经济波动;货币政策的经济稳定能力存在明显的省份差异,和经济周期同步性以及货币、信用和汇率三个传导渠道的省份特征密切相关。     

Institutional Approaches to Economic Development: The Current Status of the Debate

The recent publication of "Institutions and Economic Development: Theory, Policy and History" (Chang 2011a) has stimulated a thought-provoking debate, and has brought forth a wide-ranging demonstration of the theoretical arsenal of the new institutional economics. The debate proves that, as of yet, no satisfactory theory of institutions has been articulated, nor is there an agreement on the relationship between institutional change and the politics of development. It also demonstrates the presence of two distinct lines of research: ideological and political, both of which rely on different theoretical legacies, and embody distinct economic worldviews. This scenario allows a summary of the argument in the most recent literature to be made on the relationship between institutions and development, as well as to relate the debate to the concept of development as a process of expansion of capacities.     

Notes and comments. 'History versus equilibrium' and the theory of economic growth, by Mark Setterfield: a comment

Setterfield criticised previous formal models of cumulativecausation (CC) for their determinism in which economic growthrates are simply a function of 'initial conditions'. Setterfieldargued these formal models accurately represented the work ofthe leading CC figure, Nicholas Kaldor. This paper argues that,on the contrary, Kaldor identified a number of endogenous mechanismsthat account for those stylised facts of economic history, whichare absent in formal models of CC.     

教育可持续发展的经济学分析:一个基本框架

教育不仅是一个社会学范畴,同时也是一个重要的经济学范畴.在考察教育的经济学内涵的基础上,引入经济学的公平与效率、供给与需求、规模与结构、竞争与垄断、成本与收益等概念等作为分析工具,可构建一个教育可持续发展的经济学分析框架,能为我国教育的可持续发展提供理论借鉴.     

产业组织分散化:我国经济发展过程中的一个必经阶段

本文对我国产业组织分散化现象作了分析。文章认为产业组织分散化是我国经济发展过程中的一个必经阶段,是产业组织成长的具体表现。产业组织分散化改善了我国工业的市场结构和市场行为,也提高了工业的市场绩效。     

Clinical and economic evaluation of olanzapine-fluoxetine HCl combination in the treatment of bipolar depression: a managed care approach

Summary

This study was aimed to provide a clinical and economic assessmentfor health care organisations to make formulary decisions on Symbyax? (olanzapine-fluoxetine HCl combination). The combination drug was shown to be efficacious in treating bipolar depression. However, more compelling evidence is needed for the long-term effect, the effect in a more general population, its comparative advantage over other treatments, its adverse effects, and its efficacy and safety in sub-populations. Results of the budget impact analysis indicated that adding the drug to the formulary would increase medication cost per member per month (PMPM) from $1.150 to $1.172 in the base case scenario. One-way sensitivity analysis showed a rough band of a $0.21 decrease to a $0.26 increase in PMPM cost, by varying one factor at a time while holding all others at base-case levels. Further research is needed for the formulary decision of adding olanzapine-fluoxetine HCI combination drug.     

The effect of NAFTA on internal migration in Mexico: a regional economic analysis

Trade facilitates growth in some regions of a country while shrinking others, and therefore to benefit from trade, labour may need to be able to migrate. This mobility is particularly crucial in a developing country with high income inequality like Mexico. We seek to answer the following questions: What characteristics facilitate or hinder that internal migration? Has trade liberalization changed the pattern of internal migration in Mexico? We first predict regional economic growth resulting from changes in Mexico-US tariffs by sector. We find that trade liberalization appears to have largely benefited the manufacturing sector. Next, using a spatial gravity model of migration, we find that while economic growth from trade openness drew workers to urban regions in the northern Border States of Mexico, much of the trade-driven migration occurred before NAFTA. Second, contrary to popular belief, migration from largely rural states appears to have decreased since NAFTA. We also find evidence that migration to the United States increased after NAFTA. Last, we find that income disparity in both the destination and origin region deters migration and that this effect increases after NAFTA. Thus, we see evidence that within-region income disparity can hinder migration, potentially exacerbating income disparity among regions.     

Natural capital and quality of life: a model for evaluating the sustainability of alternative regional development paths

Natural capital contributes to the quality of life of a region in two complementary ways: first, by directly providing environmental services that cannot be imported, and second, by supplying the natural resources that, through a human controlled production process, become valuable to humans. The evolution of the combination of these two components of the quality of life determines the path of development a region takes. Environmental services also determine the ability of natural capital to regenerate itself. Ecosystems and other components of the regional natural capital produce environmental services that provide life-support functions necessary for natural capital reproduction. The destruction of this critical natural capital impairs the internal sources of improvement of the quality of life of a region, leading to a non-sustainable path of development. This article describes a model of the relationship between natural capital and quality of life that provides a stricter definition of sustainable development through explicit characterization and classification of natural capital according to its ability to produce life-supporting environmental services, by its substitutability, and by its possible reconstruction. Application of this model then shows that there are 51 possible regional development paths, only 32 of which are sustainable and only 14 of which are sustainable while also providing improvements in quality of life. Only six of these 14 sustainable development paths are attained with economic growth, however, while the other eight paths increase quality of life by increasing the production of environmental services. The model could help in the development of institutional interventions that would promote regional development paths that are sustainable.