Determinants of violent and property crimes in England and Wales: a panel data analysis

We examine various determinants of property and violent crimes by using police force area level (PFA) data on England and Wales over the period of 1992–2008. Our list of potential determinants includes two law enforcement variables namely crime-specific detection rate and prison population, and various socio-economic variables such as unemployment rate, real earnings, proportion of young people and the Gini Coefficient. By adopting a fixed effect dynamic GMM estimation methodology we attempt to address the potential bias that arises from the presence of time-invariant unobserved characteristics of a PFA and the endogeneity of several regressors. There is a significant positive effect of own-lagged crime rate. The own-lagged effect is stronger for property crime, on an average, than violent crime. We find that, on an average, higher detection rate and prison population leads to lower property and violent crimes. This is robust to various specifications. However, socio-economic variables with the exception of real earnings play a limited role in explaining different crime types.     

用益物权转让法律问题探析

用益物权转让是我国经济领域之中的一个新问题,随着这一问题的出现和发展变化,需要有相应的法律制度进行规范和调整。用益物权作为一种财产权利应当由法律确认和保护,并在法律的框架下进行有效的行使。用益物权可以依法转让,其转让制度的形成和发展,有利于促进相关的经济活动。在土地承包经营权、建设用地使用权、宅基地使用权、地役权等财产权利的流转和交易过程中,相关法律制度的建立和完善将推进经济和社会的发展。     

On the macroeconomic effects of establishing tradability in weak property rights

The New Economy is closely associated with computing & communications technology, notably the Internet. We discuss property rights to, and trade in, the difficult-to-define intangible assets increasingly dominating the New Economy, and the possibility of under-investment in these assets. For a realistic analysis we introduce a Schumpeterian market environment (the experimentally organized economy). Weak property rights prevail when the rights to access, use, andtrade in intangible assets cannot be fully exercised. The trade-off between the benefits of open access on the Internet, and the incentive effects of strengthened property rights, depend both on the particular strategy a firm employs to secure property rights, and the protection offered by law. Economic property rights can be strengthened if the originator can find innovative ways to charge for the intangible assets. The extreme complexity of the New Economy and the large number of possible innovative private contract arrangements make it more important to facilitate the use and enforcement of private individualized contracts to protect intellectual property than to rely only on standard patent and copyright law. Enabling law is one proposed solution. Current patent legislation in the US has led to costly litigation processes weakening the position of small firms and individuals in patent disputes. The property rights of such firms and individuals could be strengthened with insurance or arbitration procedures.JEL Classification: D21, D23, D52, D82, H54, K11, K22, K41, L11, L23, M13, O14, O33An earlier version of this paper was presented at the 9th Congress of the International Joseph A. Schumpeter Society (ISS), Gainesville, Florida, USA, March 28-30, 2002. The paper is part of the Nödfor project on Schumpeterian Creative Destruction, notably the exit and bankruptcy process, based at the Ratio Institute, Stockholm.     

浅谈会计的数理属牲

数学化就是模式化，模式化才能够数字化。马克思曾预言：“一种科学，只有成功地应用数学时，才算达到了真正完善的地步”。由此看来，会计对数学应用的越成功，会计的应用领域就越广阔，会计的作用也就越大。对会计数理属性的考察，为科学地解读会计方法、揭示会计的内在规律，同时，也为数字化会计运行提供数理依据。     

案例教学法在高职行政法教学中的应用研究

案例教学法一直是行政法教改的热点话题。法律高职教育在人才培养目标、教学方法和学情方面有其鲜明的特点,传统的行政法教学旨在构建行政法原理的体系,高度抽象概括讲授,学生学习兴趣不高,难以适应法律高职人才培养目标。通过对高职教育特点的分析,解析行政法案例教学的特点,探究行政法案例教学法在法律高职教育中的具体运用。     

河南省城乡居民财产性收入实证分析

从党的十七大到十八大,中央政策对居民财产性收入的关注愈加强烈。数据显示,近十年,河南省城乡居民财产性收入增长迅速,但在总收入中的比重仍然偏低,且收入渠道较为集中,城乡二元特征显著,不同收入群体、不同区域之间的财产性收入差距也长期存在。为进一步增加居民财产性收入,既要努力扩大居民财产规模,又要优化投资理财环境,还要提升居民理财水平,同时努力缩小居民财产性收入差距。     

国际环境法的发展研究

国际环境法经过多年的发展,经历了萌芽期、初现雏形期,直到现在仍保持着良好的发展势头。在国际环境法的发展中,各国出现了很多矛盾与分歧。尽管国际环境法的发展道路是充满矛盾与斗争的道路,但势必会在全人类的共同努力下逐步完善,促进国际环境保护事业的发展。     

An exploration of the positive effect of inequality on common property forests

This paper analyzes the household level forces driving the positive impact of inequality on common property forest cover in Mexico. A game theoretic model demonstrates that when common property goods are complementary to private inputs in production, an increase in wealth inequality can lead to a decrease in exploitation of the commons. Data from 350 Mexican common properties show that as inequality increases, those on the lower end of the land distribution are less likely to use the commons. The data also show a negative correlation between inequality and poverty. Alternative hypotheses for these results are considered.     

An economic estimate of the effect of a waterside location on property values

Since the rise of the railway, and the later development of road transport, the economic value of inland waterways in the UK as freight carriers has steadily declined. The reduction in the economic importance of canals has been somewhat offset by their growing popularity as a recreational resource, and by the amenity value which they provide to that part of the population living in close proximity to them. Focussing on two case study areas, this paper uses an hedonic price model to estimate the economic benefits which residents gain from a waterside location. These benefits may have important policy implications for those bodies who own undeveloped land bordering waterways.     

Inventor cooperation network effects on technology diversification: the moderating role of intellectual property protection

ABSTRACT

Technological diversification can overcome the limitations imposed by an enterprise’s single technological capability and enables enterprises to recombine resources, thereby enhancing their competitive advantage. In-house inventor cooperation can improve the efficiency of the production factor combination and expand the scope of the enterprise’s technology base. This study empirically explores the effect of in-house inventor cooperation network on technology diversification. In addition, this study further investigates the moderating effect of intellectual property protection on the inventor cooperation network and on corporate technology diversification. An enterprise inventor cooperation network is embodied by its network location characteristics. Empirical results show that the difference in the location of the inventor cooperative network exhibits different effects on the diversification of enterprise technology. Moreover, intellectual property protection significantly weakens the incentive effect of the intermediary location of inventor cooperative network on corporate technology diversification.     

法律经济分析在侵权法中的意义

法律经济学是20世纪后半叶法学界对传统法学最重要的发展之一。相对于传统法学定性的研究,法经济分析把定性、定量相结合,极大地促进了法学研究。由于经济学交易成本、外部性和潜在利润的存在,侵权责任法为侵权立法指明取舍标准,平衡个人理性、集体理性,并且促成个人福利的最大化,以达到社会效用最大化的目的。     

经济利益背景下的侵犯知识产权犯罪刍议

知识产权制度的产生存在着深刻的利益背景,侵犯知识产权犯罪是利益权衡下的结果。法网的相对严密并不意味着侵犯知识产权犯罪就可以得到有效制止,控制这种犯罪行为的制度设计,应当是能促使市场主体为了自身的最大利益理性地选择尊重知识产权。从本源上控制犯罪的发生,保证在侵权后犯罪人能够受到法律迅疾且严厉的惩罚才是解决问题的关键。     

A note on the one-deviation property in extensive form games

In an extensive form game, an assessment is said to satisfy the one-deviation property if for all possible payoffs at the terminal nodes the following holds: if a player at each of his information sets cannot improve upon his expected payoff by deviating unilaterally at this information set only, he cannot do so by deviating at any arbitrary collection of information sets. Hendon et al. (1996. Games Econom. Behav. 12, 274–282) have shown that pre-consistency of assessments implies the one-deviation property. In this note, it is shown that an appropriate weakening of pre-consistency, termed updating consistency, is both a sufficient and necessary condition for the one-deviation property. The result is extended to the context of rationalizability.     

大学本科税法课程教学改革与质量优化研究

目前,由于税法课程的局限性和滞后性以及内容本身的枯燥繁复,使得学生在学习的过程中对税法基础知识不能真正理解和掌握,最终导致学生在未来的就业中面临理论与实践的脱节。因此,高等学校有必要根据市场需求对其做出相应的调整。     

我国私有财产权法律保护文本考察

财产权并不是一个简单的逻辑范畴,而更多的表现为历史的范畴,是一定历史时期社会关系的反映。制度的形成往往渊源于思想的启蒙,制度的变迁往往也是思想嬗变的结果。在每个历史时代中,财产权以各种不同的方式在完全不同的关系下面发展着。如果关注西方资本主义国家的财产权法律保护的历史变迁过程中可以清晰地看到,随着社会经济的发展,法律对私有财产权的态度已在逐步地由侧重于绝对保护到相对保护的社会整体利益的平衡转型。而作为社会主义的中国对于私有财产权的法律保护则走过了一条迥然不同的道路。     

检察法律文书释法说理之浅见

检察法律文书释法说理是当前检察改革的一项重要举措,它充分反映了司法活动的规律和内在要求,是检察公开原则的具体体现,有利于保障当事人的知情权、提高检察人员的素质、规制检察权的行使。但由于该项机制实施时间不长,存在如说理不透彻、文书形式化、文书制作不标准等诸多问题。因此,要通过提高叙述式文书的比例、规范文书及说明文件的内容、增强检察人员说理主动性和自觉性等方式,来进一步完善该项机制。     

论一人公司债权人利益的法律保护

一人公司作为一种崭新的经济组织体,受到世界各国许多中小投资者的追捧。原因在于：投资者即能受到有限责任的特殊保护,又能实现一人对公司的绝对控制,从而实现投资者自身利益的最大化。顺应大的发展趋势,我国2005年公司法也引入了一人公司制度。但是,一人公司由于其股东的唯一性、结构的特殊性导致了许多制度与传统的公司法律制度理论相冲突;唯一股东很可能会滥用权力,由此给公司债权人带来极大的风险。因此,如何保护一人公司债权人的利益显得尤为重要。     

An investigation of regime shifts in UK commercial property returns: a time series analysis

The random-walk hypothesis, vis-à-vis asset price, suggests that prices traded in a market cannot be predicted based on historical information. Employing unsecuritized UK commercial property returns, we analyse this hypothesis by investigating regime shifts or multiple changes in persistence in the series. Our results uncover regime shifts in both the aggregate and sector-specific data. Specifically, the shifts are less frequent in the Industrial sector, compared to the Office, Retail and Aggregate returns data. We highlight some implications for academics, practitioners and regulators.     

马克思论价值规律在世界市场上的作用变化

马克思在李嘉图放弃了价值规律等价交换要求的世界市场上,从强度大的国别劳动可以交换到强度小的国别更多的劳动量、从生产效率高的国别劳动在同一时间内可以实现更多的价值、从货币的相对价值在发达国家低而在不发达国家高这样三个方面,论述了价值规律在世界市场上的作用变化.马克思一百多年前所论述的这三大作用变化,对今天世界经济中的许多现实问题,仍然有令人叹服的说服力.     

新常态下推进依法治校的对策研究

依法治校是贯彻落实十八届四中全会精神,推进学校治理体系和治理能力现代化的需要,具有十分重要的意义。在新常态下推进依法治校可概括为：牢固树立推进依法治校理念,健全完善科学民主决策体制,健全完善学校各项规章制度,推进校务和党务公开,推进广大党员干部师生树立法制意识,依法健全校内纠纷解决机制。