税收的地区性差异与可持续增长

文章发现,税收负担存在地区性差异。具体而言,在宏观税负方面,珠江三角洲主要城市总体上高于长江三角洲和全国平均水平。在上市公司层面,珠江三角洲流转税高于长江三角洲和全国平均水平;珠江三角洲所得税负担低于长江三角洲和全国平均水平。回归分析发现,销售收入和研究开发费用(R&D)是税收可持续增长的两个重要加速器,而R&D又具有决定性的影响。     

对新个人所得税法的思考与改进建议

2018年8月31日,全国人大常委会通过了关于修改个人所得税法的决定。此次个税改革做出了诸多大胆尝试,从分类计征向综合计征模式的转变,到首次增加专项附加扣除项目,再到加强税收征管等,是我国税收制度变革的一次重大突破。然而改革后的个人所得税法仍存在一些问题和挑战,本文在分析问题的基础上提出建议,包括进一步明确专项附加扣除项目、适当降低边际税率、完善税收征管体系等,以达到税收公平与效率的目的。     

Tax reform issues in Korea

The relatively simple nature of the tax policy in Korea is changing recently, as widening income gap, unemployment, social expenditures, and decentralization have become important policy issues. In this paper, the tax system in Korea is overviewed, and several important tax reform issues such as economic growth, tax competition, redistribution, tax assignment, and real estate taxes are discussed. The main reform issues are the followings. The tax burden is expected to rise, but the direction of changes in tax mix is not clear since social expenditures can play as important role as direct taxation for redistribution. Taxes related to real estates in Korea are too complicated, and the progressivity is needed to be lessened. The roles of central and local governments with respect to tax policy are not well designed. Redistributive function should be assigned to the central governments, and tax exporting of local governments should be minimized.     

我国个人所得税的再分配效应及国际比较

个人所得税是调节收入分配差距的重要手段之一。文章认为：整个考察期间,除2006年外,我国个人所得税制发挥了正向、且进一步加强的再分配效应。但与其它国家相比,其调节效果非常有限。主要原因在于：我国个人所得税没有发挥主体地位,在制度设计上存在严重缺陷,而且在税收征管上也存在许多漏洞。因此,为了更好地发挥其应有的再分配效应,全面的个人所得税制改革迫在眉睫。     

新企业所得税法对民营经济的影响

民营企业是我国社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分,在社会主义市场经济中发挥着重要的作用。2008年1月1日起实施的新《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》,在纳税人、税率、税前扣除项目、税收优惠等方面有较大的变化,为各类企业创造了公平竞争的税制环境,同样也优化了民营企业的生存环境,有利于促进民营经济的进一步发展。     

The Effects of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 on Defined Benefit Pension Contributions*

This study examines the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) on corporate defined benefit pension contributions. The TCJA decreases the corporate tax rate from 35 percent in 2017 to 21 percent in 2018 and thereafter. This change incentivizes firms to increase 2017 pension contributions to take advantage of tax deductions at a higher rate. Consistent with this incentive, we find firms increase defined benefit pension contributions by an average of 25 to 31 percent in 2017 compared with earlier years. We also find that taxpaying firms are the primary contributors. Further, taxpaying firms with high levels of pension-related deferred tax assets contribute over three times as much as taxpaying firms with low levels of pension-related deferred tax assets. We also find firms that increase pension contributions in 2017 reduce 2018 contributions, consistent with intertemporal income shifting rather than a permanent change in pension funding strategy.     

Innovation and Corporate Tax Planning: The Distinct Effects of Patents and R&D*

Using a large US sample, we find a significant and positive relation between patents and corporate tax planning, and the effect is incremental to the effect of R&D on tax planning. We employ a quasi‐natural experiment based on staggered industry‐level innovation shocks to identify the positive causal effect of patents on corporate tax planning. We also find that patents are not associated with tax planning for domestic firms, but their association with tax planning is concentrated in multinational firms, which have the ability to shift domestic income to low‐tax countries. Moreover, we find that the identified effect mainly exists in the post–check‐the‐box (CTB) rule period when shifting income among affiliates becomes more flexible and convenient. Finally, we use two income‐shifting models and find that patents, rather than R&D, facilitate tax planning through an income‐shifting channel. Overall, our results suggest that R&D and patents facilitate firms' tax planning in distinct ways: R&D facilitates tax planning as intended through tax credits and deductions, whereas patents are used by taxpayers to avoid taxes aggressively through income shifting.     

煤炭行业税收负担的测算及行业发展研究

煤炭行业税收负担对于行业发展具有重要影响.通过测算,煤炭行业的税收结构中增值税等间接税占比较高,而企业所得税占比相对低.在对煤炭行业税收负担进行测算并将营业税改征增值税前后的增值税税负和总税负进行对比后发现,营业税改征增值税确实在一定程度上减轻了煤炭行业的税收负担,但是随着资源税的从价计征和环境保护税的开征,行业税负又出现了一定程度的攀升.在分析的基础上提出促进煤炭行业发展的政策建议.     

The Distributional Effects of the Trump and Clinton Tax Proposals

Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, the Democratic and Republican candidates for President of the U.S. in 2016, proposed several changes in the federal tax code. Hillary Clinton would add a personal income tax surcharge of 4% on high annual incomes, limit the tax benefits of non-charitable deductions, set a minimum tax rate of 30% on taxpayers earning more than one million dollars a year, increase the tax rates on capital gains for taxpayers in the top tax bracket, and expand the base of the estate tax. Donald Trump would reduce the number of personal income tax rates, increase the standard personal deduction, cut all taxes on business income to no more than 15%, and abolish the inheritance tax. Using a tax calculator model, we estimate the static effects of these very different changes. Over a ten-year period, Clinton’s proposals would raise federal tax revenue by a total of $816 billion, an increase of 1.9% over projected baseline revenue, while Trump’s tax changes would lower tax revenue by $9.8 trillion. Clinton’s higher taxes would reduce incomes and revenue somewhat, while Trump’s tax cuts would potentially boost output substantially. Using an extended simulation model, we find that 86% of the incremental tax burden of Clinton’s tax increases would fall on those in the top tenth of the income distribution. Most other taxpayers would see only minor changes in their tax burdens, and the revenue and redistributive effects of her proposed changes are relatively modest. Meanwhile, 70% of Trump’s tax cuts would go to those in the top decile, and the effects are large, with gains of over $15,000 annually per person for this group, compared to gains of less than $500 per person for the poorest 40% of the population. On tax policy, the two candidates propose strikingly different policies.     

白领阶层个人所得税税负水平及影响探析

伴随知识经济的到来,白领阶层社会地位不断提升,收入水平也随之提高,但中国税收体制缺陷使其相对个人所得税税负远高于财产所有者,导致社会分配不公平,削弱白领创新和消费积极性,影响我国经济可持续发展及经济发展方式转变的进程。应通过增收财产税,完善个税征收制度,扩大白领个税优惠、补贴等政策来改善现状。     

上市公司税负及其影响因素——来自沪深股市的经验证据

我们以1994～2004年全国上市公司9536组数据为样本,考察上市公司税负及其影响因素,结果发现:①上市公司税负至少占利润的62.04%,上市公司总体税负并不轻;②上市公司总体税负存在地区差异,东部地区税负高于中部和西部地区;③上市公司总体税负存在行业差异,2004年度采掘业、房地产业等五个行业平均总体税负较高;④总体税负与所得税负担、流转税负担、资产规模、盈利能力、资本密集度和年度变量显著正相关,却与负债水平和投资收益显著负相关。本文的政策含义在于:①若要保持税收的可持续增长,应该紧紧抓住典型重点企业,比如资产规模大、盈利能力强的企业,这些企业是重点税源;②由于总体税负与资本密集度显著正相关,税收受到投资的强劲拉动,因此,它会显著地受到国家宏观调控之影响;③在企业方面,可以适度负债,合理地利用负债的税收档板作用;④企业可以适度地进行多元化长期投资、分散风险。     

个人所得税政策调整影响及进一步改革建议

文章认为,2011年的个人所得税的政策调整,对我国经济生活的方方面面产生了较大的影响。对劳动力供给、个人投资和消费、国家财政以及社会分配等会产生有利的影响;对财政收入等会产生不利影响。同时也应看到,因调整未触及个人所得税转型等根本性问题,费用扣除不合理、分类分项扣除不公平和应对物价上涨乏力等关键性问题没有纳入调整视线,需要待时机成熟时进行相应的改革。     

Personal Income Tax Reform in China in 2018 and Its Impact on Income Distribution

In the context of personal income tax (PIT) reform in China in 2018, this paper examines some of the major issues of concern regarding the reform and income distribution. Using the China Personal Income Tax Micro‐simulation model, the paper compares the differences between the 2011 and 2018 PIT systems, and finds that residents relying on different income sources may face a large degree of real tax rate change. Once the tax system is altered to PIT 2018, the coverage of PIT for wage earners will decrease from 46.9 to 23.4 percent, the income redistributive effect will drop from 1.95 to 1.22 percent and the PIT's role in fiscal revenue will also be negatively affected. Nevertheless, if individual income continues to grow, the share of PIT in fiscal revenue is expected to return to the 2018 level in 2022, but its income redistribution function is difficult to recover in the short term. The paper finds that the effect of PIT on income distribution depends on the tax structure. Gradual transition to an “entirely comprehensive” tax system when conditions are appropriate will achieve better income redistribution results at a lower average tax rate.     

税收负担会阻碍企业创新吗?——来自“金税工程三期”的证据

文章以税务稽查系统的改革-"金税工程三期"作为政策实验，利用上市公司2006-2016的年报数据，在双重差分模型下研究了"金税工程三期"对于企业创新的影响。研究发现，"金税工程三期"上线后，企业的研发投入和研发产出显著下降。进一步探讨内在机制，发现"金税三期"提高了企业的所得税费用负担率，增加了企业的税收负担。"金税三期"对企业创新的影响存在异质性，影响主要体现在民营企业、非创新型企业和现金流不充裕的企业中，并且与"金税工程三期"试点版相比，"金税工程三期"优化版对企业创新的负面影响更大。这表明，税收负担的加重会阻碍企业创新，政府应当适当减轻企业税负负担，促进企业转型升级。     

个人所得税对收入分配的影响:由税收累进性和平均税率观察

个人所得税收入调节作用的发挥取决于税制的累进程度和平均税率。从税收累进性和平均税率两方面对我国个人所得税的再分配效应进行解析,得到以下三点基本判断:第一,我国个人所得税的法定累进水平和实际累进水平均已达到发达国家水平;第二,我国个人所得税的平均税率大大低于世界平均水平;第三,我国个人所得税的再分配力度非常小,而平均税率过低是制约我国个人所得税收入调节功能发挥的最主要障碍。因此加强个人所得税收入调节功能的关键是在坚持综合课税改革方向的基础上,通过完善税收征管,不断拓宽个人所得税的课税面、提高其占个人收入的比重。     

The Impact of Marginal Tax Rates on Taxable Income: Evidence from State Income Tax Differentials

The relationship between marginal tax rates and taxable income is analyzed with a large cross section of income tax returns filed by individuals who face different marginal tax rates because of state income tax differentials. The empirical results suggest that an increase in the marginal tax rate reduces taxable income primarily because taxpayers claim larger deductions. High-income taxpayers are found to be more responsive to tax rate changes than lower-income individuals. The findings are compared to those of other recent studies incorporating a wider range of taxpayer responses to tax rate changes than considered in this study.     

新个税法下高校教师个人所得税纳税筹划探索

随着学校创收项目的增多和教师收入的提高,如何进行合理的纳税筹划,合理避税,成为高校财务部门的重要任务。结合高校代扣代缴个人所得税的现状,对实施新个税法后的纳税筹划等问题进行讨论,在遵守税法的情况下,争取减轻个人所得税税负,提高教师的实际收入。     

企业所得税政策改革浅析

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的初步建立与逐步完善,内资、外资企业公平竞争的矛盾与需求使得统一内资、外资企业所得税政策势在必行。新的《企业所得税法》从纳税人和纳税义务、税率、收入和扣除、税收优惠、反避税等方面做了更科学的规范,起到更积极的作用;同时在实践中也显现出一些问题,有待于进一步完善。     

增值税转型改革的减税政策对城乡收入差距的影响研究

共同富裕取得实质性进展是中国特色社会主义的本质要求,而缩小城乡收入差距则是实现共同富裕的关键举措。文章尝试基于共同富裕视角考察增值税转型改革的减税政策对城乡收入差距的影响及其机制,旨在理解税收政策对协调城乡区域发展的积极作用,并利用2001-2020年中国地级市层面的统计数据进行实证检验,发现增值税转型改革的减税政策显著缩小了城乡收入差距,且一系列稳健性检验均支持上述研究结论。机制检验表明,增值税转型改革推动了农村劳动力向非农部门转移趋势,增加了农村居民工资性收入并有助于缩小城乡收入差距。进一步研究发现,增值税转型改革的确增加了农村居民收入,并通过促进农业机械化而释放了农村劳动力。本文为切实缩小城乡收入差距、协调推进城乡区域平衡发展极具现实意义,并为深入推进减税降费改革提供了实证证据和研究基础。     

城乡税制统一中关于增值税和所得税的建议

农村税费改革极大地减轻了农民负担。下一步农村税费改革的具体措施存在很大的争议。基于对农村种养业的调查,在比较不同种养业的产业化、收益水平和投资来源后,笔者建议对粮食等基本生活资料的生产应实行免税政策,对高收益的特种种养大户先行征收增值税和所得税,以期逐步建立完全统一的城乡税制。