Fishing in the same pool: Export strengths and competitiveness of China and Central,Eastern and Southeastern Europe at the EU-15 market

We investigate the impact of the emergence of China as a global competitor on the trade performance of Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries at the EU-15 market, i.e. the fifteen EU members as of 1995. The main aim of the paper is thus to challenge the common view that China crowds out exporters from European markets. The paper takes a comprehensive approach in terms of empirical methods and data. We analyze export growth, export market shares, extensive and intensive margins and the dynamics in the number of joint trade links (Dynamic Trade Link Analysis), applying highly disaggregated data at the 6-digit HS level over the period 1995–2010. We show that the most contested markets are those for capital goods and transport equipment, product categories where both regions have gained market shares and comparative advantage. We show that the number of trade links at the product level where both regions are active has increased substantially, indicating intensified competition. At the same time hardly any trade links were lost, which points against cut-throat competition between CESEE and China. The decomposition of export growth along the extensive versus the intensive margin shows that in line with the literature, the deepening of already existing trade relationships (i.e. the intensive margin) contributed most strongly to export growth in both regions, whereas the contribution of new trade links (i.e. the extensive margin) had only a minor contribution, apart from the instance of EU accession, which boosted the extensive margin considerably. We further decompose intensive margin growth into demand related structural effects and a supplier related competitiveness effect. Both the CESEE region and China successfully intensified their trade linkages above all as a result of their outstanding competitiveness as shown by the econometric shift-share analysis. While this suggests that both regions pursue a suitable export strategy, further diversification of production towards promising new industries and markets will become increasingly crucial for both, especially in face of projected slower EU-15 market growth in the longer run.     

Firm size-specific trade effects of regional trade agreements: Estimating extensive and intensive margins of trade

We estimate the impacts of Korean firms’ participation in regional trade agreements (RTAs) on the extensive and intensive export margins by identifying exporting firms based on their firm size—small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and large enterprises (LEs) at the 5 399 HS six-digit commodity level—and specifying characteristics of RTAs from 2004 to 2015. We apply the EK Tobit estimation technique to control zero trade and the OLS estimation with importer-product and time fixed effects to alleviate the endogeneity problem. We find that firm size, product type, and depth of RTA significantly matter. Specifically, we find that deeper RTAs with larger, developing, and closer members significantly enhance the export creation effects of SMEs and LEs. Regarding the firm size-specific effects, we find that SMEs are less sensitive to exploiting RTA participation but more sensitive to the import market size, bilateral and relative trade costs, and the RTA characteristics. LEs’ export creation is mainly driven by the intensive margin, while SMEs’ export creation is driven by extensive and intensive margins (slightly more by the extensive margin). For the product-specific effects, we find that Korea's major exportable products such as chemicals, basic metals, motor vehicles, and transport equipment generate significantly strong export creation effects for both LEs and SMEs through their participation in RTAs.     

Impacts of additional compliance requirements of regulations on the margins of trade

It is widely known that countries export less to destination countries with greater regulatory burdens. Using finely disaggregated product-level bilateral trade value and quantity data for 98 countries, together with a new data set of detailed information on technical regulations, we answer the following question: If a country faces a greater regulatory burden in a particular destination market, is that country more likely to export a narrower set of goods (the extensive margin) and lower quantities of each good at a higher price (the intensive margin)? We find that beyond the overall trade-diminishing effect, regulatory burdens adversely affect the extensive margin of trade. With respect to the intensive margin, regulatory burdens negatively affect the quantity margin but positively affect the price margin. As the negative effect on the quantity margin is relatively larger in magnitude than the positive effect on the price margin, the result is a negative net impact on the intensive margin.     

Liberalization for services FDI and export quality: Evidence from China

By employing firm-level export data in China, this paper empirically examines the effect of liberalization of services foreign direct investment (FDI) on exporting firms’ quality upgrading. To evaluate its relative effectiveness, we also examine other kinds of trade policies, including tariffs in export destination countries and input and output tariffs in China. With China's accession to the World Trade Organization in December 2001, these trade policies changed substantially during our sample period of 2000–06. Empirical results showed that easing the restrictiveness of services FDI resulted in raising export product quality, mainly for foreign-owned enterprises. More than any other trade policy, we found that reduced input tariffs contributed to raising export product quality.     

要素市场扭曲与多产品出口企业的贸易边际研究

基于多产品异质性企业模型,本文从要素市场扭曲这一深刻的中国经济现实出发研究出口企业的贸易行为模式。研究发现：（1）要素市场扭曲通过工资效应激励了中国企业出口,并且这种激励的87%来自出口深度,只有13%来自出口广度;（2）与内资企业相比,外资企业利用扭曲从中国的廉价劳动力中获得了更多的出口激励;（3）在国有企业内部,扭曲对中小型国有企业的出口促进效果更强;（4）要素市场扭曲显著促进了间断性出口企业的出口,对于持续出口企业的影响并不显著。     

FDl对我国出口贸易方式影响的统计分析

随着经济全球化逐渐加强,国际贸易和FDI作为一个开放型国家参与国际分工的重要手段飞速发展。中国加入WTO以后,FDI流入和国际贸易都增长迅速,中国已成为世界第一出口大国和最大的外资流入国,论文选取中国2002年到2010年的FDI和出口贸易的数据,统计分析FDI对我国出口贸易方式的影响。结果表明,外资促进了中国出口贸易,使得中国高技术产品出口增长迅速,并带动内资出口;并且随着中国这样的新兴经济体国际地位提升,外资更加注重研发投入,促进我国附加值更高的一般贸易出口,并带动我国内资自主创新。     

地区专业化能否提高我国的出口贸易技术复杂度?

本文运用2002～2008年分省分行业4位HS分类贸易数据,采用Hausmann et al.(2005)的方法测算了各省份的出口贸易技术复杂度,研究地区专业化对出口贸易技术复杂度的影响。分位数回归显示,地区专业化对中端出口贸易技术复杂度比低端和高端影响大。而普通最小二乘和广义矩估计进一步显示,地区专业化和出口贸易技术复杂度之间成倒"U"型曲线关系。本文控制了地区研发强度、人力资本禀赋、基础设施建设、地区开放度、外资进入程度和金融发展变量后,计量结果依然稳健。本文结论具较强政策意涵,即各地区应因地制宜地制定和实施差别化的产业和贸易政策。     

国际贸易、外国直接投资与制造业高技能劳动力需求

随着融入全球经济步伐的加快和深入,我国正在经历高技能劳动力需求旺盛但实际短缺的时代,本文利用我国制造业企业调查数据考察了国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响。研究发现,进口贸易和外国直接投资与高技能劳动力需求之间存在显著的正相关关系,而出口对高技能劳动力需求呈现显著的负向作用。同时,国际贸易和外国直接投资对高技能劳动力需求的影响在行业和区域上表现出强烈差异。     

Foreign direct investment, processing trade, and the sophistication of China's exports

China's export structure has shown a rapid shift towards more sophisticated industries. While some believe that this trend is a result of processing trade and foreign direct investment, the evidence is mixed. This paper examines variations in level of export sophistication across China's manufacturing industries. We find that an industry's level of export sophistication is positively related to the share of wholly foreign owned enterprises from OECD countries and the share of processing exports of foreign-invested enterprises, and negatively related to the share of processing exports of indigenous Chinese enterprises. Evidence from the relative export prices of Chinese goods, which measure within-product export sophistication, shows a similar pattern.     

服务业对外直接投资的出口效应——基于我国微观企业的研究

文章基于我国服务业上市企业数据,采用多维固定效应模型,探讨和分析了我国服务业OFDI对服务贸易出口的影响,经研究发现：第一,服务业OFDI通过吸收东道国先进技术经验提升企业生产率水平和避开东道国服务贸易壁垒降低贸易成本,促进企业服务贸易出口增长;第二,我国服务业OFDI显著提升了企业服务贸易出口的二元边际,具体而言,整体上服务业OFDI会促进服务贸易出口增长4.82%,同时会提升企业的出口概率;第三,我国服务业OFDI"出口效应"存在明显的区域和行业的异质性,具体表现为：生产性服务业和消费性服务业OFDI存在显著的"出口效应",其OFDI带动服务贸易出口的增长分别为5.68%和3.52%,而公共服务业则不存在显著的"出口效应";东部地区和中部地区服务业OFDI存在显著的"出口效应",其OFDI带动区域服务贸易出口的增长分别为4.97%和3.56%,而西部地区则不存在显著的"出口效应"。上述研究结论对化解我国服务贸易出口增长困境和完善服务业对外直接投资政策机制具有一定的启示意义。     

The impact of destination tariffs on China’s exports: Country,firm, and product perspectives

Based on multi-product heterogeneous firm trade theory, we combine China's customs data with the World Integrated Trade Solution’s (WITS) tariff data from 2002 to 2013 and analyze the impact of destination tariffs on China's exports at the country, firm, and product levels. The results reveal that tariffs had a negative effect on country-level exports and their extensive margins. After controlling for the inter-firm composition effect, tariffs had negative effects on firm-level exports and their intensive margins, but positive effects on their extensive margins. After also controlling for the within-firm export composition effect, tariffs had a negative impact on the exports of core products; however, the negative impact diminished as the core grade and technological content of the products increased. Using these elasticities to analyze Sino-U.S. trade frictions, we determine that the additional U.S. tariffs reduced China's exports of high-tech products more than its medium- and low-tech products.     

多维视角下FDI流入的中国贸易条件效应

最近十几年,FDI流入对中国所产生的贸易条件效应出现了新的变化。FDI流入对中国产生了"工资外溢"效应,但并没能通过该效应改善其价格贸易条件;FDI流入没有从根本上改善中国的贸易结构,从而导致较大的价格贸易条件波动性。FDI流入的大幅增加,使得中国对外贸易出口数量也大幅增加,从而在很大程度上弥补了中国价格贸易条件的恶化,带来了其收入贸易条件的改善。相对而言,FDI流入对中国的单要素及多要素贸易条件的改善幅度远小于收入贸易条件,因此,中国在大量引入FDI的同时,应大力提高生产率和技术水平,实现其单要素贸易条件和双要素贸易条件的改善最大化。     

中国机电产品出口增长的二元边际

本文利用2003～2009年中国机电产品HS-6位出口数据及Hummels和Klenow(2005)的二元分解方法客观分析了中国机电产品出口的二元边际,认为中国对主要贸易伙伴的出口增长主要是来自集约边际的贡献。进一步将集约边际分解发现,出口增长实质来源于数量扩张,价格的贡献微弱,说明机电产品"以量取胜"的模式尚未根本改变。另外,以实证分析方法考察了不同因素对二元边际的影响机制,研究结果显示,各因素对二元边际的作用方向基本一致,但对两种边际影响最为显著的因素是不同的,这表明政策的制定也应当有不同的倾向性。     

The effects of regional trade agreements on FDI by its origin and type: Evidence from U.S. multinational enterprises activities

The effects of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on foreign direct investment (FDI) depend on both the origin and type of FDI. To estimate the various effects of RTAs, I differentiate between various types of FDI by using data on the sales destinations of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. multinational enterprises (MNEs), while also addressing the endogeneity of RTA formation. Consistent with the theory of MNEs, I find that RTAs reduce horizontal FDI from intra-RTA countries and increase export-platform and total FDI from extra-RTA countries. Moreover, the overall effects of RTAs are positive for extra-RTA FDI, but inconclusive for intra-RTA FDI. The results also support the effect of integrated markets’ economies of scale in inducing extra-RTA FDI.     

Trade policy uncertainty,development strategy,and export behavior: Evidence from listed industrial companies in China

On the basis of new structural economics theory and heterogeneity of firm viability, this study analyzes the effect of trade policy uncertainty on firm export behavior using panel data of Chinese listed companies in the industrial sector. Empirical results show that the high uncertainty of trade policy significantly inhibits the extensive and intensive margins of firm export, while heterogeneity effect occurs across firms with different levels of viability. The development strategy that violates comparative advantage strengthens the negative impact of trade policy uncertainty on firm export. Despite their correlation with viability, the type of ownership, total factor productivity, and long-term loan are not suitable proxies for firm viability. Under high uncertainty of trade policy, export market diversification can alleviate the restraining effect of development strategy on firm export, whereas firms in regions with high industrial-oriented development tend to be vulnerable to cost shocks, thus reducing export market diversification. Findings present important implications for emerging market countries to enact better international trade and economic policies.     

China＇s Penetration of the Korean Market： Stylized Facts and Welfare Effect

China＇s penetration of the world market has been impressive. This paper uses highly disaggregated Korean import data （from 1992 to 2008） to examine China ＇s penetration of the Korean market in the context of the composition of value （the extensive and intensive margins） and the product type （homogeneous and differentiated） in trade. The increase in Chinese imports has been attributed to the rapid increase in the import of new products （the extensive margin） and of existing products （the intensive margin）. However, the growth rate of new products decelerated in the 2000s. The growth in the intensive margin was due to quantity, not price. Chinese imports to Korea did not improve over the period in terms of quality. Although Chinese products became cheaper, they were more differentiated over time. Welfare gains were realized through the expanded introduction of new products from China. However, much of the gains from Korea＇s Chinese product import boom were realized in earlier years （1992 -2000） because even though imported products became more differentiated, the increase in the extensive margin was lower in more recent years （2001- 2008）.     

中国FDI流入的“内生性”出口贸易增长效应研究

本文通过建立FDI对出口贸易增长影响的理论分析框架,将内生性分析引入出口贸易增长模型,并借助1990—2005年我国30个省市的出口贸易与FDI流入的统计数据,分三个阶段;1990—1997年、1998～2001年和2002～2005年进行实证检验。得出结论：我国省区FDI与出口之间存在正相关关系,FDI流入形成内生出口贸易增长效应,结果支持“FDI的出口贸易促进论”,出口贸易对FDI流入起“示范”效应。     

China＇s FDI Net Inflow and Deterioration of Terms of Trade： Paradox and Explanation

Starting from the contradiction between China's sustained growth in foreign direct investment (FDI) net inflow and deterioration of the terms of trade, this paper analyzes the characteristics of FDI sectoral structure since the 1990. Moreover, considering the international market competitive environment, this paper gives a concrete analysis of the influence mechanism and concludes that the flowing of FDI into labor‐intensive export sectors caused the deterioration of China's terms of trade. To improve its terms of trade, China needs to direct FDI inflow into capital‐ and technology‐intensive sectors and service sectors. (Edited by Xiaoming Feng)     

对外贸易和外商直接投资对中国人力资本存量影响的实证研究——基于岭回归分析法

文章首先建立模型,然后利用我国1983～2008年的时间序列数据,运用岭回归法实证研究了对外贸易和外商直接投资对人力资本存量的影响.结果发现,进口贸易显著地提升了我国人力资本;出口贸易对人力资本的正面影响系数很小;外商直接投资有利于人力资本的提升,但提升的幅度较小;国内生产总值和教育经费增加有助于提升人力资本.最后,文...     

中国出口复杂度的测度与影响因素分析

本文采用1996～2006年期间细分至HS-10位数编码分类的商品贸易数据分别测度了中国产品层面和国家层面的出口复杂度,考察了不同投资贸易类型出口产品复杂度的演化趋势,并引入金融发展水平指标对我国国家层面出口复杂度的影响因素进行了实证分析。结果显示,1996～2006年间,我国出口产品结构虽然从行业层面而言是逐步改善与提升的,但加工贸易类出口产品的出口复杂度高于非加工贸易类出口产品的出口复杂度,并且国内投资的加工贸易产品为最主要的推动力;就1996～2006年而言,我国出口复杂度的主要推动因素仍为非熟练劳动力和价格,但价格主导的影响机制正逐渐向利率主导的影响机制转化。