产品内分工下制造业服务化与出口二元边际——基于系统GMM的经验研究

采用两步系统GMM估计法,在产品内分工视角下实证考察制造业服务化对出口二元边际的影响,研究发现：（1）服务化对出口市场扩展边际、产品种类扩展边际、价格边际有倒U型作用,对数量边际有抑制作用。（2）服务化对扩展边际、价格边际的倒U型作用和对数量边际的抑制作用在OECD与非OECD国家同时存在。（3）按技术复杂度划分服务部门后发现,低端服务化和高端服务化对扩展边际的影响较为一致,但低端服务化对价格边际的影响不显著,且对数量边际的抑制作用大于高端服务化。（4）产品内分工加强了服务化对价格边际的积极影响,弱化了服务化对数量边际的不利作用,但对服务化与扩展边际关系的影响不显著。深入产品内分工体系,循序渐进推动制造业服务化发展有助于提升高端出口能力,对优化出口结构有重要意义。     

中国靠什么实现了对美国出口的迅速增长——基于产品广度产品价格和产品数量的分解

本文利用HS编码六分位贸易数据,扩展了Hummels和Klenow(2005)的分解方法,将中国对美国出口的增长分解为产品广度增长、产品价格增长和产品数量增长。结论发现:中国对美国出口增长的70%归结为产品数量的增长;随着产品技术升级,数量增长的贡献度逐渐增加;中国的出口增长途径并不具有普遍性;中国出口的数量高于大多数国家,价格低于大多数国家,实现贸易增长模式从"以量取胜"到"以质取胜"的转变成为当务之急。     

中美贸易失衡的三元边际——基于广度、价格与数量的分解

本文探讨了中美贸易失衡的结构特点。本文首先创建了贸易失衡的三元分解框架,将贸易失衡分解为广度、价格与数量失衡;利用1992～2008年中美HS92版本六分位贸易数据分析了中美贸易失衡的三元边际。结论发现:中国对美国数量顺差,广度与价格却是逆差;这一结论对于不同技术和行业均成立。这说明中美分工格局中,美国占据高端,中国占据低端;美国出口少量、高价、多种类商品,中国出口大量、低价、少种类商品,这是中美贸易失衡的结构特点。这一结构特点反映了中美双方发展水平的差异,短期内很难改变。     

中国机电产品出口增长的二元边际

本文利用2003～2009年中国机电产品HS-6位出口数据及Hummels和Klenow(2005)的二元分解方法客观分析了中国机电产品出口的二元边际,认为中国对主要贸易伙伴的出口增长主要是来自集约边际的贡献。进一步将集约边际分解发现,出口增长实质来源于数量扩张,价格的贡献微弱,说明机电产品"以量取胜"的模式尚未根本改变。另外,以实证分析方法考察了不同因素对二元边际的影响机制,研究结果显示,各因素对二元边际的作用方向基本一致,但对两种边际影响最为显著的因素是不同的,这表明政策的制定也应当有不同的倾向性。     

Impact of Regulatory Burdens on International Trade

In this paper, we develop the additional compliance requirement indicator (ACRI) to quantify the extra regulatory requirements that an exporter may face when serving the foreign country's market. The higher the value of ACRI, the greater the difference between the sets of technical measures in the destination and origin countries. Employing the ACRI, we estimate the impact on trade of regulatory burdens via product-level bilateral gravity equations. We find a significant negative impact of regulatory burdens on bilateral trade for a full sample, but the estimated trade effects vary across sectors and depend on the development levels of the trading countries.     

Economic Value of Country Image: Evidence from International Trade and Implications for China

This paper examines the economic value of country image from the perspective of export prices through matching the CEPII export price data with the British Broadcasting Company country image data from 2006 to 2013. The estimation results show that positive country image has an “elevating” effect and negative country image has a “depressing” effect on export prices. The results also indicate that the lower the level of economic development of an export or import country, the stronger the export price effect of country image. As distances between export countries and trading partners increase, the elevating effect of positive country image on export prices becomes weaker. However, the depressing effect of negative country image does not become weaker over greater distances. We find that export prices are depressed by negative country image to a greater degree for China than for other countries. Therefore, it is necessary for China to prevent the occurrence of incidents detrimental to country image.     

The impact of destination tariffs on China’s exports: Country,firm, and product perspectives

Based on multi-product heterogeneous firm trade theory, we combine China's customs data with the World Integrated Trade Solution’s (WITS) tariff data from 2002 to 2013 and analyze the impact of destination tariffs on China's exports at the country, firm, and product levels. The results reveal that tariffs had a negative effect on country-level exports and their extensive margins. After controlling for the inter-firm composition effect, tariffs had negative effects on firm-level exports and their intensive margins, but positive effects on their extensive margins. After also controlling for the within-firm export composition effect, tariffs had a negative impact on the exports of core products; however, the negative impact diminished as the core grade and technological content of the products increased. Using these elasticities to analyze Sino-U.S. trade frictions, we determine that the additional U.S. tariffs reduced China's exports of high-tech products more than its medium- and low-tech products.     

贸易如何增长？——基于广度、数量与价格的三元分解

本文构建了分析贸易增长的三元分解框架,将出口增长分解为广度增长、数量增长与价格增长;利用这一框架,结合1995年和2004年世界双边HS92六分位贸易数据,回答了贸易如何增长的问题。结论发现,数量增长是贸易增长的主要力量,贡献度高达83%;广度增长与价格增长的贡献极其有限;这一结论对于不同国家、不同产品均成立。     

中国与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易研究--基于三元边际分析的视角

中国与哈萨克斯坦都是农业大国,分析中国与哈萨克斯农产品贸易增长路径,对扩大出口规模,加深两国农业合作有重要意义。本文在分析中国与哈萨克斯坦农产品贸易特征的基础上,从三元边际的角度分析了扩展边际、价格边际、数量边际对中哈两国双边农产品出口增长的贡献。研究表明:中国对哈萨克斯坦农产品出口的扩展边际保持在较高水平,价格边际持续增长,数量边际呈现"增降交替"趋势,其出口增长主要源自数量增加;哈萨克斯坦对中国农产品出口的扩展边际大幅提高,价格边际和数量边际分别呈"W型"和"倒V型"的变化趋势,出口增长主要源自种类扩展。因此,中哈两国应积极扩大农产品出口种类和数量,加快中国农业"走出去"步伐,推动双边农产品贸易高质量发展。     

Fishing in the same pool: Export strengths and competitiveness of China and Central,Eastern and Southeastern Europe at the EU-15 market

We investigate the impact of the emergence of China as a global competitor on the trade performance of Central, Eastern and Southeastern European (CESEE) countries at the EU-15 market, i.e. the fifteen EU members as of 1995. The main aim of the paper is thus to challenge the common view that China crowds out exporters from European markets. The paper takes a comprehensive approach in terms of empirical methods and data. We analyze export growth, export market shares, extensive and intensive margins and the dynamics in the number of joint trade links (Dynamic Trade Link Analysis), applying highly disaggregated data at the 6-digit HS level over the period 1995–2010. We show that the most contested markets are those for capital goods and transport equipment, product categories where both regions have gained market shares and comparative advantage. We show that the number of trade links at the product level where both regions are active has increased substantially, indicating intensified competition. At the same time hardly any trade links were lost, which points against cut-throat competition between CESEE and China. The decomposition of export growth along the extensive versus the intensive margin shows that in line with the literature, the deepening of already existing trade relationships (i.e. the intensive margin) contributed most strongly to export growth in both regions, whereas the contribution of new trade links (i.e. the extensive margin) had only a minor contribution, apart from the instance of EU accession, which boosted the extensive margin considerably. We further decompose intensive margin growth into demand related structural effects and a supplier related competitiveness effect. Both the CESEE region and China successfully intensified their trade linkages above all as a result of their outstanding competitiveness as shown by the econometric shift-share analysis. While this suggests that both regions pursue a suitable export strategy, further diversification of production towards promising new industries and markets will become increasingly crucial for both, especially in face of projected slower EU-15 market growth in the longer run.     

基于面板协整方法的日本入境旅游需求分析

基于日本入境旅游1980～2010年的相关数据,结合旅游需求的相关理论,日本入境旅游需求的主要影响因素进行实证检验。研究发现客源国的收入水平对于日本入境旅游需求的影响是非常显著的。旅游价格的提高,会降低美国和德国到日本的入境旅游需求。但是对于加拿大、英国、澳大利亚,旅游价格变动对于其是否选择到日本旅游是不显著的,旅游替代价格对于其是否选择到日本旅游是比较显著的。旅游替代价格与入境旅游需求呈负相关关系。入境旅游需求与客源国和目的地国之间的贸易水平呈正向的作用关系。汇率与日本入境旅游需求间呈显著的正向关系。     

Export spillovers and export performance in China

This paper examines the local export spillover effect on the individual decisions to start exporting (the extensive margin) and export volume (the intensive margin), using a unique dataset of Chinese export firms, at the product-level and by destination country. Based on a gravity-type equation estimated at firm-level, we find that export spillovers positively influence not only the decision of a nearby firm to start exporting, but also the volume of the exporting. Several methods are used to verify the robustness of these results. In addition, we find that the effect of export spillovers is stronger when it is product-destination-specific than that when it is either product or destination-specific alone, and also stronger than that is in general. Geographically, local export spillovers exhibit spatial decay in China: the effect is stronger for firms located in the same city than it is for firms outside the city. Small and multi-product firms are more likely to be influenced by the local export spillovers, and their impact is stronger for firms exporting complex goods and exporting to easy-entry countries. Moreover, the export spillovers from private firms are the strongest, followed by foreign-invested firms with the effect generated by state-owned firms ranking last.     

汇率波动、出口结构与贸易福利——基于要素流动与世界经济失衡的分析

研究世界经济失衡背景下,汇率波动对一国出口商品结构和贸易福利的影响具有重要的理论价值与现实意义。本文通过构建不完全竞争模型,研究了世界经济失衡条件下汇率波动对劳动力资源无限供给的国家(以中国为代表)的出口结构与出口福利的影响,并就汇率波动对不同要素密集度产业的出口量、企业利润、就业和出口贸易福利等进行了模拟分析。研究表明:具有一定资本要素密集度的劳动密集型产业的出口受汇率波动的影响最大;劳动密集型产业的出口受到的影响较大;资本密集型产业的出口所受的影响较小;汇率波动对各种产业出口幅度的不同影响将改变一国的出口商品结构。     

FDI,Export Sophistication,and Quality Upgrading: Evidence from China's WTO Accession

This paper identifies a positive effect of FDI liberalization on manufacturing export sophistication, exploiting China’s adjustment of its Catalogue for the Guidance of Foreign Investment Industries upon its accession to WTO. It further investigates the underlying causes in the lines of firm ownership type, trade mode, product type, and intensive vs. extensive margins. The positive effect comes from, e.g., the increase in the export share of foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) and firms with processing trade, and the increase in the export sophistication of privately-owned enterprises (POEs), of ordinary trade, and of intermediate goods. The intensive margin rather than extensive margin is accountable for the effect. Liberalizing FDI does not seem to have any significant effect on product quality.     

Firm Heterogeneity and Export Pricing in India

We examine export pricing by Indian manufacturing firms in the early 2000s using a unique data set that matches firm characteristics with product and destination‐level trade data. We find that, in contrast to China and other countries, firm productivity is negatively associated with export prices, and export prices are negatively associated with distance while positively associated with remoteness. Our conjecture is that Indian innovation costs, which are higher than China's, drive down the scope for quality differentiation causing a negative association between productivity and prices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first empirical evidence consistent with heterogenous goods and short quality ladders, a theoretical possibility noted in the study by Antoniades (2012), an outcome that arises here because of domestic Indian economic and regulatory features.     

Trade policy uncertainty,development strategy,and export behavior: Evidence from listed industrial companies in China

On the basis of new structural economics theory and heterogeneity of firm viability, this study analyzes the effect of trade policy uncertainty on firm export behavior using panel data of Chinese listed companies in the industrial sector. Empirical results show that the high uncertainty of trade policy significantly inhibits the extensive and intensive margins of firm export, while heterogeneity effect occurs across firms with different levels of viability. The development strategy that violates comparative advantage strengthens the negative impact of trade policy uncertainty on firm export. Despite their correlation with viability, the type of ownership, total factor productivity, and long-term loan are not suitable proxies for firm viability. Under high uncertainty of trade policy, export market diversification can alleviate the restraining effect of development strategy on firm export, whereas firms in regions with high industrial-oriented development tend to be vulnerable to cost shocks, thus reducing export market diversification. Findings present important implications for emerging market countries to enact better international trade and economic policies.     

Assessing Productivity Gains from International Trade in a Small Open Economy

Empirical evidence suggests that exporter firms tend to charge higher markups than non-exporters due to trade barriers. The exporters’ markup premium, however, may disappear in a special case, namely when the home country is small relative to its trade partners and trade barriers are low. This can be because competition is more intense in the large export destination than in the small home country, so that firms are able to set higher markups for locally sold products but not for exports. This paper provides empirical evidence on the validity of this special case by estimating markups for firms in Luxembourg who generally export to larger countries. The estimated negative markup premium for exporters has important implications for the productivity measurement. In a sufficiently small open economy, exporters’ productivity may be biased downward, when the firm-level markup variation is not controlled for in the productivity estimation. The bias in the productivity estimates further leads to the inaccurate conclusion that openness to international trade lowers allocative efficiency.     

东道国基础设施质量对中国进出口贸易的影响——基于“一带一路”沿线51个国家的实证分析

基础设施建设是经济社会发展的重要支撑,对国家经贸关系进一步发展具有桥梁作用。基于“一带一路”沿线51个国家2011—2019年面板数据,构建拓展引力模型实证分析东道国基础设施质量分别对中国进口与出口的影响。研究发现：东道国基础设施质量会显著促进中国的进口与出口贸易,但对中国进口贸易促进作用强于出口,且东道国GDP增长促进了中国进口与出口贸易增加,其对中国进口贸易促进作用大于出口;而东道国与中国的地理距离对中国进口贸易限制作用大于出口,东道国与中国为邻国、与中国具有共同语言及签订自由贸易协定会推动中国对其进出口贸易增长。在此基础上,提出促进中国与沿线国家进出口贸易的对策建议。     

VAT rebates as trade policy: Evidence from China

Value-added tax (VAT) rebates are a commonly used export-promoting policy. This paper exploits China's frequent adjustments of VAT rebates and large-scale data on export transactions to estimate the effects of VAT rebates on exports. Our difference-in-differences estimations show that the negative adjustments of VAT rebates in our sample period significantly reduce export value and quantity by 15.30% and 19.75%, respectively. This shows that the trade policy of VAT rebates is very effective. We also find that the effect of VAT rebates on exports operating through extensive margins is larger than the effect through intensive margins. Moreover, we find that the pass-through of VAT rebates to importers is around 47%.     

Financial dependence and exports: Entrants or incumbents?

Using firm-level customs data from 51 countries at different levels of development, we explore differential impacts of access to finance on incumbent and new exporters. Consistent with the literature, firms in sectors more dependent on external finance have higher exports based in financially more developed countries. This effect, however, occurs entirely through entrants, with no effect found for incumbents. The trade response of entrants works primarily through the extensive margin (number of exporters) rather than the intensive margin (average size). We further find access to external finance affects exporter entry rates while it does not affect exporter exit rates.