The restructuring of Italian agriculture and its impact upon capital–labour relations: Labour contracting and exploitation in the fresh fruit and vegetable supply chain of the Lazio Region,Central Italy

Labour contracting is anywhere on the rise globally, even in fully developed capitalist countries. Far from being an anomaly in the smooth everyday functioning of the economy, contractors are a crucial node in facilitating and ensuring global capital's control over local labour regimes. This article uses a global value chain perspective to investigate the re‐emergence of gangmasters and gang labour in the agricultural sector of Lazio, Central Italy. It analyses the fruit and vegetable supply chain formation and configuration in the Lazio Region with the aim of identifying the underlying processes leading to the creation of gangmasters by capital to have a cheap and disposable, especially migrant, labour force. It also intends to give a more nuanced understanding of labour contracting in this context.     

Review Essay: Land,Labour and Agrarian Transition in Vietnam

Martin Ravallion and Dominique van de Walle argue that growing landlessness in Vietnam is a function of people capitalizing on the higher returns to education witnessed in wage labour when compared with farming. So, growing landlessness is a sign of economic success. This review argues that Ravallion and van de Walle misconstrue landlessness, misinterpret the associated data and downplay the constraints facing rural Vietnamese. In so doing, they fail to capture the complex realities of Vietnam's agrarian transition.     

In Search of Pathways out of Poverty: Mapping the Role of International Labour Migration,Agriculture and Rural Labour

The issue of rural poverty continues to shape critical academic and policy discourses in the global South. In such discourses, some scholars and policy‐makers highlight non‐agrarian pathways leading to prosperity, while others continue to emphasize the significance of land and farming for poverty reduction. However, such analyses tend not only to obscure strong linkages between agriculture, migration and rural labour, but also stay silent on how rural people interpret changes or continuities in their livelihoods. In this paper, I focus on the case of rural Nepal to unfold how some rural people, but not others, improve their livelihoods through international labour migration, farming and rural labour. This paper reveals that many poor people have experienced improved livelihoods pursuing a diverse portfolio of agricultural and non‐agricultural activities including labour migration. However, the dispossession of poor people from land and their adverse incorporation into the local and international labour markets continue to perpetuate chronic poverty.     

Labour Migration and Gendered Agricultural Relations: The Feminization of Agriculture in the Ejidal Sector of Calakmul,Mexico

We examine the nature of the ‘feminization of agriculture’ in the semi‐subsistence, peasant production sector of southeastern Mexico, as associated with male labour out‐migration. Presenting findings from empirical work with smallholder producers, we discuss the impact of men's migration to the United States on women's participation in agriculture and gendered relations of agricultural production. In 2007, we conducted a survey of 155 semi‐subsistence, smallholder households in six ejidos. This survey was supplemented by ethnographic research in a single ejido. Our findings demonstrate the need to distinguish between farm labour and management in this sector, and the potentially significant (but focused) changes in the local relations of agricultural production wrought by gendered patterns of labour migration – specifically in tenure, land‐use decision‐making and the management of hired labour.     

Land size and productivity in the livestock sector: evidence from pastoral areas in China

This article explores the relationship between land size and productivity in the livestock sector. Household panel data from pastoral areas in northwestern China were analysed. Results suggest an inverse relationship (IR) between land size and the number of livestock per ha. IR can be largely explained by labour input intensity, which is negatively correlated with land size. We find that household’s labour demand is not separable from household’s labour supply and households’ decisions to rent land and hire labour for grazing are significantly related to the labour–land endowment ratio. These findings are consistent with the Chayanovian explanation that labour input intensity varies with farm size due to unobserved interhousehold variation in shadow wage rates. In addition, participation in the labour market does not significantly influence the IR for the employer, while the practice of land renting reduces, but does not eliminate, the IR for the lease. These findings point towards the potential for using factor markets to optimise pasture‐based livestock production scale, and the need to promote the factor market development to achieve efficiency in resource use.     

Labour,nature, and exploitation: Social metabolism and inequality in a farming community in mid‐19th century Catalonia

Exploiting the labour of other people has historically been one of the main strategies to tackle the biophysical tension that always exists between the satisfaction of human needs and the labour required to fulfil them. Based on the insights of ecological, feminist, and Marxist economics, we disentangle the exploitation of the labour of women and labouring poor through a novel methodology that integrates energy, material, time, and cash balances. We apply it to the sociometabolic flows between household units endowed with different land and livestock resources in a traditional rural community in Catalonia (Spain) in the mid‐19th century. The results show that land and livestock hoarding led to a process of accumulation through dispossession that increased the exploitative relationships through the labour market, which in turn relied on the patriarchal division of labour between men and women at home. Our estimates of energy labour surplus reveal that male wages represented 88% of the equivalent consumption basket that would have been obtained by carrying out the same amount of labour on land of one's own. However, in the case of female wages, the percentage was 54%. This shows that wage labour incorporated a significant amount of unpaid domestic family labour.     

我国《土地管理法》成长历程及修改完善

在改革开放和社会主义市场经济体制逐步确立的大背景下,我国的《土地管理法》于1986年颁布实施,并在1988年和1998年进行了两次修改。对《土地管理法》的几次重要修订使我国的土地管理步入了市场化轨道、加强了耕地保护、启动了保护农民权益的改革。但《土地管理法》在土地利用总体规划、耕地保护、土地产权制度、土地征用等方面仍存在着问题,应进一步修改完善。要从土地利用总体规划法律制度建设、建立耕地保护新机制、进一步完善土地产权制度、完善征地制度等方面对现行《土地管理法》进行改革。     

2018年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2019年展望——土地管理领域分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2018年国内外土地管理领域的研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献统计法。研究结果：2018年国内外在土地管理体制改革、土地制度改革与政策创新、土地立法修法创新、女性土地权益保障等方面具有共同的研究焦点。国内研究继续关注耕地保护,国外研究则较多关注城市土地利用与管理。研究结论：2018年,随着土地管理体制变革、农村土地制度改革、农村新产业新业态用地等新问题不断出现,土地管理领域研究在土地空间资源管理、土地管理体制、土地管理法律修订等方面有所发展。2019年将重点关注自然资源管理体制下土地资源管理的理论与方法创新、农村土地政策创新、空间规划管理与国土空间管制、数量—质量—生态“三位一体”耕地保护等问题。     

中日土地利用管理比较研究

中国是世界上最大的发展中国家，而日本是世界上最发达的国家之一，两国存在较大的差异，但也存在相同之处，如中日两国同为人多地少的国家。本文对中日土地利用的分类、规划管理、法制管理、经济管理等方面进行了比较研究。通过比较研究，作者认为，日本在土地利用管理方面有许多值得中国借鉴的地方。     

试论我国土地产权制度的困境与出路

土地产权制度是土地制度的核心。土地资源的稀缺性、不可再生性与资源需求的无限性和排他性之间的矛盾要求我们必须盘活土地资产,提高土地的合理配置和利用效率。本文基于我国土地利用中的矛盾出发,揭示我国现存农村土地产权制度的弊端,诸如集体土地所有权主体模糊、产权界定不清、土地流转机制和权能结构不健全。土地产权制度的改革思路在于,明确土地所有权主体,建立规范的产权结构和土地流转机制。     

Agricultural Wage Rates Under Forced and Free Labour: Pre-1944 and Post-1954 Guatemala

From 1871 to 1944 liberal trade and foreign investment policies were combined with illiberal labour coercion to create a classic export economy based on coffee plantations. The substantial reallocation of labour from the subsistence-oriented peasant economy to the coffee sector is associated with a sustained reduction in the agricultural wage rate. Throughout the forced labour period the wage was below a subsistence level, made possible by rural workers' access to land for their own subsistence production. The post-1954 free labour period is associated with a once-and-for-all doubling of the real wage to a subsistence level, consistent with the emergence in this period of a sizeable landless rural labour force. In the free labour era, the commercial agricultural sector has grown in 'classical' fashion, drawing on labour at a virtually constant, subsistence wage.     

Free in the mountains or home in the vineyard: Institutional changes in agriculture and negotiating between contract farm labour and valuable fungi collection in Tibet

This paper evaluates how Tibetan farming communities choose between two methods of livelihood production: working as labourers on vineyard land they have leased to a French winery or collecting valuable fungi. I argue new transnational land and labour management, as part of institutional rearrangements in land tenure, are leading to significant changes with mixed benefits for rural farming communities. These communities respond by seasonally seeking freedom from capitalist labour and returning to communal forms of income production based around community land tenure and common‐pool resources. Although villagers have become contracted labour, they choose to escape this new agricultural work in the mountains, collecting fungi together as a community. The common‐pool land on which fungi are collected is also managed for access in a specific way by and for the community. Contrary to agricultural labour for the winery, fungi collection creates a chance for people to interact once again more as a cohesive community as they once did in their fields by collecting a commodity from land controlled by the community. The disembedding of one section of the economy has thus in a way reinforced the embeddedness of social relations in another as a coping mechanism for the former.     

Urban land management in China: A study of the present system and an investigation of current issues and problems

Summary

The paper commences by describing the statutory basis for land tenure and management. It examines the constitutional basis for land ownership and occupation rights, as amended by land administration law. The legal system and procedures at both central and local government level are introduced, with particular mention made of the special measures for land requisition. This is followed by a study of the organizational structure for land management in China at state and local government levels. The roles and responsibilities of the major agencies of government at both levels are explained, and related to the organization of urban planning. A separate section is then devoted to those areas such as Special Economic Zones and Open Coastal Cities which have been selected for preferential treatment, particularly in respect of the transfer of land use rights.

The paper concludes with a study of the main issues and problems that currently confront China in the field of urban land management. And some suggestions are made where further reform is required and additional research of potential benefit.     

2023年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2024年展望——土地管理分报告

研究目的：梳理比较2023年国内外土地管理领域研究进展,展望未来研究趋势。研究方法：文献分析法。研究结果：2023年国内研究主要侧重于注意力分配理论的土地管理应用、自然保护地体系演进、自然资源资产管理、二轮土地承包到期延包、农地征收及入市、委托代理法律性质、耕地用途管制、进城农民权益保护以及城乡土地管理实践中的非粮化治理、宅基地退出和低效用地再开发问题。在国际上,主要关注土地分配、土地治理、土地权益以及土地信息化管理等问题。研究结论：2023年土地管理研究秉持问题导向,在探索现实土地制度和法律法规改革方面的运行逻辑和实践效果研究中取得了一定进展,但有关基础理论创新、现实问题背后本质规律的体系化凝练尚显不足。2024年将重点关注土地管理基础理论创新与应用、土地用途管制私权保障与公权边界、农地制度联动改革与城乡融合发展、耕地保护与粮食安全法治保障以及城乡公示地价体系的完善与应用等议题。     

2020年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2021年展望 ——土地管理分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2020年国内外土地管理领域研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献研究法。研究结果：2020年,国内土地管理领域研究涉及治理理论、历史比较及土地管理体制、制度、政策和法律等方面;在国际上,发展中国家成文法与习惯法并存体制下的土地重新分配、妇女土地权益等问题引起广泛关注;土地管理体制、制度、法律、权籍与利用问题是国内外研究共同关注的重点。研究结论：2020年土地管理研究紧扣理论问题与实践需求,在探索土地治理与制度改革方面取得了进展,但土地管理基本规律研究仍有待加强,突出对保障土地资源公共属性本质的探索;2021年土地管理领域或将重点关注土地管理基础理论与学科建设、后疫情时代的土地治理、土地计划管理改革、土地要素市场化改革、自然资源法制体系建设、土地信息化管理、国土空间优化治理、耕地保护转型等议题。     

2021年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2022年展望 ——土地管理分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2021年国内外土地管理领域研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献研究法。研究结果：2021年,国内土地管理领域研究涉及国土空间内涵、中国共产党百年土地史、自然资源资产产权制度改革、农村土地管理法律以及存量低效用地利用等;在国际上,土地权利平等、农田保护、土地信息化管理等问题备受关注;土地制度历史变迁、土地市场管理、土地产权与农田保护是国内外研究共同关注的重点。研究结论：2021年土地管理研究紧扣理论问题与实践需求,在探索国土空间治理基本概念、土地制度历史变迁以及自然资源资产管理等方面取得了进展,但在土地管理基本理论、土地法解释论研究以及土地资源利用关键技术等方面仍有待加强。2022年土地管理领域或将重点关注土地管理基础理论探索、土地要素市场化改革与城乡土地收益分配、自然资源资产产权制度改革和治理体系构建、土地管理专项立法、面向双碳目标与生态保护修复的国土空间用途管控、城乡空间高质量发展、耕地资源长效保护、土地信息化管理等议题。     

2019年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2020年展望——土地管理分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2019年国内外土地管理领域研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献研究法。研究结果：2019年,国内土地管理问题研究涉及基本理论、制度变迁及土地管理体制、制度、政策和法律等方面,关注实践中的新情况、新问题;国外土地管理研究偏向关注土地问题尖锐的发展中国家和第三世界国家;土地管理体制、制度、法律、权籍与利用问题是国内外共性研究内容。研究结论：2019年土地管理研究紧扣理论与实践问题,在探索土地管理体制与实施机制方面取得了进展,但仍需加强方法创新与土地管理科学规律凝练;2020年将重点关注土地治理体系改善、土地计划管理方式改革、农村土地制度改革、城乡土地统一市场、国家重大区域战略实施中的土地管理问题、自然资源资产产权制度改革、自然资源统一确权登记、耕地保护转型、自然保护地管理、国土空间规划管理、土地市场管理与产业用地政策创新等议题。     

章植与中国第一部《土地经济学》

研究目的：研究章植的生平及其所著《土地经济学》的价值。研究方法：通过文献分析,整理章植的生平,讨论其对土地经济学的贡献。研究结果：章植1930年出版的《土地经济学》是中国学者撰写的第一本土地经济学著作,有鲜明的中国特色,具有重大的学术价值。研究结论：章植及其《土地经济学》在中国土地经济学史上具有重要的地位。     

2016年土地科学研究重点进展评述及2017年展望——土地管理领域分报告

研究目的：归纳分析2016年国内外土地管理领域的研究进展,展望研究趋势。研究方法：文献统计法。研究结果：2016年土地管理领域国外研究侧重于土地制度改革及其所产生的政治、经济、生态效应,土地法律与政策的作用效力及效应,土地权属与登记等方面;国内研究则更多关注农村土地制度改革、不动产登记成果整合应用、自然资源资产管理理论及成果应用、土地市场监管与土地财政影响、“三权分置”法律关系界定、集体土地所有权立法及集体成员资格界定、土地用途管制与耕地保护制度等相关问题。研究结论：2016年土地管理领域在不动产登记与自然资源资产管理、土地市场监管与调控以及土地用途管制方面的研究有所进展;2017年将重点关注土地管理制度改革、不动产统一登记制度的推进与完善、自然资源资产管理体制建设、土地及房地产市场调控,乃至农村土地市场的管理与调控、土地法律体系改革等方面。     

现代物流:土地利用问题与对策

研究目的:探讨现代物流的土地利用对策。研究方法:归纳分析法,对比分析法。研究结果:现代物流产业与土地利用关系密切,对土地利用影响深远,与发达国家相比中国物流产业在土地利用方面存在较大的不足。研究结论:通过对中国物流用地进行科学分类、规划、整合、置换等途径实现物流土地利用的集约节约化。