Migration,self‐selection and income distributions

Self‐selection in rural–urban migration is examined using three datasets from rural and urban China in 2002. We construct a migrant sample including both migrants who converted their hukou status from rural to urban (permanent migrants) and those who did not (temporary migrants). We find a strong positive selection for permanent migrants, but the selection for temporary migrants is ambiguous. We reach these conclusions by comparing migrants' counterfactual wage densities, assuming they are paid as rural local workers, to actual wage densities of rural local workers. Our results imply that permanent migration has negative effects on rural human capital accumulation and income levels.     

Pro-social motivation,effort and the call to public service

We investigate the interaction of pro-social motivation and wages in pro-social organizations with a novel subject pool, 1700 students destined for the private and public sectors in Indonesia, using a measure of pro-social motivation that exactly matches the mission of the organization. Three novel conclusions emerge. Consistent with a common, but untested, assumption in the theoretical literature, workers with greater pro-social motivation exert higher real effort. However, high pay attracts less pro-socially motivated individuals. Furthermore, we also test whether a real world pro-social organization (the Indonesian Ministry of Finance) attracts pro-socially motivated workers. We find that prospective entrants into the Indonesian Ministry of Finance exhibit higher levels of pro-social motivation than a comparable sample of general workers.     

论我国国有企业的公有民营化改革

国有制并非公有制唯一的实现形式, 更不是公有制永恒的存在方式, 而只是国家存在时期内的公有制的一种存在形式。所以, 如何找到一种既能保持以公有制为主体, 又能体现民营化优点、吸收私有制长处、克服国有制的弊端的适合于国有大中型企业的公有制实现形式,乃是我国国有企业、特别是大中型国有企业改革的根本出路。正是从这一考虑出发, 笔者在肯定部分中小型国有企业民营化方向的同时, 提出了适合于大多数大中型国有企业的公有民营的概念, 并把它视为具有中国式社会主义特色的国有企业民营化。     

中国民用机场可达性与服务范围测度

基于累积耗费距离最短路径算法和GIS空间分析方法,计算了1991年和2012年中国民用航空机场的可达性及服务范围,评价了2012年各机场的服务能力和可达性溢出,并提出了未来机场的规划布局建议。结果表明:中国民用航空机场的平均可达时间由1991年的184.76min缩短到2012年的127.09min,全国地级行政区的机场平均可达时间则由88.66min缩短为54.44min;地级城市存在较高的机场可达性溢出。20年间,机场平均服务面积由10.44万km2减小到5.25万km2。机场空间布局为经济服务的倾向比较明显,2012年机场有效服务区总面积390.92万km2,覆盖了全国40%的国土面积、89.2%的人口与93.8%的经济总量。     

美、英、日三国经济发达阶段服务业发展及其动因定量分析

通过投入产出法计量模型,对美国、英国、日本三国经济发达阶段服务业和生产者服务业发展,进行了历史数据的定量分析。分析表明,在所考察的期间内,服务业增加值占GDP比重随时间序列而不断提高;以服务业中间需求率为判据,虽然呈现出国别差异,但三国消费者服务业比重各年份均高于生产者服务业比重,服务业中间需求率最高未超过45%;生产者服务业增加值呈现出不断提高的趋势,但其提高幅度低于服务业增加值提高幅度。由此得出推论:进入经济发达阶段,三国服务业发展的主要动因不是生产者服务业的发展,而是最终消费者服务业的发展。     

Gender quota in the civil service and female participation: Evidence from Nepal

Female quotas for high-ranking positions in corporations and governments should (i) increase the hiring of women and (ii) inspire more women to apply for these positions. The goal will be that eventually, (iii) even without the quota, more women will apply to and succeed in high-ranked positions. This paper exploits the variations of female quotas in Nepalese civil service exams across years, services, ranks and exams within the same service to investigate these three effects. Empirical results show that female quotas in a given exam increase applications and the hiring of women. Even in exams without a quota, the female quotas of other exams within the same service increase the number of female applicants.     

黑龙江省公共管理学科人才公共服务能力缺失问题与对策

公共服务能力的缺失是当前公共管理学科人才培养中亟待解决的问题。大力加强实践教学和其他实践环节,培养复合型人才,提高学生解决复杂、综合性公共问题的能力和水平,是提升公共管理学科人才公共服务能力的现实选择和必由之路。     

Efficiency‐adjusted public capital,capital grants,and growth

A debate on whether capital grants, and especially European Union (EU) funds, actually contribute to growth has gained prominence lately. This article empirically assesses the relationship between the quality of public investment, capital grants, and growth in a sample of 43 emerging and peripheral economies over 1991–2015. To this end, the contribution of public capital to growth is estimated using efficiency‐adjusted public capital stock series, which reflects the quality of public investment management institutions. In addition, the determinants of effective public investment are analyzed. The results suggest that capital grants contribute positively to effective public investment, and the latter is significant in explaining variations in economic growth. Finally, the article illustrates the impact of raising EU funds absorption on potential growth in emerging and peripheral EU countries.     

信息通信公共服务:概念、内涵与评价体系

通过对信息通信公共服务的概念和内涵进行界定和探讨,构建了包含4项评价维度(服务投入、服务资源、服务提供和服务效果)和16项具体指标的信息通信公共服务评价体系,并采取层次分析法确定了指标权重。     

Neighbors' Income,Public Goods,and Well‐Being

How does neighbors' income affect individual well‐being? Our analysis is based on rich U.S. local data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which contains information on where respondents live and their self‐reported well‐being. We find that the effect of neighbors' income on individuals' self‐reported well‐being varies with the size of the neighborhood included. In smaller areas such as ZIP codes, we find a positive relationship between median income and individuals' life satisfaction, whereas it is the opposite at the county, MSA, and state levels. We provide evidence that local public goods and local area characteristics such as unemployment, criminality, and poverty rates drive the association between satisfaction and neighbors' income at the ZIP code level. The neighbors' income effects are mainly concentrated among poorer individuals and are as large as one quarter of the effect of own income on self‐reported well‐being.     

Structure and performance of the service sector in transition economies1

This paper examines the performance of the service sector in the Eastern European transition economies during the 1997–2004 period. The performance of the service sector as a whole and of its sub‐sectors is very heterogeneous within the region. Service sub‐sectors that are information and communications technology producers or users and those using skilled labour more intensively exhibit the highest labour productivity growth. Our estimates show a positive and significant effect of liberalization on service labour productivity growth that is stronger for sub‐sectors that are more distant from the technological frontier. Service liberalization is also shown to have a positive effect on labour productivity levels and growth of downstream manufacturing industries.     

Immigration Policy,Self‐selection,and the Quality of Immigrants*

This paper investigates the effects of immigration quotas on the average quality of immigrants by developing a human capital migration model where efficiency in migration depends on skills and emigration rates are higher among skilled workers. Studying the joint determination of the domestic level of wages and immigrants' self‐selection, we find a negative relationship between the wage level and the percentage of educated workers among immigrants, which results in a nonstandard downward‐sloping labor supply. In our framework, a higher quota increases the skill mix of immigrants through its negative effect on wages and raises aggregate national income.     

Intra‐firm trade,exporting, importing,and firm performance

Abstract This paper examines firm heterogeneity in terms of size, wages, capital intensity, and productivity between domestic and foreign‐owned firms that engage in intra‐firm trade, firms that export and import, firms that import only, and firms that export only. As previously documented, heterogeneity between different groups of trading firms is substantial. Taking into account intra‐firm trade in addition to exporting and importing yields new insights into the productivity advantage previously established for exporting firms. The results presented here show that this premium accrues only to exporters that also import and to exporters that also engage in intra‐firm trade, but not to firms that export only. Using simultaneous quantile regressions, the paper illustrates that heterogeneity within different groups of trading firm is equally large. Some of this within‐group heterogeneity can be attributed to differences in trading partners.     

山东省体育公共服务非均等化现状及发展对策研究

对山东省体育公共服务设施现状进行了系统分析,认为山东省体育公共服务供给总量严重不足,区域差异和城乡差异明显,不同单位和阶层的分布不均,以及场地的利用率还不高,功能相对单一。造成这一现象主要原因是,政府财政投入比重过低;城乡分割的二元结构;单一的政府供给方式;城乡间、区域间经济发展水平存在差异;体育发展策略的缺陷。针对上述问题提出了相应的解决策略,以求尽快实现山东省体育公共服务的均等化。     

Civil Conflict,Democratization, and Growth: Violent Democratization as Critical Juncture

In this paper, we provide an empirical investigation of the interaction between violent conflicts, democratization, and growth in the “third wave” of democratization. The effect of democratization is weakened when taking into account the incidence of civil conflict. The results show that the growth effect of democratization is heterogeneous and depends on the democratization scenario. Peaceful transitions to democracy have a significant positive effect on growth that is even larger than reported previously in the literature, whereas violent transitions have no, or even negative, growth effects.     

不确定性、经济选择方式与资源配置效率

在充分分析行为人信息处理能力局限性的前提下,结合心理因素提出了行为人选择中的非对称序贯决策与行为中的试验性动机,非对称序贯决策最基本的功能包括两个方面,一是行为人主观概率判断的改善,另一是基于不确定程度变化的风险有效控制;试验性动机最显著的特点是,行为人以可接受的成本为代价,通过试探性过程的实践学习,达到降低不确定性程度,并以此实现追求确定性收益最大化的目的。以试验性动机为前提的非对称序贯决策,在资源配置上虽不一定是最优的,但其与竞争性市场的结合却是相对有效的;同时,正是人类的这种试验性动机,构成了经济进步的原动力。     

服务业员工情绪智力、动机与情绪劳动的关系

服务行业需要员工付出情绪劳动。本文基于情绪智力理论和动机理论,提出情绪智力可以通过内、外部动机,影响情绪劳动策略的假设。研究结果表明:(1)员工情绪智力通过内部动机影响员工深层行动,通过外部动机影响员工表层行动;(2)情绪智力对深层行动的正效应大于对表层行动的正效应,说明情绪智力在促进深层行动方面具有更重要的作用;(3)外部动机可以转化为内部动机,从而影响深层行动。     

When trade liberalization is self‐fulfilling: Population aging and uncertainty

Expectation about future trade liberalization induces sectoral adjustment in advance. As a result, the extent of opposition to trade liberalization decreases, and liberalization becomes self‐fulfilling. We analyze this mechanism from two aspects: population aging and uncertainty. Then, we show that (1) the effect of expectation formation is non‐monotonic across ages, and (2) the effect of population aging of workforce varies depending on its driving force. In addition, we analyze uncertainty about future trade liberalization. Then, we show that (3) the mechanism cannot work due to strategic delay even under small uncertainty, but (4) a subsidy scheme can resolve this problem.     

Globalization,Tax Distortions,and Public‐Sector Retrenchment*

It is widely perceived that globalization inevitably leads to a retrenchment of tax‐financed public‐sector activities. The argument is that tax distortions increase when production is more easily relocated across countries (the elasticity argument). We question this perception in a model that captures standard mechanisms from trade and open‐economy models. Importantly, the retrenchment argument overlooks the fact that the basic effect of integration (i.e., gains from trade) tends to lower the marginal costs of public funds. Moreover, the elasticity argument is not unambiguously supported, and there is no race to the bottom as a result of the perceived terms‐of‐trade effects of non‐cooperative fiscal policies.     

Markups,productivity and external market development of the service SMEs

During the last decade, economists and policy makers have extensively discussed what types of firms can exploit external markets by exporting and what happens to domestic firms if external competitors penetrate into the home market. Although both theoretical and empirical studies have been dedicated to these issues, few have been carried out for the service sector. Since the service sector accounts for the lion’s share of GDP, the lack of those studies indicates that a large part of the actual economy still remains veiled. Our study fills this gap. We examine whether or not the Melitz and Ottaviano (2008) model remains satisfied in the service sector, using data from Japanese SMEs. From our analysis, we confirm that larger market sizes are associated with higher productivity levels. On the other hand, firms with higher markups tend to develop their business in smaller markets, conditional of the simultaneity between production and consumption. These results reveal that further productivity growth in the service sector also requires markets to be larger and more integrated. In addition, the markup levels become lower in those markets.