广东省高技术产业各行业效率变化的实证研究

采用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数法,选取5个投入指标和4个产出指标对1995—2008年广东省高技术产业的4个细分行业进行多投入、多产出的动态效率测度。结果表明:1995—2008年期间广东省高技术产业全要素生产率的年均增长率为12.3%,这是技术进步和技术效率共同推动的结果,其贡献率分别为11.1%和1.1%;电子及通信设备制造业全要素生产率的平均增长率最高,主要由技术进步推动;其次是医疗设备及仪器仪表制造业,由技术进步和规模效率共同推动;然后依次是电子计算机及办公设备制造业和医药制造业,技术进步是两者的主要推动力量。最后,提出促进广东省高技术产业生产率提升的政策建议。     

我国煤炭行业上市公司技术效率及其影响因素——基于Tobit-DEA模型

首先运用Tobit-DEA模型,计算并分析了2010年我国22家煤炭行业上市公司的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率。结果显示:我国煤炭行业上市公司的技术效率水平较低、规模效率水平较高、纯技术效率水平较低。然后运用Tobit回归模型,分析了除劳动、资本外影响我国煤炭行业上市公司技术效率的其他因素以及产生该影响的可能原因。回归结果显示:在通过回归分析所筛选出的5个解释能力最强的财务指标中,管理费用率和债务资本比率对技术效率具有负向影响;销售费用率、资产周转率和市盈率对技术效率具有正向影响。最后提出提升我国煤炭行业上市公司的技术效率的建议。     

Has regulatory reform had any impact on bank efficiency in Indonesia? A two-stage analysis

More than a decade following the severe economic crisis 1997, Indonesia has undergone major regulatory changes in its banking industry. This article examines the impact of these regulatory changes on the relative technical efficiency (TE) of the Indonesian banking industry employing data envelopment analysis (DEA) and censored Tobit regression model. Additionally, the bootstrap approach of Simar and Wilson is employed to provide statistical properties to the DEA efficiency score. The findings show that the industry on average is inefficient over the period of analysis. Also, state-owned and foreign-owned banks are found to be more efficient than any other group of banks. Finally, the impact of regulatory reforms is generally positive and statistically significant.     

经济增长与环境质量——基于“十一五”时期的实证研究

根据经济增长通过规模效应、结构效应和技术效应三个因素对环境产生影响的原理,采用因素分解方法分析＂十一五＂时期各个因素对我国污染物排放变化的具体影响。结果发现：经济规模的快速扩张带来的规模效应是污染物排放增长的最主要原因;能源利用效率的提高、减排技术的改进等因素带来的技术效应对降低污染物排放起着十分重要的作用;从能源消耗、SO2和COD的排放来看,工业内部结构均趋向清洁化,但这种结构效应对降低污染排放的影响力度不大,原因在于产业结构调整依然缓慢。     

我国物流业上市公司全要素生产率的实证分析

利用基于DEA的Malmquist生产率指数法,选取4个投入指标和2个产出指标,对2005—2009年我国22家物流行业上市公司(分为港口类和运输类)的全要素生产率指数及其分解进行动态测算。结果表明:2005—2009年我国22家物流公司的Malmquist生产率指数总体上呈下降趋势,2009年的Malmquist生产率指数最低,该下降趋势主要是由技术水平下降造成的;纯技术效率和规模效率比较低,但呈增长态势;运输类公司的技术效率大于港口类公司,但技术效率年均增长幅度的情况恰好相反;与长三角地区和泛珠三角地区相比,位于环渤海地区的物流行业上市公司的Malmquist生产率指数最高,该地区的物流业发展潜力较大。最后,提出相应的政策建议。     

我国电力行业能源利用有效性地区差异的实证分析

运用Malmquist指数法构建了我国电力行业能源利用效率模型,对2001—2008年我国六大地区电力行业能源利用效率进行了求解并对其进行分解分析,测算了技术进步指数和技术效率变动对电力行业能源利用效率提高的贡献程度;运用投入冗余率和产出不足率指标分析了低效率的决策单元提高电力能源利用效率的瓶颈和途径,为电力部门合理制定能源利用政策提供了相关方法和建议。     

The effects of agglomeration economies on technical efficiency of manufacturing firms: evidence from Indonesia

This article examines the effects of agglomeration economies and industrial structure upon firm-level technical efficiency in the Indonesian manufacturing industry over the period 2004–2009. A stochastic production frontier and three channels of agglomeration economies consisting of specialization, diversity and competition are used. The empirical results show that the effects of specialization and diversity upon firm-level technical efficiency are positive and negative, respectively, indicating that specialization is more favourable than diversity for stimulating firms’ technical efficiency. Competition has a positive sign, showing that region with high levels of competition tend to be more conducive in accelerating firm-level technical efficiency. In terms of firm location, both dummy for urban region and industrial complex turn out to be positive, indicating that firms located in both areas are experienced higher technical efficiency. Both firm size and age also have positive effect upon technical efficiency.     

黑龙江省全要素能源效率分析

本文运用基于DEA的非参数Malmquist生产率指数法,测算并分解了1978—2008年黑龙江省全要素生产率,并运用规模收益可变的BC2模型测算出其全要素能源效率。研究表明:黑龙江省全要素能源效率水平偏低,平均值仅为0.1909,但呈迅速上升的态势;全要素生产率呈恶化的态势,通过对Malmquist指数分解,可看出这种恶化主要是因为其技术效率出现退化。基于这些结论,本文从降低能源消耗和利用可再生能源两个方面提出了提升黑龙江省能源效率的建议。     

Measuring and explaining the efficiencies of the United Arab Emirates banking system

Using newly collected data from a survey distributed to all banks in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), this article measures economic efficiency in the banking industry, namely allocative, technical, pure technical and scale efficiency. Employing a nonparametric Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) approach, the study estimates the efficiency for a cross section of the UAE banks in 2004. The results indicate that the dominant source of inefficiency in the UAE banking is stemming from allocative inefficiency rather than technical inefficiency. Furthermore, the main source of the relatively small size, technical inefficiency in the UAE banking industry is not the scale inefficiency but rather pure technical inefficiency. The results further indicate that the UAE banks are able to use their input resources more efficiently when they have more branches, and that newer banks are performing better than older banks on average. Moreover, the results also show that short experiences of employees affect efficiencies negatively and government ownership tends to reduce efficiency (as the government shares increase in the bank, the efficiency scores get lower). Finally, the most interesting results have to do with finding higher average efficiencies in banks that employ more women, more managers and less national citizens of the UAE.     

基于DEA-Tobit模型的中国棉花生产技术效率分析

运用DEA-Tobit两阶段模型,对2002—2011年我国11个棉花主产省份的棉花生产效率及其影响因素进行了分析。研究结果显示:2002—2011年我国棉花生产技术效率先降后升再降;西北内陆棉区的棉花生产效率高于长江流域棉区和黄河流域棉区;财政支农资金投入和棉花种植比例对棉花生产技术效率有显著的正效应,文盲人口比重和受灾率对棉花生产技术效率存在不显著的负向影响。     

Greening Asia's Economic Development

Asia is facing serious environmental challenges including urban air pollution and the effects of global climate change. As a major source of greenhouse gases, what happens in Asia will play a crucial role in determining the extent to which the world warms over coming decades. This paper reviews key environmental challenges faced by the region and the growing opportunities for a transition to a cleaner economy powered by zero‐emission energy sources. Economic mechanisms – including emissions pricing, reverse auctions, and renewable portfolio standards with green certificate schemes – have the potential to underpin a much greener development model for the Asian Century.     

The Vulnerability of ASEAN+3 Countries to International Financial Crises

This article focuses on the reaction of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) economies to international financial shocks. The crises in emerging markets at the end of the last century underlined the significant vulnerability of the emerging ASEAN economies to international financial fluctuations and a lack of sustainability in their exchange rate regime. A structural VAR model is used to analyze the efficiency of the measures adopted by these countries after this episode of crisis in order to protect their economies against speculative attacks. The results reveal that the impact of the recent subprime crisis on emerging ASEAN countries is less significant than that observed in industrialized ones.     

Exchange rate volatility and the role of regional currency linkages: the ASEAN case

As the economies of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have moved towards closer economic ties and trade integration in recent years, the establishment of exchange rate stability is becoming an important regional policy concern, particularly in the wake of the Asian currency crisis of 1997. This paper examines the exchange rate volatility of the currencies of Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand between 1974 and 1999. Using variance decomposition (VDC) methods and impulse response functions, which are VAR-related estimation techniques, the study also investigates the regional currency linkages which may have played a role in transmitting exchange rate fluctuations. The results indicate that, in spite of the adoption of the crawling peg exchange regime following the breakup of the Bretton Woods system, all of the five ASEAN currencies experienced volatility, with the Indonesian rupiah posting the highest volatility level. The switch to de facto pegging against the US dollar in the mid-1980s helped to stabilize all ASEAN currencies with the exception of the Malaysian ringgit. Each of the five currencies became more susceptible to instabilities in other ASEAN currencies in the post-1985 period. Consistent with the experience of the Asian currency crisis, the Thai baht was the main channel through which regional currency fluctuations were transmitted.     

考虑环境因素的中国电力能源效率测度与改进

在界定全要素电力能源效率概念的基础上,构建了考虑环境因素的非径向全要素电力能源效率DEA模型。利用相关数据,从省际、区域两个层面对我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)的电力能源效率进行测度分析。结果显示:在全国30个省(自治区、直辖市)中,只有14个省区的电力能源效率是有效的,且这些省区不存在电力节能潜力;北京、天津、上海三大城市的平均电力能源效率最高,西部地区的该均值最低;我国省际电力能源效率存在显著的区域性差距,且4大区域的电力能源效率存在一定的梯度差距;对省区进行投入、产出调整,可使全国的电力消费量缩减6309.08亿千瓦小时。最后提出提高我国电力能源效率的政策建议。     

环保视角下中国省际全要素能源效率分析

将全要素框架下的总能源效率分为经济型能源效率和环境型能源效率,并在经济与环境并重的前提下对DEA模型进行了设定,计算了2005—2011年期间我国29个省(自治区、直辖市)的总能源效率及两类能源效率。结果表明:在考虑环境的重要性后,样本省区的全要素能源效率呈下降趋势;环境保护的低效率使得中部地区的全要素能源效率均值明显小于西部地区;河北、山东、四川和山西4省的节能潜力最大,4省的节能减排量合计占中国总节能减排量的30%以上。     

中国汽车产业技术效率分析——基于中国汽车行业上市公司2006—2008年的经验证据

本文利用中国汽车行业上市公司2006—2008年的年报数据资料,运用数据包络分析法对中国汽车产业2006—2008年的技术效率进行测算和分析。研究结果表明:①虽然部分汽车行业上市公司的规模收益处于递增阶段,但是汽车行业部分上市公司纯技术效率的下降致使我国汽车行业上市公司的总体技术效率呈下降趋势;②在技术效率前沿面运行的汽车行业上市公司只占全部汽车行业上市公司的一半左右,中国汽车行业上市公司技术效率水平的差异化加剧;③在全球金融危机背景下,大多数的汽车行业上市公司利润大幅下降,达到技术效率前沿面(即纯技术效率和规模效率均有效)的上市公司的抵抗风险能力要大于技术效率较低的上市公司。鉴于此,有必要同时提高我国汽车行业上市公司的技术和规模对技术效率的贡献度。     

资本跨期效应下中国区域 能源—经济—环境效率研究

本文运用含有动态要素的SBM方向性距离函数测度了资本动态效应下中国30个省份1998—2011年的能源—经济—环境（3E）效率及其成分,并利用随机效应面板Tobit模型分析了3E效率的影响因素。主要结论有：将30个省份分为表现最好、稳中有升、稳中有降、进步最快和表现最差五个组,并分别基于其特点制定相应的3E发展战略;考虑资本跨期效应,可以从技术上避免资本存量和其他要素的效率被低估;环境排放效率都是3E效率提升的制约因素,我国各省（市区）减排工作的压力远远大于节能和经济增长工作的压力;经济发展、产业制度、创新效率、能源强度、禀赋结构、能源结构、引进外资程度、环境管制力度对我国3E效率有显著影响,地方财政支出和就业人员教育程度则能显著提升能源投入和环境排放效率。     

技术效率、全要素增长率与地区间经济增长差异——以内蒙古为例

本文以内蒙古为例,使用随机前沿模型,估算了不同地区的技术效率,并对全要素生产率(TFP)增长率进行分解。研究结果表明:(1)技术效率和TFP与一个地区的经济增长呈正向变动关系。(2)城市化率、第二产业占GDP比重、人力资本水平等提高技术效率,国有工业产值和财政支出占GDP比重降低了技术效率。(3)整体而言,各地区TFP增长主要依靠技术进步,技术效率和规模经济效率都显著不足。     

Are Asian technology gaps due to human capital quality differences?

This paper adopts the meta-frontier framework using DEAP software to analyse the technological gap and level of catch-up of the three regions in Asia (namely, Southern Asia, Eastern Asia and ASEAN5) with respect to the Asian technology as a whole for the period 1980–2006. Countries in Eastern Asia displayed a technology gap ratio of 1.000 which posits that this region defines the best practice frontier for Asia. Meanwhile, countries in Southern Asia region displayed an improvement in technical efficiency and productivity relative to the Asian frontier but lagged in terms of technological advancement. All three regions recorded a lag in technological advancement with respect to the best practice frontier. In order to progress technologically, these countries should be equipped with the necessary infrastructure and human capital to encourage foreign investment and growth. The countries in Eastern Asia and ASEAN5 recorded the strongest productivity growth performance as a group when compared to the countries in Southern Asia. In Southern Asia and ASEAN5 region, the technology gap ratio is below 1.000 subsequent to the 1997/98 financial crisis. On the contrary, East Asia kept up with the benchmark frontier during most of the sample period inclusive of the period after the financial crisis.     

Efficiency change,technological change and capital accumulation in Italian regions: a sectoral study

This paper examines the sources of labour productivity in the Italian regions during the period 1980–2004. Five economic sectors are investigated using data envelopment analysis (DEA) and taking into account productive specialisation and sector inefficiencies. Labour productivity change is decomposed into five components by means of Malmquist productivity indices: intra-sector efficiency change, composition efficiency change, input-biased technical change, magnitude component technical change and capital accumulation. Using bootstrap procedure, the components of labour productivity changes are statistically tested. Efficiency analysis shows that productive specialisation is not a source of inefficiency and efficiency gains can be obtained by sector-specific policies. Thus, it is possible to obtain improvements in efficiency in each sector of activity rather than reallocating resources among sectors. The results of the decomposition by sectors reveal heterogeneous sources of growth. The total economy has shown evidence of non-neutral technical change and, it has been found that agriculture, industry and construction experienced capital using technical change. The analysis of the decomposition of the labour productivity growth is complemented by an analysis of β-convergence.