全球金融周期与跨境资本流动

本文从全球42个主要的股票市场指数提取全球股票市场因子,作为全球金融周期的代理变量,考察全球金融周期对跨境资本总流入的影响。结果发现:(1)当全球股票市场因子(全球风险规避和不确定性)上升时,跨境资本流入显著下降;(2)一国处于经济繁荣时期,经济增速和利率处于相对较高水平,全球金融周期对资本流入的影响会减弱;(3)一国资本账户开放程度或金融发展水平越高,全球金融周期对资本流入的影响会越强;(4)更具弹性的汇率制度尽管不能完全隔绝全球金融周期的影响,但相比固定汇率制度,可提高一国抵御全球金融周期冲击的能力;(5)美国货币政策冲击是全球金融周期的重要驱动因素,并通过全球金融周期影响跨境资本流动。本文的政策含义在于,一国应夯实经济基本面、采取富有弹性的汇率制度和适当的资本管制措施,以缓解全球金融周期给资本流动带来的冲击。     

新形势下我国货币政策传导机制面临的问题及对策

伴随着近年来我国供给侧结构性改革的深化,金融脱媒现象的加剧,金融创新不断涌现,中美贸易摩擦升级,国内经济下行压力增大,我国的货币政策传导机制随之面临一些梗阻,如我国融资体系仍然以间接融资为主,货币政策传导偏重于数量型信贷渠道,货币市场、债券市场与银行存贷款市场之间的利率传导不畅通等。为此,应采取健全利率走廊机制,稳步有序推进利率"两轨合一轨",发展和完善多层次金融市场体系,打通货币市场与存贷款市场利率传导梗阻等措施,以实现"宽货币"转向"宽信用",提升我国货币政策传导机制效率,健全"价格型"货币政策调控体系,实现我国宏观经济的平稳增长。     

大资管、影子银行与货币政策传导

近年来,我国资产管理业务快速发展,逐渐进入“大资管时代”。大资管的发展使中国式影子银行的特点逐步显现。本文对传统银行和影子银行的金融摩擦进行了深入刻画,并建立含有影子银行和传统银行二元金融结构的动态随机一般均衡模型。通过对我国影子银行的内在机制进行深入分析发现:影子银行形成的非正规金融市场使我国金融双轨制日趋显著。由于目前我国资产管理业务发展仍不规范,影子银行的金融摩擦高于传统银行。影子银行形成的非正规金融市场对货币政策的敏感性较低,在一定程度上削弱了价格型货币政策的传导效果。未来需进一步规范资产管理业务发展,完善我国影子银行体系。有一种理论认为,利率双轨制是利率市场化改革一个重要环节,依据本文结论,双轨制不利于建立有效的利率调控体系,下一步应加快利率双轨并轨,融合二元金融结构,进而加强货币政策的有效性。     

我国货币政策利率传导机制有效性分析

可以预见,在以利率为主导的货币政策框架成为全球趋势的背景下,随着我国金融制度的不断完善,金融市场的不断发展,利率传导渠道将会在我国货币政策传导中扮演越来越重要的角色。但由于我国利率尚未完全市场化,存在着市场利率和管制利率两种利率,而且我国债券市场发展还不完善,存在交易品种少、期限少,交易量不大等特点,这些都严重影响了我国货币政策的利率传导。     

金融全球化背景下我国应对外部资本流动冲击的制度安排——以美国量化宽松货币政策的影响为例

本文以美国量化宽松货币政策对新兴市场国家的影响为例,分析了在金融全球化背景下发达国家,特别是储备发行国政策变化对新兴市场国家资本流动影响的传导机制和影响程度,并提出我国应采取合理的货币政策、财政政策、汇率政策、储备管理、资本管制以及完善金融市场建设、国内经济结构调整等政策组合减少外部政策变动产生的负面冲击,同时还应呼吁国际货币体系改革,促进全球经济再平衡。     

美联储货币政策正常化对我国的溢出效应及应对建议

2020年全球新冠疫情暴发,以美国为代表的主要发达经济体先后出台一系列非常规货币政策。2022年3月以来,受通胀高企等因素影响,美联储先后进行加息、缩表的政策操作,正式开启货币政策正常化进程。美联储的货币政策变化产生强烈的溢出效应,一方面引发全球其他经济发达体实施紧缩性货币政策,加快全球货币政策正常化的进程;另一方面,导致新兴经济体出现资本外流、货币贬值、金融市场波动加剧和进出口受损等情况,并对各国货币政策的独立性产生重大冲击。目前,在多国央行货币政策转向不确定性的情况下,需要警惕主要经济体货币政策持续通过利率、汇率以及流动性等渠道产生的“外溢效应”,对我国经济金融发展产生影响。建议保持货币政策独立性的“一项原则”,防范资金跨境流动和汇率“两类风险”,统筹实施统筹经济与金融、内部与外部、发展与安全的“三对关系”,积极应对全球主要央行货币政策正常化的溢出效应,实现我国货币政策的稳定物价、经济增长、风险防控等目标。     

离岸货币市场发展与货币政策中介目标的选择

随着人民币国际化进程的推进和离岸人民币市场的发展,离岸市场的人民币价格(包括汇率与利率)必将对在岸市场的人民币价格产生影响,进而可能影响境内央行的货币政策,甚至存在削弱央行实施货币政策独立性的可能。本文通过对离岸货币市场影响境内货币供应量机制的分析,并以离岸美元市场发展以及美国联邦储备银行货币政策在离岸、在岸市场的传导效果为例,提出:选取利率作为国内货币政策中介目标,可以帮助境内货币当局在不影响跨境资本的自由流动的前提下,有效规避离岸货币市场对货币政策的影响,增强货币政策独立性。     

澳大利亚基准利率改革经验做法及对我国的启示

基准利率改革是疏通货币政策传导机制、提高利率传导效率的关键一步,也是深化利率市场化改革的重要组成部分。自国际证券委员会组织发布"金融基准原则"以来,全球金融市场的基准利率改革持续推进。英国金融行为监管局在2021年之后不再强制要求报价行进行LIBOR基准报价,各国均在寻求替代方案。本文系统梳理了澳大利亚基准利率改革所采取的措施,包括完善银行票据交换利率(BBSW)和现金利率(Cash Rate)形成机制,加强对金融机构的督导和与市场的沟通,引入"多利率"组合等。总结分析了其成功经验以及存在的问题,为进一步推动我国基准利率体系改革提供启示和借鉴。     

资产价格变动与货币政策效应

金融市场发展,金融创新不断,资本市场规模日益增大,资本市场在金融活动中的作用日益增强,这些给货币政策带来了前所未有的挑战。本文从资产价格与货币政策最终目标、资产价格与货币需求、资产价格与货币供给、资产价格与货币政策传导机制等几个方面分析资产价格变动与货币政策之间的关系,试图揭示出货币政策由单一利率传导途径转向利率和资产双重途径的内在机理。     

我国货币政策传导效应分析

金融市场和金融体系在货币政策传导过程中起着非常重要的"中介"作用,本文针对我国金融市场不完善、金融体系不健全,影响了货币政策传导效果的现状,建议通过健全金融市场、深化商业银行改革、利率市场化改革等措施,提高货币政策传导效应。     

美国货币政策溢出效应、中国资产价格波动与资本账户管理

本文以2016年美国加息事件为背景,研究美国货币政策对中国资本流动、资产价格和宏观经济的影响。基于小国开放动态随机一般均衡模型,本文梳理了美国货币政策溢出效应的具体传导渠道,发现国外利率升高后,资本流动具有外部性,导致国内资产价格下跌,其通过金融加速器进一步使国内投资下降、资产价格进一步下跌,从而使得国内资产预期回报进一步下降,加剧资本外流。基于政策和福利分析,本文发现资本账户管理可以有效缓解国外利率冲击对经济波动的影响,同时会提高货币政策的独立性,但也会影响国民财富的最优配置。因此,最优的资本账户管理应同时兼顾宏观审慎和效率两个方面。     

美联储政策变化、国际资本流动与宏观经济波动

本文构建包含国际投资者、外资企业和银行流动性冲击的DSGE模型来探究美联储货币政策变动和政策不确定性对我国宏观经济的影响和作用机制。研究发现:(1)美联储加息会导致我国产出、投资和通货膨胀的下降、汇率贬值、国际资本外流和银行系统流动性紧张。随着金融摩擦程度的增加和银行杠杆率的上升,美联储加息对我国产出、投资和资产价格的负面影响会进一步增强。(2)美联储货币政策不确定性的增加会直接导致外资企业的投资、劳动需求和产出的下降,并对我国总产出、总投资和资产价格产生明显的负向外溢效应,进一步加剧我国宏观经济的波动。(3)为应对美联储的利率变动,适当限制国际资本流动能有效稳定我国经济波动和改善社会福利,而实施固定汇率和央行盯住美国利率的政策会加大宏观经济的波动,并导致社会福利下降。     

Spillover effects from Euro area monetary policy across Europe: A factor-augmented VAR approach

I analyze spillover effects from a Euro area monetary policy shock to fourteen European countries outside the Euro area. The analysis is based on a factor-augmented VAR model with two blocks, which exploits a large cross-country data set. After a Euro area monetary policy expansion, production increases in most non-Euro area countries, whereas short-term interest rates and financial uncertainty decline. These effects are on average comparable to the responses in the aggregate Euro area. However, the size of spillover effects varies with country characteristics. Spillovers on production are larger in non-Euro area economies with higher trade openness, whereas financial variables react to a higher extent in countries with higher financial integration. Regarding the exchange rate regime, countries with fixed exchange rates show stronger spillovers both in terms of production and interest rates. Finally, prices increase in Western European economies outside the Euro area, but decline or do not respond in Central and Eastern Europe.     

货币政策与汇率政策有效协调机制——基于金融周期视角的研究

基于马尔科夫区制转移模型,在刻画全球金融周期特征的基础上,构建包含调节效应的面板模型,对货币政策与汇率政策有效协调机制进行实证分析。结果表明：全球金融周期处于高波动率区制,即市场风险厌恶水平较高时,资本流动水平较低,浮动汇率政策能够有效缓解资本流动对货币政策独立性的影响;反之,浮动汇率政策调节效果减弱。因此在推进金融开放与人民币汇率市场化改革的进程中,要充分关注全球金融周期波动状况。     

人民币汇率制度弹性化改革中的资本项目安排——基于国际经验的考察

主要先进国家的经验表明,通过国际投机资本预期这一渠道,资本项目管制能深刻影响浮动汇率运行。对人民币汇率制度弹性化改革中的资本项目安排问题,本文将先进国家经验和中国实际情况结合起来形成的看法是:在缓和汇率波动方面,资本项目管制意义不大,在增强货币政策效果和防范货币危机方面,资本项目管制有重要作用;鉴于货币危机威胁在人民币汇率制度弹性化改革过程中会持续存在,资本项目开放对货币政策自主性的阻碍不能低估;在汇率制度弹性化改革前,资本项目管制应该进一步得到加强。     

Global asset prices and FOMC announcements

This paper analyzes the impact of U.S. monetary policy announcement surprises on foreign equity indexes, short- and long-term interest rates, and exchange rates in 49 countries. We use two proxies for monetary policy surprises: the surprise change to the current target federal funds rate (target surprise) and the revision to the expected path of future monetary policy (path surprise). We find that different asset classes respond to different components of the monetary policy surprises. Global equity indexes respond mainly to the target surprise; exchange rates and long-term interest rates respond mainly to the path surprise; and short-term interest rates respond to both surprises. On average, a hypothetical surprise 25-basis-point cut in the federal funds target rate is associated with about a 1 percent increase in foreign equity indexes and a 5 basis point decline in foreign short-term interest rates. A surprise 25-basis-point downward revision in the expected path of future policy is associated with about a ½ percent decline in the exchange value of the dollar against foreign currencies and 5 and 8 basis point declines in short- and long-term interest rates, respectively. We also find that asset prices’ responses to FOMC announcements vary greatly across countries, and that these cross-country variations in the response are related to a country’s exchange rate regime. Equity indexes and interest rates in countries with a less flexible exchange rate regime respond more to U.S. monetary policy surprises. In addition, the cross-country variation in the equity market response is strongly related to the percentage of each country’s equity market capitalization owned by U.S. investors. This result suggests that investors’ asset holdings may play a role in transmitting monetary policy surprises across countries.     

On the financial market impact of euro area monetary policy: A comparative study before and after the Global Financial Crisis

Using daily data from thirteen euro area and four non-euro countries covering the years 2000 to 2018, we explore whether the Global Financial Crisis 2008–2010 and the introduction of unconventional monetary policy measures has led to a change in the financial market impact of euro area monetary policy. For this purpose, we construct a conservative measure of monetary policy innovations based on the heteroscedasticity-approach of Rigobon and Sack (2004), and investigate the response of national and euro-wide equity indices, derived volatility indices, as well as of government bond yields. We find that financial market participants respond more strongly to monetary policy after the Global Financial Crisis. Moreover, we find that cross-country differences in the responsiveness of government bond yields correlate with average national unemployment rates and with inflation rates, suggesting that monetary policy communication was more effective in countries that had faced a severe economic downturn.     

金融开放条件下利率改革和汇率改革的协同效应分析

在金融开放条件下,汇率、利率与套利资本流动存在着内在联系,我国在进行汇率制度改革、货币政策改革与金融市场改革时,应注意三者协调发展和整体平衡,寻求利率政策与汇率政策之间的最佳政策组合,发挥利率改革和汇率改革的协同效应。为发挥金融改革协同效应,必须注重货币政策工具改革之间协调与配合,增强利率汇率的联动机制,积极推进与利率市场化相协调的汇率市场化形成机制,从而推动货币内外均衡进程。     

Monetary policy,exchange rates and stock prices in the Middle East region

A structural vector autoregressive model is employed to investigate the impact of monetary policy and real exchange rate shocks on the stock market performance of Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Egypt and Jordan. In order to identify the structural shocks both short run and long run restrictions are applied. Unlike previous literature the contemporaneous interdependence between the financial variables is left unrestricted to give a more accurate depiction of the relationships. The heterogeneity of the results reflects the different monetary policy frameworks and stock market characteristics of these countries. Mainly, monetary policy and the real exchange rate shocks have a significant short run impact on the stock prices of the countries that apply a relatively more independent monetary policy and flexible exchange rates.     

The impact of COVID-19 pandemic on transmission of monetary policy to financial markets

This study uses event-study methodology to estimate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the transmission of monetary policy to financial markets, based on a sample of 37 countries with severe pandemics. Financial markets include government bond, stock, exchange rate and credit default swap markets. The results suggest that the emergence of pandemic has weakened the transmission of monetary policy to financial markets to a more significant degree. During our sample period following the outbreak of pandemic, neither conventional nor unconventional monetary policies have significant effects on all four of the financial markets. Of course, the unconventional monetary policies are slightly more effective as they can affect the stock and exchange rate markets to some extent. Therefore, in the post-pandemic period, if the monetary policy is used to stimulate financial markets, stronger policy adjustments, or other macro policies such as fiscal policies, may be needed to achieve the desired effect