经济思想史中的理性主义情结

西方经济思想史中的理性主义传统源远流长，一以贯之。在理性主义经济哲学的影响下，现代西方经济学把资本主义的自由市场经济当作是合乎理性和人性的，永恒的，和谐的制度，并把理笥主义的抽象演绎法看作经济学的科学方法。它既提高了人们对经济生活的认识水平，从而促进了经济学的发展，又为庸俗经济学家粉饰资本主义制度提供了意识形态支持。     

奥菲福利国家结构性矛盾理论的评述和发展

本文基于马克思主义理论视角,从三个方面系统性分析和发展了奥菲的福利国家结构性矛盾理论。第一,奥菲对于福利国家的认识存在较大的局限性。由于缺少对经济基础的分析,奥菲没能认识到福利国家结构性矛盾的实质是个别资本与作为整体的资产阶级统治之间的矛盾在特定时期的特殊表现,其根源在于战后资本主义经济结构的累进性失衡使福利国家不再能够协调资本积累的矛盾。第二,由于没能沿着资本积累矛盾变迁的逻辑考察其发展逻辑,奥菲对福利国家结构性矛盾理论具有时代局限性,不能解释20世纪80年代至今的“福利刚性” 事实。第三,奥菲的理论缺乏对生产方式变革的考察,没有从经济基础与上层建筑相适应的角度,动态地、历史地分析福利国家矛盾的发展。文章还考察了20世纪70年代以后资本主义国家尝试解决福利国家矛盾的三种办法即通货膨胀、债务国家和“私有化凯恩斯主义”,对其进行理论和经验数据的分析,并指出了政治过程和意识形态领域随之产生的新变化。在此基础上,文章从杰索普策略式国家理论的视角重新考察了福利国家矛盾的发展,重新建构了后福特主义时代资本主义国家经济、政治和规范子系统的运行机制。     

日本明治政府的"殖产兴业"政策

“殖产兴业”政策是日本明治政府发展资本主义工商业的指导方针，具体内容是：借助国家政权的力量，导入市场经济；以各种政策为杠杆，加速资本原始积累的过程；动用国库资金，创办官营工矿企业；扶持和保护民间企业；自上而下强行推进工业化。明治维新以后，日本能够很快融入资本主义世界市场体系，实现工业化，赢得民族独立，与明治政府推行的“殖产兴业”政策密不可分。     

西方福利国家理论与实践评析——作为经济运行机制的福利国家

第二次世界大战以后,福利国家作为一种调节机制应运而生,而经济学家对福利国家则持有不同观点。赞成者认为福利国家是由社会生产力发展水平决定的,是对经济实行国家干预所必需;反对者则认为福利国家同市场调节不相协调。而从马克思主义观点看,资本主义社会不可能构建真正体现工人阶级利益的福利国家。从美国战后的实际情况看,基于其特殊的战略利益,形成了军事——福利国家范式。在我国社会主义市场经济中,发展福利国家与实现共同富裕是一致的。     

国家福利的基本理论

无论是＂福利国家＂还是国家福利都是政治学研究需要关注的重点。比较政治学者围绕福利政策和国家福利的研究形成了各种各样的理论范式和理论框架,尤其是针对福利国家。本文介绍了关于国家福利的五个理论流派,即工业化、阶级斗争、民主政治、国家主义和历史制度主义,以及对它们的批判。这些理论流派探讨了福利政策的起源与发展的原因。尽管这些理论在理解福利政策时选择了不同的角度,但是它们之间并没有相互排斥,而是为我们理解国家福利这个复杂的现象提供了更广的视角。     

资本主义社会的福利政策与市场经济

资本主义社会的福利政策与市场经济●徐永平社会福利政策是指国家为实现社会保障和社会均衡而采取的措施总和。资本主义市场经济本身不会直接自动考虑社会保障和社会均衡，国家必须通过一定的社会福利政策对市场经济加以补充和调节。若没有一定的社会福利政策作为国家对市...     

经济增长理论：从马克思的增长模型到现代西方经济学家的增长模型

马克思是一位增长理论家,他在经济思想史上第一个把静态分析动态化、短期分析长期化并建立了第一个经济增长模型。西方经济学家在落后了大半个世纪之后,才从马克思那里受到启示,开始建立他们自己的经济增长模型,哈罗德－多马模型以凯恩斯主义经济学为理论基础,索罗模型、斯旺模型则以新古典经济学为理论基础,前者认为资本主义市场经济难以实现持续稳定增长,后者则认为资本主义市场经济可以实现稳定增长,新增长理论对技术进步     

资本主义福利国家制度的研究:一个文献综述

随着1948年英国工党政府艾德礼首相宣布建立"从摇篮到坟墓"式的福利国家,"福利国家"模式便在发达的资本主义国家中争相效仿.政府一改以前"守夜人"的角色,开始干预并且致力于生产和分配社会福利.本文通过对已有文献的梳理按照福利国家制度的产生、比较维度的研究和福利局限性探讨为逻辑线索,分析了工业化与经济发展水平、阶级动员的...     

市场经济:历史、理论与现状

<正> (一)市场经济是对国家干预主义的否定市场经济(Market—DirectedEconomy)作为商品经济发展中的一种特殊的管理或组织形式,远在18世纪最后30年登上历史舞台,到本世纪初达到高峰。在长达一个半世纪的时期内,市场经济有力地促进了资本主义制度的发展,使世界面貌发生了巨大的变化。资本主义制度在它500年的发展历史中,经济体制的演变,大体上经历了三个阶段,采取了三种经济管理形式:即资本主义产生和资本原始积累阶段的国家干预主义;产业革     

全球金融危机与凯恩斯主义

凯恩斯主义经济学的基本特征是"可调节的资本主义".此次国际金融危机中各国政府的应对政策实质上仍然是凯恩斯主义的国家干预,不可能改变资本主义市场经济体制的核心,但政策选择表现出明显的时代特点,并会对其未来国家干预的政策选择产生显著影响.此次国际金融危机使凯恩斯主义与新自由主义经济学加速融合.     

The Impact of the Welfare State and Social Policy on the Working Population: The Recent British Experience

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”     

Inflation,a disease of society

This paper focuses on financing the welfare state expenditures in the UK. It offers a comprehensive analysis of social expenditures and taxes paid by the working population families, and an estimation of the net benefits received by them. While the subsequent analysis of the welfare state and its development primarily concentrates on the British experience, it has a broader application to other OECD countries. The UK as the most egalitarian “liberal market economy,” offers an interesting case for the study of the interaction between the welfare state expansion and economic growth. In terms of her capitalist economic structure, (interaction between market and economy) she is relatively closer to the USA and other Angelo-Saxon (liberal market) economies. In terms of her level of social expenditures, she is much closer to the European “social market economies” than the USA and other more egalitarian “liberal market economies.”     

Post-Hayekian socialism a la Burczak: Observations

Burczak (Socialism after Hayek, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2006) presents a proposed form of stakeholder socialism to overcome the critique by Hayek of Marxist socialist systems. This involves financing the beginning of worker-owned and managed cooperatives through a wealth tax, with a generous social safety net, within a market economy in a democratic political system with civil liberties. While such a system may overcome worker alienation, avoid many of the informational and incentive-based inefficiencies identified by Hayek, and have some special efficiencies of its own, it will likely suffer from the financing problems most cooperatives face within predominantly market capitalist economies as they try to grow larger. The most likely location for an effort at such a system might be in a smaller country that has had some experience with workers’ management, such as the former Yugoslav republic of Slovenia.      

On the Effects of Commodity Tax Under Free Entry Oligopoly in the Presence of Export Market

If the inverse demand function in the domestic country is concave, or it is not too convex even if it is convex, a small specific commodity tax raises the social welfare in the domestic country and lowers the welfare of the foreign consumers, and the optim- al tax for the domestic country is positive. The presence of an export market enlarges the possibility that a specific commodity tax raises the social welfare in the domestic country at the sacrifice of the welfare of the foreign consumers. [L13]     

关于社会主义与市场经济相结合的若干思考

对社会主义制度与市场经济能不能结合、如何结合的问题,学术界一直议论纷纷.邓小平提出,市场经济是发展生产的方法、调节经济的手段,资本主义可以用,社会主义也可以用.这才使人们从思想上把市场经济等同于资本主义的观点束缚下解放了出来,从而为我们建立社会主义市场经济体制奠定了理论基础.当人们谈到社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济的区别时,往往只是指出社会主义制度与资本主义制度的区别,而没有指出社会主义条件下的市场经济与资本主义条件下的市场经济有什么区别,仿佛不管在什么社会制度下,市场经济都没有什么区别,也不会有区别.笔者认为,社会主义基本制度和市场经济机制在结合过程中,它们的具体实现形式都会发生一定的变化,从而相互渗透、相互影响、相互融合成为一个整体.社会主义制度和市场经济机制各自在坚持自身的本质特征的情况下,在具体实现形式方面相互适应对方的需要做出调整,才能形成作为一个有机整体的社会主义市场经济体制.     

俄罗斯生产力布局理论的演变及对中国的借鉴意义

前苏联经济地理学的学术思想,对计划经济条件下生产力布局的研究做出了很大贡献,我国生产力布局的形式与方法大多来源于具有计划经济特色的前苏联模式。苏联解体后,传统的计划经济被市场经济所取代,俄罗斯的经济地理学按照市场经济规律,发展了生产力布局理论。文章论述了苏联及俄罗斯生产力布局规律及原则等理论的演变特点,并提出了对我国社会主义市场经济条件下生产力布局的借鉴意义。     

Who gains from capital market integration? Tax competition between unionized and non‐unionized countries

The welfare effects of capital market integration are examined under a model of tax competition with two asymmetric countries. The asymmetry is expressed through the labour market: one country has a perfect labour market whereas the other country's labour market is unionized. Our results indicate that the welfare effects of capital market integration differ depending on whether governments are active or passive in attracting capital. In the absence of active governments, capital market integration benefits the country with a competitive labour market whereas it harms the unionized country. Capital market integration benefits both countries if governments are active and compete for mobile capital using taxes/subsidies.     

THE SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME: AN INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON

This paper collects and extends the available data on size distribution of income by country, and then uses these data to develop an hypothesis about the relation of stage and mode of development to the distribution of income. In particular, the author attributes the increase in income inequality which often occurs in the early stages of economic development to the uneven spread of capitalist modes of production, which leads to a dualism which separates the capitalist sector from the rest of the economy. The author goes on to discuss the role of this dualism in increasing the inequalities existing in the society. Finally, the author contrasts the income distributions found in socialist countries with those of capitalist ones, and concludes that it is not economic growth per se , but rather the capitalist mode of production, which creates income inequalities in developing countries.     

关于中国发展货币市场基金的思考

货币市场基金是实现货币市场与资本市场协调发展的重要制度安排。随着经济的发展和技术的进步,中国已经内生出对货币市场基金制度的创新需求,但仍存在一些制约其健康运行的制度障碍。通过比较制度分析,中国适宜采用融合发展型的制度变迁模型来推动中国的金融发展。