The Impact of High Tech Production Techniques on Productivity and Profitability in Selected U.S. Manufacturing Industries

This paper examines the impact of high technology onmultifactor productivity and price-cost margins. Principal components obtained from five technologyvariables are related to multifactor productivityand price-cost margin. A negative and significantrelationship between price-cost margin and hightechnology methods when industry effects areexcluded, becomes insignificant in the industryeffects specification. The price-cost marginequations suggest that prior findings of a negativerelationship between profitability and hightechnology may result from omitting industryeffects. For multifactor productivity, there is apositive impact from high technology regardless ofwhether the specification includes industry effects.     

中国制造业贸易成本的测度

传统贸易成本的估计采用缺乏微观基础且基于对称性假设的理论模型,本文利用克服以上缺点的模型,估计了中国与主要贸易伙伴之间制造业各产业的贸易成本,结果显示:1997—2007年,中国与主要贸易伙伴的贸易成本在制造业各产业上都表现出不同程度的逐年下降趋势,在制造业所有的产业中,高技术型制成品贸易成本最低,下降幅度最大。在主要贸易伙伴中,中国与日本、韩国的贸易成本低于欧美国家。中国与欧美等发达国家之间存在较大的技术鸿沟,高技术产业仍处于国际产品内分工的低端环节。因此,国家亟待调整和出台国际贸易及相关支持政策,引导、促进中国制造业在国际产业价值链中加快升级,减少贸易成本。     

Profitability of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in high‐tech industries: the case of the biotechnology industry

This paper investigates the profitability determinants of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises in high‐tech industries. Literature review suggests that innovator position, market awareness, niche operation, and internationalization should have positive impacts on SMTEs' profitability. However, the empirical results partially agree with, and partially dissent from, the propositions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

跨国公司进入及其对中国制造业的影响

目前，大型跨国公司在华投资开始成为中国利用外商直接投资的主流。比较现代跨国公司和传统跨国公司的区别，现代跨国公司在中国制造业发展中的地位，已由“一个中心”成为“多个中心”，即生产制造中心、跨国采购中心、研究开发中心、服务中心和地区营运中心。以跨国公司为代表的外国直接投资，对中国制造业的增长机制、增长速度、增长质量和增长效益做出了重要贡献。随着国人对跨国公司进入引致的一系列问题在认识上的不断深化，诸如谁更安全、受剥削吗、“引进来”还是“走出去”、“姓内”还是“姓外”等，其结论是：按照国际惯例利用跨国公司。中国应当积极应对跨国公司进入，中国制造业的发展需要借助跨国公司，全面融入经济全球化之中。     

Pricing with Endogenous Direct Advertising in a Monopoly

This paper develops a model of informative advertising in which a firm builds a database using its historical sales records in order to directly target ads on those consumers who have a high probability of purchasing its products. We show that the firm can use this type of direct advertising as a screening mechanism to identify high demand consumers. As a result, direct advertising can work essentially as a device to increase a firm's monopoly power. From a social point of view, this implies that the transition from traditional mass-advertising to direct advertising can generate a trade-off between higher advertising efficiency and greater monopoly power. We compute the model to shed light on the relative strength of these two forces, and find that while direct advertising might have a substantial negative impact on consumers, this advertising technology can only occasionally reduce welfare.     

Advertising in streaming video: An integrative literature review and research agenda

Streaming video (SV), such as YouTube, is a new media widely used nowadays. Nevertheless, there is a lack of knowledge about advertising in SV. In view of this, through a search in the rich depository of the Scopus database, this article presents the first integrative literature review about advertising in SV. Searching every article and conference paper related to the topic published until May 04, 2020, 59 studies were found and classified into two main topics: marketing studies (35), mostly focused on evaluating or exploring advertising in SV, and computational studies (24), focusing on the development of systems for the insertion of ads into SV. All knowledge present in these studies was summarized so that readers (both scholars and practitioners) could have easy access to the main contributions and information present in each study. Moreover, future research directions in six main themes are presented through a research agenda.     

Heterogeneities within Industries and Structure-Performance Models

This paper tests whether the results from standard structure-conduct-performance [SCP] models estimated at the industry level are sensitive to the degree of heterogeneity of the firms in the industries. Industries are separated into homogeneous and heterogeneous categories depending on whether the profit rates of firms within an industry converge on a common value or not. In homogeneous industries we find that both the long-run projected returns on assets for the industries and Bureau of Census price-cost-margins are well explained by variables usually included in SCP models, as in particular industry concentration. In contrast, few if any of the usual SCP-model variables are statistically significant in the regressions for heterogeneous industries.     

Industries Behind Bars: An Economic Perspective on the Production of Goods and Services by U.S. Prison Industries

This note focuses on two key issues about production in U.S. prisons for sale to customers outside their walls: the relative labor productivity and wages of these prison industries compared with other U.S. industries; and the types of goods and services that these prison industries produce. The results are drawn, in part, from my own survey of state prison industry directors.     

并购商誉对建筑企业盈利能力的影响研究

选取2011~2017年沪深两市建筑行业中的112家上市公司为样本进行了实证研究,得出结论:并购活动产生的商誉对该行业的企业盈利能力有显著的正向影响,并购商誉的金额越大,企业盈利能力越强。同时,进一步研究还发现了产权性质影响并购商誉与企业盈利能力之间的相关关系,并购商誉对企业盈利能力显著的正向影响主要存在于国有控股企业,非国有控股企业的并购商誉并未对企业盈利能力形成显著影响。最后,本文针对相关研究结论,结合建筑行业特点提出了合理化的建议。     

Profitability, Ownership Structure and Technical Efficiency of Enterprises in the People's Republic of China: A Case of Manufacturing Industries in Shanghai

This paper studies the relationship between accounting profits and technical efficiency of manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai during the period 1989–1992 and examines which factors affect the profitability of manufacturing enterprises. We first estimate the average technical efficiency of four major manufacturing industries in Shanghai. Then, we test for the presence of ownership effects of technical efficiency on profits of those enterprises in these four industries.     

A Dynamic Model of Advertising and Product Differentiation

This paper analyses a differential game of duopolisticrivalry through time where firms can use advertisingand price as competitive tools. Two cases are consideredwhereby: (1) advertising has the main effect ofincreasing market size and firms differ in productionefficiency; (2) advertising has both predatory and cooperativeeffects in a symmetric market. The former shows thatmarket shares and advertising shares are positivelycorrelated and that market size increases with thedifference in firms' relative efficiency. The latterhighlights the differences in the feedback andopen-loop strategies. It is shown that firms' advertisingare strategic complements and that profits are higherin the feedback equilibrium because firms advertise more.The applicability of the model in markets wherefranchise contracts and dealership agreements operateis also discussed.     

网络产业的联盟结构研究

网络产业中的企业技术联盟成为标准竞争的行动主体，市场表现为一定的联盟结构。本文通过引入企业选择技术标准的博弈模型揭示了网络效应与联盟结构的内在联系，重点分析了联盟结构分散化趋势的成因，指出较之垄断型联盟结构，竞争型联盟结构尽管损失了部分网络效应，但它促进了产品多样化，增加了消费者福利，有利于技术进步，从动态发展的视角看增进了社会福利。最后，本文对我国企业参与国际化网络竞争提出了一些政策建议。     

Beer Advertising and Marketing Update: Structure,Conduct, and Social Costs

Beer advertising is a topic that has frequently attracted the attention of industrial organization economists. This update reviews major events, data trends, and research for each of three issues: (1) the importance of advertising and product differentiation for structural change in the brewing industry; (2) the manner and extent to which brewers can strategically alter market shares using advertising; and (3) the social costs of beer advertising and marketing, including advertising bans, targeting of underage youth, and recent changes in the three-tier system of alcohol distribution. Major legal decisions pertaining to commercial speech and other regulations also are discussed.JEL Classifications: L66, L13, M37     

中国垄断性产业的行政垄断及其管制政策

在现行体制下，中国垄断性产业除存在自然垄断外，还同时存在行政垄断，这是中国垄断性产业垄断的二元性。行政垄断又可分为合理行政垄断和不合理行政垄断，这是行政垄断的两重性。为从根本上打破行政垄断，需要根据垄断性产业垄断的二元性和行政垄断的两重性特征．制定有效的分类管制政策。     

双寡头企业广告投入策略的研究

伴随着市场经济的发展,企业之间的竞争也日趋激烈。广告作为企业促进销售的一种催化剂,在企业竞争中扮演着重要角色。企业对广告投入的决策势必影响着企业的竞争力和效益。本文对双寡头垄断市场中企业广告投入策略的效益最大化问题进行了建模,并对完全信息条件下企业的广告投入进行了静态的博弈分析。     

我国人力资本与文化产业发展的灰色关联分析

选取1997年～2007年的数据作为样本空间．采用灰色关联法对我国人力资本与文化产业之间的关联度进行了定量分析。结果表明：人力资本与文化产业的发展具有较高的关联度,从关联度来看,尤其是受中等教育人口比重与文化产业发展的关联度非常高。基于这一结论,提出相关政策建议     

Food additive regulation in the UK

This paper reviews the use, regulation and testing of food additives in the UK. Comparisons are drawn with other industrialized countries. In particular, the reasons (both explicit and implicit) for the use of additives are examined and the institutional mechanisms for their control are described. Since regulatory policy is dependent on toxological expertise, the contribution and adequacy of toxological science is considered. Present regulations are viewed to have been too heavily influenced by the food industry at the expense of the protection of the consumer, and several possible avenues for reform of both toxological science and regulatory policy are explored.     

Regulation in Vertically-Related Industries: Myths, Facts, and Policy

This paper explains why conclusions that appear to be “facts” can truly be “myths” in industries like today’s telecommunications industry, where key suppliers operate in multiple vertical stages of production. The paper explains, for example, why an entrant’s decision to make or buy critical production inputs may be largely insensitive to the price of these inputs. It also reviews why a vertically-integrated producer (VIP) may prefer to assist, rather than disadvantage, retail rivals, and why a VIP may be disadvantaging rivals even when it provides them with the same wholesale service quality that it provides to its own retail affiliate.     

Increased Buyer Concentration and Its Effects on Profitability in the Manufacturing Sector

The article details the increase in buyerconcentration that has occurred throughout themanufacturing sector in recent years and explores itseffects on manufacturers' profitability. The articledevelops a new firm-level data set derived fromSecurities and Exchange Commission (SEC) Form 10-Ksubmissions to explore this topic among 218 firms in19 industries. The article's econometric resultsconflict with economic theory's prediction thatgreater buyer concentration is likely to be associatedwith lower seller profits principally in oligopolisticindustries. To the contrary, the results suggest thatbuyer concentration reduces profitability primarily incompetitive rather than oligopolistic industries.     

Egypt: Food security and food aid

This article examines the multifaceted notions of food security and food aid through a case-study of a rather exceptional country in political terms - Egypt. Egypt has achieved a high degree of food security with lessened reliance on domestic production and has become one of the largest recipients of cereal food aid. The analysis considers significant questions about the interdependence of food security and food aid, the maintainability of an externally dependent food system, its implicit resource costs and its internal distribution and equity impact.