天然气行业垄断行为的经济学分析

作为关系国计民生的天然气行业一直受政府的规制，实行国有垄断经营。应规避天然气行业的垄断弊端，对该行业进行天然气定价机制、打破行业垄断、建立合理管理体制，加强法制建设，以确保天然气行业健康、快速地发展。     

COMPETITION VS. FRANCHISE MONOPOLY IN CABLE TELEVISION

A modern defense of public utility regulation has arisen from the “transactions costs” literature. Traditional economic theorists called for government to establish regulated, franchise monopolies to guard against over-investment and wasteful duplication in natural monopoly (i.e., cost subadditive) markets. However, the new view is that monopoly licenses are issued to promote investment into markets where suppliers must sink considerable sums of specific…nonsalvageable…capital. Consumers, in this scenario, “delegate” their choice-making to political or bureaucratic agents, who administer day-to-day and year-to-year arrangements with a monopoly producer in a long-term exclusive-dealing arrangement. This may be a plausible explanation for the issuance of legal monopoly rights. But the troubling question regarding the public agency is: why should self-interested political agents create proconsumer regulatory contracts? They might instead be expected to maximize political clout by erecting monopolistic restrictions and directing excess returns to effective distributional coalitions. These competing explanations for the political issuance of monopoly franchises are contrasted in this paper through the use of legal and economic evidence in the cable television industry.     

基础设施领域竞争机制引入方式研究

在政府进行较强程度规制甚至直接进行垄断经营的体制下,基础设施领域的低效运营状况几乎不可避免。基础设施领域各产业独特的技术经济特性决定了竞争机制引入方式的多样性;应针对不同类型的基础设施,采取增加生产者数量、利用潜在进入者和替代产品的威胁、增强买方和供方的侃价能力等多种方式引入竞争机制。政府应采取打破政府在基础设施领域的垄断、以合同约束取代行政管理、建立统一高效的监管体系、完善公共收费和支出体系、重新界定现有行业主管部门的职能等措施,为各种竞争机制的顺利引入创造条件。     

Market concentration measurement,administrative monopoly effect and efficiency improvement: empirical data from China civil aviation industry 2001-2015

China’s civil aviation transportation industry is a natural monopoly industry field, and the effect of administrative monopoly is obviously. This paper uses absolute market concentration (CRn) and relative market concentration (HHI) to quantitatively analyze the competition and monopoly degree of Chinese civil aviation transportation in 2001–2015. It is found that although the monopoly degree of Chinese civil aviation industry has declined in the time period, it still belongs to the oligopoly monopoly market. Then, this paper calculates the production efficiency of the industry by DEA method, and makes an empirical test on the relationship between the two factors using the econometric models. With taking into account the calculated results and the HHI index. Relevant research results show that the equilibrium between the existing production efficiency and the degree of administrative monopoly in China’s civil aviation transportation industry long-term stably from the time period. In order to realize the rapid development and improve the efficiency of the industry, the Chinese civil aviation transportation industry must carry out the market-oriented reform. By realizing the separation of government and enterprises, it is necessary to promote the good competition rules in order to benefit the consumers.     

我国航空运输服务业的市场结构及价格竞争策略分析

我国航空运输服务业从宏观上分析具有寡头垄断的市场结构特点,从航线运营的角度分析却具有垄断竞争的特点,因此我国航空运输服务市场还处在重要的发展变革阶段。在我国空运市场特定的经济环境下,旅客的购买决策受到多种因素的影响,航空公司的价格竞争主要表现为不同价格的子舱位数量的决策,并且具有复杂的价格体系。在同一航线上经营的不同企业一方面要针对价格需求弹性大和时间需求弹性大的旅客采取强硬的价格竞争策略;另一方面也要注重差异化价格竞争策略, 避免恶性竞争的发生。     

Organization, Management and Delegation in the French Water Industry

The water industry is largely a natural monopoly. Water distribution and sewerage services are characterized by networks and its natural monopoly derives from the established local networks of drinking water and sewers: they are capital intensive with sunk costs and increasing returns to scale. In France, local communities have a local requirement of providing public services under optimum conditions in terms of techniques and cost-effectiveness, and subject to respect different kind of standards in terms of water quality and level of services. They are responsible for producing and distributing drinking water, and collecting and treating wastewater. Furthermore, the French water utilities are required to be financially self-sufficient. Rate-setting varies across regions and local territories due to a variety of organizational features of services and availability of water resources. The management of these local public services can be public or private: local governments have the right, by the constitution, to delegate water service management to private companies which operate under the oversight of local municipal authorities. Today, nearly 80 per cent of the French population receive private distributed water. Different reasons are responsible for the poor performance and low productivity of most French public water utilities: technical and operational, commercial and financial, human and institutional, and environmental. Thus, many water public utilities have looked for alternative ways to provide water and sanitation services more efficiently, to improve both operational and investment efficiency, and to attract private finance. The purpose of this paper is to present the French organizational system of providing drinking water services, and collecting and treating wastewater services: legal aspects, contracts of delegation, and competition.     

基于生态位的高技术产业演化结构分析

高技术产业与自然生物体一样,在它们生存与发展的过程中共同创造出自己的生态位资源空间。高技术产业生态位竞争研究的根本问题是高技术产业自身所处的生态环境以及采取适应该生态环境的经营管理对策的研究。高技术产业系统作为一个多因子系统,对高技术产业系统演化起主要作用的是产品、资源以及技术,它们构成高技术产业系统的核心要素,相对应形成了高技术产业市场生态位、高技术产业资源生态位和高技术产业技术生态位。高技术产业在发展过程中应当立足自身实力和优势,分析环境的特点以及产业与环境的协调关系,利用产业的能动性,依据行业发展态势和经济发展态势,构建适合自身的生态位,选择适当的生态策略。     

Consumer surplus and the reform of network industries: a primer

Starting from an industry where production is provided by a public monopolist, we observe the effects of a sequence of reforms within the network industry on consumer surplus. Using a simple comparative statics framework, we find the indifference conditions for the consumer surplus under the following regimes: a public monopoly, an unregulated private monopoly, a regulated private monopoly, a vertically disintegrated monopoly, a duopoly and a liberalized market. The results are determined by the relative size of the x-inefficiencies of the public monopolist, allocative inefficiencies of the private monopoly, the cost of unbundling and the costs related to establishing a competitive market.     

双重垄断下的城市公用事业规制目标选择

城市公用事业通常是自然垄断行业,在我国从计划经济向市场经济转轨的过程中,它还具有较强的行政垄断性。我国对自然垄断与行政垄断并存的公用事业的规制改革与西方国家有所不同,应区别两种垄断的不同性质,有针对性地确定改革目标。本文阐述了我国城市公用事业的自然垄断特性,分析了其行政垄断的根源及表现,对双重垄断下的城市公用事业规制目标选择提出了一些建议。     

On the origins of vertical unbundling: The case of the French transportation industry in the nineteenth century

Abstract

This paper retraces the origins of the unbundling of infrastructure, which is a monopoly, from services, which are subject to competition. Using the case of the railroad industry in France, I examine how both natural monopoly theorists and legislation dealt with this subject in the nineteenth century. I argue that the origins of vertical unbundling date to this period with legislation pertaining to inland waterways and railroads. This was particularly the case for the railroad industry due to pricing and competition rationales. I analyze the writings of Dupuit and Walras, and show that they both agreed that infrastructure and services had to be unbundled for the inland waterways. In contrast, they expressed different justifications to defend the monopoly for the railroad industry. Following a chronological progression, the first section explores the origins of unbundling in legislation. The second section analyzes how theorists approached the way railroads had to be managed. Throughout, I highlight the interplay between their work and legislation.