A simple urban growth model with durable housing

In the last decade the static theory of residential urban location and land use has been extensively developed. The theory has generated many useful insights, but because it ignores growth and the durability of housing and urban infrastructure there are many urban phenomena it cannot explain. In this paper a simple urban growth model with durable housing, in which all builders have perfect foresight, is presented. The discussion focuses on the qualitative differences between the economics of this model, the static class of models, and a class of dynamic models in which myopic expectations are assumed.     

Large lot zoning, property taxes, and metropolitan area

The paper is a study in positive economics. Two- and three-sector models are used to determine the effects on urban land and housing markets of land use controls such as minimum lot size, maximum density, and maximum bulk requirements. The effects of these controls on rural-urban land conversion and on the effects of property taxes on urban land markets are also investigated. The land use requirements are found to accelerate rural-urban land conversion in some cases and affect the impact of property taxes on urban land and housing markets.     

Wild Dragons in the City: Urban Political Economy,Affordable Housing Development and the Performative World‐making of Economic Models

This article explores the potential to mobilize in an urban context the key insights of the burgeoning literature on the performativity of economics. It argues that our understanding of contemporary urban political‐economic transformation needs to explicitly recognize the active role of economics in making and remaking the urban world, as opposed to merely describing and analysing it in some kind of passive, detached fashion. It develops this argument through the elaboration of a case study of just such world‐making in action: the growing use in the United Kingdom, since the early 2000s, of economic models for assessing the viability of affordable housing provision in new residential developments. The world of urban redevelopment that such models attempt to describe formulaically has, the article submits, increasingly come to act according to the model and the assumptions it contains; the model, in this sense, has been progressively actualized in the urban landscape. The article conceptualizes such performative economic models as examples of what Michel Callon calls economics ‘in the wild’, and it focuses on the work of the leading commercial developer and marketer of such models in the affordable housing planning environment over the last decade — a consulting company called Three Dragons.     

土地集约利用评价模型现状综述

城市土地集约利用评价已经逐渐成为国内学术界的研究热点,主要研究内容包括评价对象、指标体系构建、评价方法和结果的应用,其中评价模型的构建是难点。在参考大量文献的基础上,对现阶段常用的几种土地集约利用评价模型进行了总结,分析了各自的优缺点以及今后的研究方向。     

基于用地效率分析的城市区域空间结构极化模型及空间发展战略

不同规模的城市其用地效率具有一定的差异性.本文通过对中国660余个不同规模城市的用地效率分析,在总结和分析了传统城市区域空间结构基本理论和模型的基础上,提出基于城市用地效率分析的城市区域空间结构极化模型.通过理论与实证分析表明,城市发展的方向一极是大型化,发展成为特大城市或超大城市(人口100万-400万);另一极是小...     

Integer programming models and codes in the urban environment

It is well known that many real world problems, in particular, many urban problems, can approximately be modelled as linear programs. The representations often become more precise when, in addition, some or all of the variables are integer constrained (e.g. a solution which indicates that 0.67 schools should be built is of little use to the practitioner). Hence, integer programming is of substantial importance in urban science. This article describes several general integer programming models for which efficient computer codes are available. In each case, applications in an urban environment are discussed. This list is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to acquaint the urbanologist with the models, their possible uses, and the available computer packages.     

紧凑城市发展中的土地利用理念

紧凑城市理论是发达国家和地区指导城市实现可持续发展的重要理论之一,其中蕴含着丰富的土地利用理念和思想。针对紧凑城市理论与实践,梳理了现有的主要研究文献并剖析了荷兰、日本和我国香港三个典型以紧凑为导向的国家和地区的城市发展案例,分析了紧凑城市理论的主要内涵和实践特点,重点探讨了紧凑城市发展中的土地利用理念和特征。结合国家"十二五"规划纲要关于推进城镇化健康发展的要求,指出我国城市土地利用应借鉴紧凑城市发展理论及土地利用的核心理念,以提升我国城市土地可持续利用的水平,推进新时期城镇化的健康发展。     

Modeling the density variations of urban land uses with transportation network congestion

Perhaps the single most distinctive character of urban activity that distinguishes it from rural and regional activities is the intensive use of urban land. While the nature of density variations of urban land uses and their associated land rents are well understood, there have been few operational urban models that explicitly address the density variations of land uses. The paper presents a combined land use-transportation model, in which transportation congestion costs on networks of various transportation modes are simultaneously determined with the efficient intensity level of land uses. The procedure uses a nonlinear programming approach within the context of a multicommodity flow/input-output model.     

中国城市增长的空间组织模式研究

本文借鉴发达国家城市增长与空间组织的最新理论,根据城市总体规划的实践,演绎出中国城市空间组织的三种典型模式,依次为单中心块聚式模式、主-次中心组团式模式和多中心网络(开敞)式模式.这对城市空间发展战略研究和城市总体布局规划具有重要参考价值.     

The Lowry Model Revisited: Incorporating a Multizonal Input-Output Model into an Urban Land Use Allocation Model

This paper formulates a new generation of Lowry-style models that combine a multizonal input-output model and an urban land use allocation model. Three different types of models are proposed: 1) an unconstrained model, 2) a primal of a linear programming approach that includes land supply constraints, and 3) a modified dual of the linear programming approach that allocates land based on additional conditions of economic efficiency. The modified dual formulation improves upon the limitations of Lowry models and their derivatives. First, the proposed model has sound theoretical underpinnings that incorporate the production theory of input-output models and the behavioral theory of optimization models. Second, the proposed model allocates land on the basis of economic efficiency by imposing a procedure that equalizes shadow prices. And third, the proposed model is an optimization model that fully accounts for the spatial and sectoral relationships of multiplier effects determining land use demand.     

住房、交通与城市空间规划

首先归纳了城市空间结构理论框架下居住模式和交通体系空间互动关系的基本理论,之后对国际学术界相关的定量研究成果进行了综述,着重讨论了住房与交通相互作用所形成的社会效应,包括对居民住房支付能力、中低收入者福利和环境的影响,最后提出了住房和交通相协调的城市空间规划的三个目标,并就我国目前的实际情况提出了若干政策建议.     

城市尺度的网络竞争力研究

随着全球化和城市化进程的加快,城市之间的竞争也越来越白热化.论文将城市竞争力与城市之间的多维联系网络相结合,不但关注体现城市节点内部属性的发展指标,而且还将城市节点之间的联系和结构与这些发展指标相结合,运用社会网络分析(SNA)得出城市在网络中的竞争力,并在此基础上提出了网络竞争力的概念模型和分析框架,丰富了现有的城市竞争力理论.     

Placing the Urban Village: A Spatial Perspective on the Development Process of Urban Villages in Contemporary China

The rapid urbanization of China since the mid‐1980s has led to the development of a new spatial category, the urban village (chengzhongcun). The dominant neoliberal urban development regime approaches urban villages as a social, spatial, economic and political problem, and as targets for aggressive redevelopment and eradication policies. In this article, I propose a spatial perspective that makes use of several theoretical ‘anchors' to analyze the influence of urban village spatiality on its development process and to explore alternatives to the dominant redevelopment model. I begin by examining the spatial conceptualization of the urban village as a non‐place, arguing that this spatial reading undergirds the redevelopment‐by‐demolition model and tends to obscure alternative conceptualizations. I then move on to propose three alternative readings of urban village space, examining it as an everyday space, a liminal space and a neighborhood. Combining these three readings with the ‘non‐place' conceptualization provides a nuanced understanding of urban villages' unique spatial attributes and social roles, by evoking spatial and social processes that take place in most urban villages across China. Taken together, these spatial readings challenge the social and spatial rigidity of dominant representations of urban villages and supply a much‐needed spatially based conceptual framework that can be used to develop new urban planning models.     

The determinants of nonresidential urban land values

This paper presents the results of an empirical study of nonresidential urban land values in the Dallas metropolitan area. The data base consists of 467 vacant land transactions from 1978 to 1982. By concentrating on sales prices of vacant land rather than improved property, problems normally encountered from use of appraised values or improved properties are eliminated. Separate models are developed for industrial, commercial, and office land. The study focuses on the tendency toward agglomeration for consumers of each land use as measured by the impact on land values in the central business district, suburban nodes, and other employment concentrations. The results provide insight into a number of influences on urban land value and offer evidence that office land derives greater benefit from agglomeration than does commercial or industrial land.     

Causal models in plan evaluation

A major purpose of urban planning is solving urban problems. Though a number of planning methods exist to evaluate the effectiveness of alternative plans, few offer specific methods for identifying the causes of urban problems, developing alternative plans that address these causes, and estimating plan effects. Borrowed from the social sciences, causal models may be used to achieve these plan evaluation objectives. Causal models developed from substantive theory of urban processes are used to estimate both direct and indirect plan effects as well as to evaluate plan efficiency, equity and uncertainty. The implications of causal models for planning education, theory and practice are also discussed.     

Energy footprint of the city: Effects of urban land use and transportation policies

Urban land use and transportation policies have dramatic effects on the density and spatial distribution of residences in large cities. Effects of these policies have been analyzed using numerical urban simulation models. At the same time, the US Energy Information Administration’s Residential Energy Consumption Survey has allowed researchers to investigate the relation between household energy consumption and characteristics of housing units.This paper links these two lines of inquiry by demonstrating how simulation results on the implications of land use and transportation policies for the spatial form of cities can be used to compute implications for energy consumption. The resulting Urban Energy Footprint Model, “UEFM,” allows one to trace the implications of a change in land use zoning or transportation policy through its effects on housing markets and residential location to the resulting changes in energy use for residential and commuting purposes – i.e. to understand the energy footprint of transportation, housing, and land use policies. Accordingly, the UEFM provides, perhaps for the first time, a link between urban and energy economics, and can allow measurement of rebound effects of energy policies in a more general equilibrium context.     

Effects of rising energy prices on urban space

In this paper we review and analyze several well-known urban models that are presently being used to evaluate the impact of a decreasing energy supply on the spatial structure of our metropolitan areas. Certain models which demonstrate that rising energy prices reinforce a tendency for decentralization are shown to be extremely sensitive to modifications of certain desirable assumptions and, consequently, they may have restrictive applicability in urban policy formation. Acknowledging this possibility, we use a production function approach to derive, independently of the previously discussed models, results that indicate a rise in energy prices will generate centralizing urban adjustments.     

Modelling metropolitan population growth and change: The IIPS simulator

This paper describes selected aspects of a large scale urban simulation project (IIPS). Emphasis is on design and empirical evaluation of a model of metropolitan population growth and change. Functions for determining ‘behavior’ of fertility and net-migration are specified and an important linkage between the IIPS population and land use models is illustrated. In a final section, the reader is introduced to a relatively unique computer sumulation-supervisor.     

中国的产城融合发展及对城市新区建设的启示

城市新区发展中的一个重要问题是产城融合。在中国城市新区建设中,产业发展与城市发展不能有机融合的现象非常突出,造成社会资源的极大浪费、社会服务的基础薄弱和城市主体功能不强、职住分离严重、进入行业难以达到预期等一系列问题。中国城市新区的产城融合也积累了一些有代表性的成功模式,比如工业园区转型模式、卧城转型模式、平地造城模式等。其他地区的城市新区建设可以借鉴这些模式,制定合理的产业发展战略,实施正确的社会化规划,实现新区各部分的有机成长,构建体系化的新区服务网络来促进产城融合。     

The scale of hospital production in different settings: one size does not fit all

This paper analyses the productive efficiency of 141 public hospitals from 1998 to 2004 in two Canadian provinces; one a small province with a few small cities and a generally more rural population and the other a large province that is more urban in nature, with a population who mainly live in large cities. The relative efficiencies of the hospitals, the changes in productivity during this time period, and the relationship between efficiency and the size or scale of the hospitals are investigated using data envelopment analysis. The models for the production of health care use case mix adjusted hospital discharges as the output, and nursing hours as inputs. We find clear differences between the two provinces. Making use of ‘own’ and ‘meta’ technical efficiency frontiers, we demonstrate that efficient units in the larger and more urban province are larger than non-efficient units in that province. However, efficient hospitals in the smaller and more rural province are smaller than non-efficient hospitals in that province. Overall, efficient hospitals in the larger more urban province are larger than efficient hospitals in the smaller more rural province. This has interesting policy implications—different hospitals may have different optimal sizes, or different efficient modes of operation, depending on location, the population they serve, and the policies their respective provincial governments wish to implement. In addition, there are lessons to be learned by comparing the hospitals across the two provinces, since the inefficient hospitals in the small rural province predominantly use hospitals from the large urban province as benchmarks, such that substantially larger improvement potential can be identified by inter-provincial rather than intra-provincial benchmarking analysis.