技术创新研究在中国

通过对中国期刊全文数据库(经济和管理类核心期刊)、中文社会科学引文索引(CSSCI)和社会科学引文索引(SSCI)等数据库进行检索并对所得数据进行分析,展示了技术创新研究在中国大陆的发展状况。根据文献发表情况,将技术创新在中国大陆的研究划分为创新理论的消化(1989—1992年)、创新理论的本土应用(1993—2000年)和创新研究的拓展与再创新(2001年及之后)3个阶段,并对3个阶段的研究特点、研究方向的发展变化、研究工作与中国经济发展的相互作用等进行了较为细致的分析。最后,对今后技术创新研究在中国的发展趋势进行了推测。     

Productivity Catch‐up Between Chinese and Taiwanese Electronics Firms

This paper aims to depict the patterns of China's productivity catch‐up with Taiwan in the electronics industry over the period 2001–2007. Specifically, we investigate the roles that ownership structure and innovation efforts play in the dynamics of the productivity gap. The firm‐level evidence suggests that the labour productivity gap between Chinese and Taiwanese electronics firms has narrowed during the past decade. Second, the narrowing of the labour productivity gap has occurred in foreign‐owned enterprises rather than in local firms. Examining the determinants of productivity catch‐up show that R&D significantly contributes to Chinese electronics firms' catching up with their Taiwanese counterparts.     

Immigration policy and employment assimilation in the United States

We examine the impact of immigration policy on the employment propensity and assimilation of immigrants using a pooled cross-section of the 1994–2004 Current Population Surveys (CPS). The results are generally consistent with positive immigrant employment assimilation. A Blinder–Oaxaca style decomposition shows that the foreign-born obtain more employment primarily through human capital acquisition and changes in labour market conditions rather than higher returns to observable skills, as sometimes seen in wage studies. In addition, our analysis suggests that immigration policies may influence both labour demand and supply incentives and are associated with structural shifts in the labour market.     

LABOUR MARKET ACTIVITY OF FOREIGN SPOUSES IN TAIWAN: EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT SECTOR

The present study examines the employment status and choice of employment sector of female foreign spouses from Southeast Asia and Mainland China in Taiwan. The conceptual framework is based on the family labour supply model, human and social capital theory, and immigrant assimilation theory. Our findings indicate that in regard to employment status, family background variables, including the presence of small children and husbands' characteristics, play a more significant role in determining the employment probability for these foreign spouses than do human capital variables. In particular, for spouses from Southeast Asia, each additional child is correlated with a decrease in working probability of 11.3%, whereas college education has an insignificant effect on their employment probability. Employment assimilation for these marriage immigrants may be confirmed by the finding that the employment probability of foreign spouses rises rapidly with the number of years that have elapsed since migration. As for the choice of employment sector, a strong linkage between the employment sector of the foreign spouses and their husbands' employment sector is found in this study.     

The evolution of female labour force participation in urban China

Starting from the late 1980s, despite rapid economic growth, female labour force participation in urban China has shown a general declining trend. Using repeated cross‐sections from the Chinese Household Income Project Series (CHIP), this paper attempts to systematically relate the decrease in the labour force participation of married women to the socio‐economic changes happening in urban China during the same period of time. Adopting both linear and nonlinear decomposition techniques, the results indicate that the changes in married women's labour force participation during the periods 1995–2002 and 2007–2013 can be explained by the concurrent changes in the distribution of socio‐economic variables, while the changes during the periods 1988–1995 and 2002–2007 are mostly driven by the leftward shift of married women's participation function.     

Does high labour mobility always promote trade liberalization?

Labour immobility (high adjustment cost) has been regarded as a major obstacle to trade liberalization and it has been argued that higher labour mobility promotes trade liberalization. However, this is not the case when we take into account conflicts of interest between politicians and voters that are inevitable in representative democracy. I construct a simple two‐period model including both elections and sectoral adjustment. Then I show that the non‐monotonic relationship between labour mobility and the equilibrium degree of trade liberalization exists due to the principal–agent relationship. In representative democracy, higher labour mobility prevents trade liberalization in some cases.     

台湾直接投资祖国大陆对海峡两岸贸易的影响

20世纪80年代末期以来,台湾对大陆的直接投资与两岸贸易均取得长足发展。本文运用协整方法和误差修正模型,考察了1989—2009年台湾对大陆直接投资与两岸进出口贸易之间的长期均衡关系以及相应的短期偏离调整机制。结果表明台湾对大陆直接投资与两岸贸易存在长期均衡关系。在短期内台湾对大陆直接投资与大陆对台湾出口的关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度较快,而台湾对大陆直接投资与大陆自台湾进口的关系由短期偏离向长期均衡调整的速度则极为缓慢。     

Education decisions and labour market outcomes

The financial return to a college degree is an increasing concern amid rising tuition costs and stagnant wages. Using the Education Longitudinal Study of 2002 (ELS:2002), I analyse the effect of post-secondary choices on wages for individuals entering the labour force between 2004 and 2012. Matching methods provide evidence of strong returns to earning a bachelor’s degree for both genders, similar to previous literature. Relative to high school graduates, women see wage benefits of 8–21% for some college attendance. However, men see negative effects of between 6%–13% from some college relative to high school graduates. The returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some two-year credits is between 8%–25% for women and 8–14% for men. Further, the wage returns to a sub-baccalaureate degree as compared to earning some four-year credits is between 9%–17% for women and 9–20% for men. This translates into an additional $2,500-$4,700 per year for women and an additional $2,900-$6,400 per year for men. Since the average respondent with some four-year college experience has 2.3 years of earned post-secondary credits, shifting some into sub-baccalaureate programs may substantially decrease both the financial and time commitments of post-secondary education while increasing the returns after degree attainment.     

Testing the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek theory with a natural experiment

I use the historical episode of near‐elimination of commuting from the West Bank into Israel to test three key predictions of the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek model of trade and find strong support for them. On the production side, I use variation between districts and find that wage changes were not correlated with the size of the shock to the labour force (factor price insensitivity) and that districts that received larger influx of returning commuters shifted production more towards labour‐intensive industries (Rybczynski effect). On the consumption side, data are consistent with identical homothetic preferences, which, combined with the production results, supports the Heckscher–Ohlin–Vanek theorem on the factor content of trade.     

Glass ceilings or glass doors? The role of firms in male‐female wage disparities

I use Canadian linked employer‐employee data to examine whether women face a glass ceiling in the labour market. I also measure the extent to which the glass ceiling comes about because women are segregated into lower‐paying firms, or because they are segregated into lower‐paying jobs within firms. I find clear evidence that women experience a glass ceiling that is driven by their disproportionate sorting across firm types (glass doors) rather than within firms. I find no evidence that these results are supply‐driven. However, my results are consistent with predictions of an efficiency wage model where high‐paying firms discriminate against females.     

The effect of increases in the level of unemployement on older workers

This study explores the influence of the level of unemployment on labour force participation and full- versus part-time status, for men and women aged 56 to 60. Comparisons are also made with 16–19- and 31–35-year-old men and women. It is found that when the unemployment increases, discourgement is greater for older men than for younger ones. For Women, Prime-aged workers exhibit less discouragement than either the older or younger women. The study also infers the original labour force status of older discouraged workers. For men, displaced workers come largely from the ranks of full-time workers. For women, both full- and part-time workers are displaced.     

Labour Market Regulations and the Sectoral Reallocation of Workers: The Case of Trade Reforms

In this paper I highlight the importance of incorporating the institutional features of local labour markets into the analysis of trade reforms. A trade reform is often deemed beneficial because the elimination of trade barriers allows labour to reallocate towards those sectors in the economy in which the country has a comparative advantage. The amount and speed of the reallocation, however, and the post-reform behaviour of output, productivity and welfare, will depend on how regulated the labour market is. First, I document that high firing costs slow down the intersectoral reallocation of labour after a trade reform. Second, in order to isolate the effect of firing costs on labour reallocation, output and welfare after a trade reform, I build a dynamic general equilibrium model. I find that if a country does not liberalize its labour market at the outset of its trade reform, the intersectoral reallocation of workers will be 30% slower, and as much as 30% of the gains in real output and labour productivity in the years following the trade reform will be lost. From a policy standpoint, the message is that while trade reforms are desirable, they need to be complemented by labour market reforms in order to be fully successful.     

劳工供给及其配置效率与我国工业发展关系的实证研究

在把劳动力划分为一般劳动力与高级劳动力两部分的基础上,本文首先分析了高级劳动力投入及其它传统要素在工业总产出增长中的贡献,并认为传统要素投入在工业总产出增长中仍起着不可替代的作用;其次,进一步分析了高级劳动力投入及其它传统要素在工业生产率增长中的贡献。分析结果表明,高级劳动力增长在其中的影响仍然不尽人意。最后,简要分析了影响高级劳动力在工业发展中低配置效率的几个原因。     

Sources of economic growth in China from 2000–2013 and its further sustainable growth path: A three-hierarchy meta-frontier data envelopment analysis

This study, which considers both energy input and CO₂ emissions, develops both theoretical and empirical models to account for the sources of China's economic growth from 2000–2013. The proposed models decompose China's economic growth into five components: the technological change effect, the industrial structure effect, the regional balance development effect, the management effect, and the production factors effect. The empirical results show that during the sample period, the production factors effect increased from approximately 70% in 2001 to nearly 99% in 2010, indicating that economic growth in Mainland China relied heavily on factor accumulation, which was not sustainable. Fortunately, this situation has gradually improved since 2011 because of technological progress and industrial structure optimization. However, the current total-factor productivity in Mainland China remains relatively low because of an inefficient industrial structure, regional balance development, and management inefficiency. In other words, there is a great deal of room for further industrial structural optimization, regional balance development, and management improvement to realize further sustainable economic growth. Because the causes of total-factor production inefficiency and the distribution of economic growth potential show a distinct spatial difference, the focuses for the Chinese provinces to achieve sustainable economic growth should be quite different in the future. Based on the results of this study, recommendations have been made for the Chinese provinces to realize further sustainable economic growth.     

Feminization of labour and profit rates: evidence from OECD countries

The article examines the effect of the feminization of labour on profit rates and capacity utilization by employing an indirect and two-stage least squares models for 21 OECD countries during the 1970–2008 period. Findings show that higher women’s labour force participation rates and gender wage gap lead to higher profit rates.     

我国女性劳动参与率的变化趋势及效应分析

劳动参与率是衡量劳动力就业状态的重要指标。本文通过研究我国女性劳动参与率的变化趋势、生命周期规律及城乡差别,得出以下基本结论：我国女性劳动参与率下降,不利于经济持续增长,加重女性社会保障系统负担；农业领域的女性劳动参与率较高,农业女性化趋势日益明显。政府要采取措施削弱伴随而来的负面效应。     

Mandatory Retirement and Older Worker Employment Decisions: Evidence from a Matched Difference‐in‐Differences Estimator

In 2008, the minimum age at which private‐sector workers in Taiwan could be forced by their employers to retire from their jobs was raised from 60 to 65 years. In this study, we evaluate the effects of the increase in the mandatory retirement age on the labour supply trend among the elderly using a nationally‐representative Taiwanese panel data set. Based upon the application of a combination of matching and difference‐in‐differences approaches, we find that postponing mandatory retirement has a significant effect, in terms of slowing down the withdrawal of the elderly from the labour force. Among elderly workers affected by the 2008 amendment, particularly those retiring from the public sector, the likelihood of re‐entering the labour market is found to be 3 to 4% higher than that for their counterparts who were not subject to such a constraint, a finding that clearly suggests that an increase in the mandatory retirement age helps to alleviate the problems associated with an aging population in countries where long‐term labour contracts are prevalent.     

Religious service attendance and labour force status: evidence from survey data using count data methods

I undertake count data estimation with data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and the Health and Retirement Study to evaluate the relationship between time spent out of the labour force and the frequency of religious service attendance for individuals of working age. I also examine whether being out of the labour force is correlated with the frequency of religious service attendance.

?Results using Poisson fixed-effect and negative binomial estimation suggest that men under age 50 appear to attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force. I ascribe this finding to younger men’s religious service attendance being related to having work or the pursuit of work. Men between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services less frequently when out of the labour force, which I attribute to serious health problems in later age forcing labour market exiting and reduced frequency of religious service attendance. Women between ages 50 and 65 attend religious services more frequently when out of the labour force, which I ascribe to having more time to pursue religious activity in addition to women’s established proclivity to religious commitment.     

Managerial pay adjustments: Decomposition and impact on firm productive efficiency

This paper decomposes managerial pay adjustments and examines their impact on firm productivity based upon Taiwanese firm panel data. Pay adjustments are decomposed into components arising from three sources: a scheme based on the external labour market comparisons, a scheme derived from the changes in firm and manager characteristics, and transitory pay adjustments. The stochastic frontier model is used to test how these pay components affect firm productivity. Empirical results suggest that the pay adjustments based on the comparison between managers' actual pay and their market-clearing pay are positively related to the output and technical efficiency of the firms, whereas this productivity-boosting effect cannot be seen for other components. This paper shows the importance of the external labour market in connecting managerial pay to firm productivity, and provides a model for the research of managerial pay in an environment where the compensation structure does not have apparent stock incentives.     

工作与家庭的要求和资源、工作-家庭冲突及其后果——台湾与大陆的比较

本研究目的在探讨工作与家庭中的要求和资源、工作-家庭冲突（WFC）,及其在工作/非工作相关后果变项上的关系,并以中国台湾和大陆员工为对象进行比较。 结果发现：不管是中国台湾还是大陆员工,工作与家庭的要求皆可有效预测WFC。再者,家务帮忙对WFC的预测效果不佳,但主管的家庭支持却为降低台湾员工WFC之有效因子。最后,WFC可有效预测台湾员工之家庭满意,主管家庭支持则可有效预测两地员工的工作满意。两地比较方面,工作限制与主管支持封台湾员工的WFC都较大陆员工有更强的影响,亦即“地区”（台湾或大陆）对工作要求及资源与WFC之间的关系都存在干扰作用。