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1.
South Africa’s apartheid scheme is considered as a paradigm case for the creation and maltreatment of a putatively surplus
population. Both active and passive policies are identified that are utilized to contain the numbers of the black population
of the nation. Of particular significance is a strategy of neglect that has led to exceptionally high infant and child mortality
rates in the “homelands.” In addition, the South African authorities’ efforts to destabilize neighboring regimes in Angola
and Mozambique has had similarly adverse repercussions on mortality rates there. 相似文献
2.
Sanford Wright 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1984,13(3):37-47
Conclusion It is clear that the United States is in a dominant position in relation to South Africa’s economy, which has an economic
climate working against its decision to be isolated from world opinion. The apartheid policies have produced an economy that
is severely distorted by its having a restricted market for its industrial products, a critical shortage of skilled labor,
a high level of structural unemployment, a high and increasing military budget, and by its support of an economically unviable
Bantustan system. These distortions, combined with record balance of payments deficits and a net disinvestment of foreign
funds, have resulted in currency outflows that were covered by the United States providing decisive support for a $1.1 billion
loan from the IMF.
Contrary to the impression that has been promoted by the South African government, S.A. mineral exports are not crucial to
the United States. However, South Africa does depend upon the United States for its export market of these minerals, which
are essential for providing the necessary funds for governmental expenditures and foreign exchange that are needed in order
to support its high import content industries. The large percentage that exports have in S.A.’s gross national product increases
this vulnerability.
Thus, if we look at the evidence, it is clear that the United States has viable sanctions that it can implement against South
Africa’s inhuman political and social policies. Although the United States has these leverages it refuses to utilize them,
even though it would be in its interest to do so. It is vital that those persons who are genuinely concerned about human rights
and the apartheid system apply whatever pressure is necessary to force the U.S. government to immediately utilize these leverages
in the form of sanctions that would force the S.A. government to change its policies. The black community must take the responsibility
for leading this effort. 相似文献
3.
Rudolph Daniels 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1987,15(4):63-78
The structure of the labor market in the Republic of South Africa over 1970–83 is strongly linked to the Natives Land Act
of 1913, No. 27, which dispossessed blacks of their legal right to land ownership. One of the intended results of this act
was to increase the supply of cheap black labor to South Africa’s predominantly white-owned industry. Thus, over the 1970–83
period, as before, blacks occupied the lowest ends of the educational, occupational, employment, and income distributions
among all races in South Africa. On the other hand, the white minority lived at a standard equal to that of Americans and
Scandanavians. However, even within these constraints, the demographics of South Africa are such that over the next decade
or more, and even in the absence of major political upheaval, blacks may comprise an increasing percentage of the workforce
and occupy positions which have been mainly occupied by whites to date. 相似文献
4.
Kempe Ronald Hope 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1999,26(4):75-92
Conclusion Africa’s economic recovery in the 1990s, though somewhat fragile, is very encouraging. Policy reforms, primarily in the form
of SAPs, have led to improved economic performance. However, as we approach the post-SAPs era of the 21st century, African
countries need to intensify efforts in the pursuit of sound policies and further structural reforms. Much higher growth rates,
exceeding 7 percent annually, are deemed as necessary to be attained and maintained over a longer period for there to be meaningful
reductions in poverty.
This paper has advocated a set of policy areas which need to be given priority in Africa as the 21st century approaches. African
countries are in a better position now, than anytime since the crisis of the 1980s, to build a path toward sustainable development.
In that regard, maintaining market-oriented policy reforms remains the imperative for the immediate future and beyond. It
is now up to Africa’s leaders to provide the requisite leadership for a home-grown, rather than donor driven, attempt at sustainable
socio-economic development. 相似文献
5.
Ambe J. Njoh 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2008,35(4):147-162
The paper identifies and discusses major implications of Africa’s contemporary transport infrastructure for the continent’s
development in general and its active participation in the globalization process in particular. Initially it identifies and
analyses major events in the evolution of the continent’s modern transport systems. It is revealed that colonial authorities
did the most to develop these systems. However, because the systems were designed to facilitate the extraction and transmission
of products from the continent to the colonial master nations, they are deemed incapable of enhancing the active participation
of African countries in the globalization process. In an effort to reverse this situation, a number of specific steps, including
increasing the stock of all-season roads, regional integration, the promotion of intermodal transport facilities, and the
adoption of safety measures in the transport sector, are proposed. 相似文献
6.
Alex Danso 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1990,19(1):5-21
This article examines the African debt crisis. It focuses on factors leading to the accumulation of the debts and their impact
on the debtor nations.
The significance of the study lies in the fact that the African debt burden presents a gruesome picture of hopelessness. This
is reflected by the continent’s massive debt of $230 billion, equivalent to almost three times the continent’s annual export
earnings. This is expected to jump to $550 billion by the year 2000. Africa’s crushing debt burden has become one of the most
important factors constraining recovery and development. As the United Nations Children’s Fund estimates, one thousand people
die each day in Africa because of the debt crisis.
The analysis shows that due to the multifaceted nature of the causes of the debt crisis, both creditors and debtors should
agree on the options for dealing with the crisis. It further shows that there is the urgency for Africa to tackle its numerous
sociopolitico-economic problems. Africa can make real economic progress only when it begins to get on top of its debt crisis. 相似文献
7.
Aramide Kazeem 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2012,39(2):187-201
Child labor in developing countries continues to be a topic of policy and academic concern, particularly in Africa where there are more working children than in any other region. Scholarly attention has been drawn in part to gender, place of residence, and socioeconomic status as factors that shape the type of work that children perform and whether it impacts educational attainment. I explore these issues in the context of Nigeria through analysis of data from the 2004 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey EdData Survey. A series of logistic regression models of child labor confirm the existence of gender and, especially, socioeconomic disparities in children??s work. The data also indicate that girls and rural children face a double risk of working if they belong to poor households. A policy implication is that poverty alleviation programs??such as Mexico??s Oportunidades program (the erstwhile PROGRESA)??may help to reduce those forms of child labor that interfere with schooling. That this program has been found to more beneficial for girls suggests it may be particularly appropriate for Nigeria where gender disparities persist. 相似文献
8.
Jannette O. Domingo 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1989,18(1):37-57
The explosive tourism-led growth experienced by the U.S. Virgin Islands during the 1960s and early 1970s reflected the duality
of the Virgin Islands’ socioeconomic identity. Although growth was dependent on the U.S. economy and U.S. policies, it also
reaffirmed the links the Virgin Islands had developed with the Eastern Caribbean labor market in spite of their unique history
as a Danish and then an American colony. Relatively large scale inflows of Eastern Caribbean labor caused both general and
relative wage effects, compression of the wage and income structures, and redistribution of income away from labor. Increased
labor market segmentation exacerbated the inherent ambivalence of the Virgin Islands’ Eastern Caribbean identity. The nature
of the transformation of employment and income in the Virgin Islands undermined the benefits derived by the indigenous labor
force and established the bases of subsequent socioeconomic conflict. 相似文献
9.
Rukudzo Murapa 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1979,9(3):307-334
Conclusion Former Secretary of State Kissinger’s policies towards and maneuvers in southern Africa must be examined within the context
of America’s global strategy and imperialist objectives. As in Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America, the United
States aims at giving South Africa sufficient support so that she can play a policing role in southern Africa, if not in sub-Sahara
Africa as a whole. This is what the Nixon-Kissinger Doctrine called for. It argued that the Western countries must now establish
a decentralized, global system of defense.
This article was originally published inRBPE, Spring 1977 (vol. 7, no. 3). 相似文献
10.
Although evidence of a link between socioeconomic status and child health has been researched extensively, much less attention
has been devoted to studying the link between child health and cognitive development. This paper seeks to determine whether
early childhood illnesses and poverty significantly impede cognitive development. The empirical model attempts to control
for observed and unobserved heterogeneity through the use of panel data models. Results indicate that a child’s cognitive
development is not directly related to health problems acquired after birth or socioeconomic standing. Rather, cognitive development
is primarily influenced by unobserved child- and family-specific factors that happen to be correlated with health and socioeconomic
status. On the other hand, birth weight appears to affect cognitive performance later in childhood, even after taking unobserved
heterogeneity into account. 相似文献
11.
Most analyses of the relationship between job segregation and gender wage inequality do not examine the race-specific dimensions
of occupational segregation. Using personnel data, we examine the impact of race-gender occupational segregation on occupational
grading and wage setting within a service and maintenance union. Our empirical results show that the job grading and wage
setting processes significantly favor white men’s jobs and penalize black women’s jobs. 相似文献
12.
Sreenivasan Subramanian 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2011,38(1):27-52
An important feature of most segmented societies is that deprivations and well-being achievements are unequally distributed
across well-defined sub-groups of the population, when the latter is partitioned according to a variety of social or geographical
categories, such as gender, caste, ethnicity, religion, occupation, sector of origin, or region of domicile. Group disparities
are a matter of both instrumental interest in assessing the nature of a society (such as in terms of its propensity for conflict)
and intrinsic concern in evaluations of a society’s record of ‘horizontal’ distributive justice. One aspect of a study of
population heterogeneity would reside in the measurement of inter-group inequalities in the distribution of a society’s burdens and benefits. It is this aspect of the problem that
is reviewed in the present paper. It is useful to note that group inequality can be categorized into different types (which
are nevertheless mutually linked by certain commonalities of purpose and motivation), and a particularly instructive taxonomy
is available in a recent paper by Arjun Jayadev and Sanjay Reddy (‘Inequalities and Identities’, which is available on the
website of the Social Science Research Network, at ). The present paper also presents taxonomy of alternative approaches to reckoning group inequality, and discusses a number
of real-valued measures of group disparity, mainly based on work in which this author has earlier engaged, by himself or in
collaboration. 相似文献
13.
V. S. Selin 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2009,20(6):632-638
The article analyzes methodological problems of forecasting in the socioeconomic development of a region-a constituency of
the Russian Federation. It presents possibilities for implementing the scenario’s approach, based on the example of Murmansk
oblast. It attempts to explain in detail alternative ways of development and to consider the current trend of growing economic
instability. 相似文献
14.
Clarence Anthony Bush 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2010,37(2):131-152
In Section 309(j)4(D) of the Communications Act, the Federal Communications Commission (“FCC”) is required to increase opportunities
for minority groups to participate in the provision of spectrum based services. In Adarand Construction, Inc. v. Pena, the
Supreme Court held that race-based government programs were subject to strict scrutiny. That is race-based programs must serve
a compelling governmental interest such as remedying past discrimination, and must be narrowly tailored to serve that interest.
Against this backdrop, a simple theoretical model is developed that explains the relationship between capital market discrimination
and outcomes in FCC spectrum auctions. Given capital market discrimination and all other factors being equal, it is shown
that a minority firm has zero probability of winning in an auction for spectrum. In addition, it is proven that, if equal
bidding credits are given to all firms, if there is capital market discrimination, and if all other things are equal, the
minority firm has a zero probability of winning in a spectrum auction. It is shown that a policy of auctioning spectrum, when
there is capital market discrimination, is an inferior policy among policies that can be used to allocate spectrum. Finally,
a policy of auctioning spectrum, when there is capital market discrimination, results in an inefficient auction. These theoretical
results and the empirical literature on capital market discrimination suggest that the FCC is implicitly discriminating against
minorities through its auctioning of spectrum under conditions of discrimination in capital markets. The results imply that
race-based programs are necessary/justified in order to increase diversity in telecommunications ownership and increase the
efficiency of FCC Spectrum Auctions. Given possible legal remedies, the paper contains a critical “audit”/analysis of the
FCC’s lending practices under the FCC’s installment payments. Legislative proposals for creating some new form of credit/installment
payment in conjunction with some experienced financial institution(s) are summarized and reviewed. 相似文献
15.
V. Vandenberghe 《De Economist》2011,159(2):159-191
European countries need to expand employment among older individuals. Many papers have examined this issue from different
angles. However, very few seem to have considered its gender dimension properly, despite evidence that lifting the overall
senior employment rate requires significantly raising that of women older than 50. The key issue examined by this paper is
whether employers are willing to employ more older workers, in particular older women. The answer depends to a large extent
on the ratio of older individuals’ productivity to their cost to employers. To address this question we tap into a unique
firm-level panel of Belgian data to produce robust evidence on the causal effect of age/gender on productivity and labour
costs. We take advantage of the panel structure to identify age/gender-related differences from within-firm variation. Moreover,
inspired by recent developments in the production function estimation literature, we address the problem of endogeneity of
the age/gender mix, using a structural production function estimator (Olley and Pakes in Econometrica 64(6):1263–1297, 1996; Levinsohn and Petrin in Rev Econ Stud 70(2):317–341, 2003) alongside IV-GMM methods where lagged value of labour inputs are used as instruments. Our results indicate a small negative
impact of larger shares of older men on the productivity-labour cost ratio. An increment of 10%-points of in their share causes
a 0.17–0.69%-point contraction. However, the main result is that the equivalent handicap with older women is larger, ranging
from 1.3 to 2.0%-points. This is not good news for older women’s employability. And the vast services industry does not seem
to offer working conditions that mitigate older women’s disadvantage, on the contrary. 相似文献
16.
S. A. Suspitsyn 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2006,17(4):449-456
The article analyzes factors, conditions and methods of identifying lasting spatial variations in Russia’s socioeconomic development.
It continues studies published in papers [1, 2]. Possible effects of parameters and assumptions of different scenarios of
Russian economic development on the spatial structure of the Russian economy are discussed. Quantitative estimates of structural
shifts that occurred between 2000 and 2004 are presented. 相似文献
17.
Global Imbalances: Is Germany the New China? A Skeptical View 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
In this paper we evaluate the current account patterns of China and Germany. We point out that China’s current account surplus
as a share of global GDP in recent years resembles that of Germany’s. Yet, an important difference is that the Euro block’s
current account inclusive of Germany has overall been balanced, whereas emerging Asia’s current account inclusive of China
has mostly been characterized by sizable surpluses. We further find that both China and Germany’s current account surpluses
seem to be accounted for by common factors. However we have reasons to doubt the long run viability of these current account
trends in future decades. Demographic transitions in China and Germany are projected to reduce their surpluses, and this effect
is stronger for Germany. We also discuss plausible reasons to doubt the extent to which the Euro block will move towards significant
surplus in the coming years. 相似文献
18.
Mack H. Jones 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1976,6(4):375-407
Conclusion Black officeholders in local governments in the rural South have not had significant success in reordering the priorities
of the bodies on which they serve and they have enjoyed only limited success in increasing the black community’s share of
benefits and services within the constraints of present priorities. Given their acute minority status this may be understandable. 相似文献
19.
Conclusions The necessary and sufficient condition suggested by Hillman [1980] for the index of RCA, when used in cross-country comparisons,
to provide a one-to-one relationship between pre-trade comparative advantage and revealed comparative advantage is fulfilled
for the great majority of the “commodities” traded in 1985 by 118 developing economies. Given the low level of data aggregation
(the lowest for which statistical information is currently available), the large sample of countries and the high percentage
of developing economies’ total exports captured in this research, we can conclude that Balassa’s export-performance index,
for cross-country comparisons, is a good indicator of comparative advantage as reflected by pre-trade prices. In other words,
Hillman’s condition is a useful indicator of the presence of monotonicity in indices of RCA: we have observed that at a 5-digit
level of commodity aggregation, increases in Balassa’s export performance index of RCA are likely to correspond to increases
in export levels. Aggregation of commodities at a 3-digit and at a 1-digit level suggests that Hillman’s condition is unlikely
to be violated if the cause for values of the Hillman’s Index less than one is due to export specialization; on the contrary,
the number of cases of a Hillman Index smaller than one due to a large share of world markets is expected to be negatively
related to the level of aggregation. Our results suggest that Hillman’s index should be calculated in any empirical investigation
trying to assess the long-term implications of trade liberalization negotiations using an export-performance index of RCA.
There is evidence that, if used at a disaggregated level, the HI is a tool that may help flag cases in which the RCA index
can be a misleading indicator of countries’ comparative advantage, even in cross-country comparisons. It may also help reduce
disagreements regarding the most appropriate coefficient of RCA.
Further research should be directed toward enlarging the sample of countries to include the entire world and to incorporate
at least three years of trade so as to be able to eliminate the possible influence of cycles. 相似文献
20.
Donald R. Andrews Bichaka Fayissa Uday S. Tate 《The Review of Black Political Economy》1991,20(1):25-47
Data at the school district level were used to estimate the relationship between basic skills test scores and various school
district, family and community educational inputs. The inputs examined in the regression analysis included expenditures per
student, student-teacher ratio, years of teacher’s experience, along with other school-related and socioeconomic variables.
Expenditures per student are significantly related to basic skills test results in a quadratic manner. Variables measuring
family and community structure are shown to be significant to test performance. These results are important for policy-makers
who are responsible for the allocation of funds in the education process. A greater reliance on economic incentives is suggested
as an alternative to the present system. 相似文献