Does the Entrepreneurship of the Parents Affect the Opportunities of their Offspring’s Entrepreneurship? Empirical Analysis Based on the CGSS 2010–2013 Data

The whole society is paying close attention to “entrepreneurship,” which urges researchers to find an explanatory perspective relatively independent and with causality on the intergenerational transfer of entrepreneurship. Based on the data of the Chinese General Social Survey (short for CGSS) during the years 2010–2013, this paper analyzes how parents’ entrepreneurship affects the probability of their offspring’s entrepreneurship, and the results show that compared with the offspring of parents who did not start their own business, those whose parents did are more likely to choose to start their own business. In view of historical facts such as the “lay-off wave” during China’s transformation into a market economy, we use “the annual number of unemployed back to work,” a provincial-level indicator, in the 1990s as an instrumental variable to correct possible endogenous problems. We find that parents’ entrepreneurship has significant positive effects on the probability of their offspring’s entrepreneurship, which may result from the informal transfer of human capital and wealth from parents to their offspring.     

ENVY, INSTITUTIONS AND GROWTH

The use of interdependent preferences provides an intuitive link between institutions and growth. Envious agents that care about relative wealth choose to use an available destruction technology to inflict harm on the wealth of other agents when institutions fail to make property rights secure, while they use a production technology to increase their wealth when institutions make it easy and hassle-free to engage in production. The use of interdependent preferences is justified by an extensive literature and can provide a motive for agents to take actions that block growth in the absence of theft or other concrete gains.     

云南稻作民族文化生态

稻作文化是云南稻作民族能动地适应生存环境的社会成果。云南稻作民族的生存环境立体多样,内部纵横分割、地形破碎封闭;区位具有过渡性：是青藏高原与东部平原、丘陵之间的过渡地带和东亚大陆、南亚次大陆和中南半岛之间的过渡地带,中原文化、印度文化、中南半岛文化在此交汇,与本土文化圆融,古代三大原始族群在此繁衍融合。这种立体多样的文化生态孕育了多姿多彩、独具特色的多个稻作文化亚型。云南各稻作民族在长期能动适应文化生态的过程中,形成了与其生态环境相适应的独特的民族立体分布格避,独特的祭祀活动、独特的宗教信仰和独特的维护生态平衡的方式。     

我国高铁偿债平衡点与债务风险代际转移研究

基于现金流理念,从开行密度视角测算高铁偿债平衡点.研究表明,目前达到列车开行密度偿债平衡点的高铁和客专营业里程分别占该类线路总营业里程的59.3％和20.9％,且债务风险可能发生代际转移.建议对高铁的外部效益实施财政补贴,优化线路公司的资本结构,适度提高单位票价率,加强城际高铁与干线高铁和民航机场的联接,提升高铁站与市内交通换乘的便捷性,并积极实施基于土地综合开发的TOD模式.     

我国新型农村养老保险对财政体系可持续性的影响研究——基于代际核算方法的模拟分析

文章利用Auerbach等(1991)提出的代际核算方法,基于符合国情的参数假设,分析了各种"新农保"方案对财政体系可持续性的影响。模拟结果表明,按照目前方案建立"新农保"体系并不会给政府增加太多负担,"新农保"覆盖面扩大的快慢对财政体系的负担基本也没有影响。由于个人账户中积累的资金目前按照一年期定期存款计息,政府承担的个人账户长寿风险非常有限。"新农保"体系带给政府的主要财政负担来自全额负担基础养老金,如果政府把全国的基础养老金都提高至上海市每月135元的水平,给政府增加的负担不会过多。因此,政府可以加快"新农保"覆盖面扩大的速度,并在现有的财力水平下把全国农村的基础养老金都提高至上海市的水平,但是提高幅度不宜进一步加大。     

中国文化背景下消费行为代际影响的动力机制:基于社会心理学视角

本文以社会心理学的视角研究中国城市家庭消费行为的双向代际影响问题,对上海市的10对母女居民进行了深度访谈,采用三级编码的方法对文本进行分析整理。研究结果揭示了代际影响动力机制的三方面内容:代际影响行为的动机特征,代际间相互作用的模式,代际影响关系的发展和转变。通过这三方面的研究构建了一个动态的、完整的、具有中国特色的消费行为代际影响模式,从理论上弥补了子女成人后消费行为代际影响方面的研究不足。这对于在中国开展本土化的家庭营销具有重要的实践指引意义。     

资源代际传递对收入分配的影响机制研究*——基于经济学权力范式的分析

优化收入分配格局是实现共同富裕的关键,资源代际传递又是收入分配公平的一大阻碍。本文借助二阶段Stackelberg博弈思想,引入生产性和非生产性资源代际传递构建子代对自身资源进行最优分配的博弈行为选择模型。基于资源形成权力、权力决定利益分配的逻辑,阐释资源代际传递过程中起决定性作用的家庭代际权力,即子代凭借家庭优势在资源竞争和利益分配时形成对他人的控制力或影响力。数值模拟发现制度选择对代际权力、社会产出和收入差距有较大影响,政府应着眼于预分配来缓解再分配压力,在子代进入市场前合理配置经济和非经济资源以缩小代际差异。利用资源调配权力制衡家庭代际权力,畅通向上流动通道,形成兼顾公平与效率的发展环境。     

浅析自然资源利用中的代际外部性问题

自然资源开发利用中存在外部性问题, 本文在传统外部性理论的基础上, 提出了代际外部性的概念, 并对其种类、表现、产生原因、特点等进行了阐述。     

风险规避、信息臻别与水稻品种的采用

本文通过实证研究表明在一个追求利润而采用新品种但需要缓解风险、臻别信息的过程中,外部推广机构行为较农户自身禀赋相比影响更为显著,但是大多数农户对公共机构的权威性的认同更多的是出于对国家和科学的信任而敢于采用新品种。由于农户自身无法有效地对新品种作出信息臻别,农户行为表现出明显的风险规避特征。     

Intergenerational transfers and the social discount rate

This paper investigates the relationship between intergenerational asset transfers and the choice of the discount rate for use in cost-benefit analysis in a model of a competitive overlapping generations economy constrained by a socially managed exhaustible resource. Provided that there are no distortions in capital markets and that all agents hold perfect foresight, cost-benefit techniques will result in a Pareto efficient resource allocation if the discount rate is set equal to the market rate of interest. But since the path of the interest rate depends on the level of intergenerational transfers, cost-benefit techniques do not ensure a socially desirable distribution of welfare between generations; a social optimum will result only if intergenerational transfers are properly chosen and enforced. Decentralized private altruism may result in intergenerational transfers that both present and future individuals would agree are too small if members of the present generation attach positive weight to the general welfare of future generations, not simply their personal descendants. In a world where intergenerational transfers are non-optimal, second-best policy-making may imply a constrained optimum that is inefficient. Together, these findings suggest that cost-benefit analysis is at best a partial criterion to policy formulation that should be used only in conjunction with ethical principles that define the proper distribution of welfare between present and future generations.     

How do middle-aged children allocate time and money transfers to their older parents in Europe?

This paper analyses the determinants of financial and time transfers from adult children to their older parents using the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE). It is the first survey containing rich comparable interdisciplinary information about individuals aged 50+ from ten European countries (Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland). The first part of the paper highlights the differences in the provision of upward private intergenerational transfers (in terms of both time and money) across the ten European countries. The second part describes the different determinants in the decision to provide time or money transfers to parents and evaluates whether these two types of assistance are substitutes or complements. Results highlight the existence of a substitution between time and money in relation to geographical distance and the existence of a weak substitution regarding the employment status of the middle-aged children.

代际旅游的内涵界定及表现形式

基于代际关系考虑的代际旅游是在我国家庭代际关系变迁和消费观念转变的背景下产生的,其存在具有绝对性,范围有其针对性,表现形式有亲子游、孝敬父母游、隔代游和大家庭旅游。     

儿子、女儿与代际支持

利用家庭动态调查数据,使用logistic回归模型和多元线性回归模型,分析儿子和女儿在代际支持中的性别差异。儿子和女儿在代际支持的过程中存在分工效应和替代效应,儿子和女儿在代际支持的三个方面进行分工,女儿在没有兄弟的时候替代儿子;代际支持的性别差异淡化具有层次性,在经济支持内部,性别差异的缩小首先是实物支持,其次是现金支持,最后才是付医药费;在各单项代际支持之间,代际支持的性别差异缩小首先是照料支持,其次是情感支持,最后是经济支持。     

闽台农产品贸易互补性研究

闽台农产品贸易是海峡两岸农业合作与交流的重要内容。本文借助增长率、贸易结合度、RCA指数、贸易互补度对闽台农产品贸易进行分析。研究结果表明,闽台农产品贸易关系密切,这种密切的贸易联系不是缘于两地农产品间存在着贸易互补关系。分析影响闽台农产品贸易的因素,提出两地考虑产业分工与合作,构建和谐贸易模式,共同提高农产品的国际竞争力。     

Equity and efficiency aspects of the Italian debt reduction

The paper deals with the distributional and efficiency consequences of debt reduction in Italy. A reduction of the deficit from six to three percent of GDP is financed by the so-called Eurotax (introduced temporarily or permanently) combined with an adjustment of consumption taxes or public transfers. The quantitative analysis is based on a dynamic simulation model of the Auerbach-Kotlikoff type, which distinguishes between five lifetime income classes within each age cohort. Our simulation results indicate that debt reduction increases the welfare of future generations between 1 and 2% of lifetime resources and that consumption taxes are preferable to the Eurotax on allocative grounds.     

绍兴的黄酒文化与旅游

将历史文化紧紧地融入到社会的各个行业,在旅游业中越来越被人们所重视,从而形成了酒文化、酒旅游。文章针对绍兴丰富的酒资源及对旅游影响的分析,提出对黄酒旅游的一些建议。     

How to escape poverty through education?: intergenerational evidence in Spain

This article analyses the determinants of escaping poverty through education in Spain, with this being the country that, is among the top European countries regarding the percentage of the population affected by poverty. Specifically, the article studies the transmission of poverty over two generations by analysing the factors that affect the probability of having completed the secondary level of education. To that end, we use the conceptual Quantity–Quality model of Becker–Lewis, empirically estimated by using the Survey of Living Conditions (2011) provided by the Spanish Statistical Institute. Our results confirm the intergenerational transmission of poverty in Spain, in such a way that the probability that the respondent has completed secondary education is determined, although not exclusively, by the family conditions of the respondents during their teenage years.