Production function for wheat: a case study of Southeastern Anatolian Project (SAP) region

Functions for total wheat production, the major agricultural crop of Gaziantep, Sanliurfa, Diyarbakir, and Mardin provinces in Southeastern Anatolian Project (SAP) region in Turkey were developed by using annual data lor the 1963-1989 period. Regression analyses were carried out on the multiple-linear, quadratic, and Cobb-Douglas functional forms of total wheat production in the region effected by cultivation area, fertilizer usage, and rainfall. From the economical theories' point of view the model revealed good insight. The models were statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Irrigation is valued quite substantially. Output elasticities of inputs are less than 1 and function coefficient is elastic. Thus input employment can be increased to increase wheat production. Further research based on factor analysis is recommended.     

Alternative Methods for Estimating Price Elasticities of Imports

Abstract

This article compares three commonly-used methods for estimating import price elasticities: (1) trade-weighted price elasticities of domestic demand and supply along with price transmission; (2) direct estimates based on ad hoc import demands; and (3) Armington model estimates. Using data from El Salvador's grain markets (white maize, red beans, and rice), the results indicate that the second method provides the most reliable estimates and that the Armington procedure may not be appropriate for estimations of this type. However, the first method offers the best guesstimates to assess potential rather than historical import response as trade is liberalized.     

中国水稻加工环节成本结构及影响因素分析

［目的］“产业兴旺”是乡村振兴战略中的重要内容,探究中国水稻加工环节成本结构及影响因素,对促进我国农业一、二、三产业的融合,实现农业价值链转型升级,提升我国农产价值链竞争力具有重要的意义。［方法］通过微观调研数据,构建超越对数成本函数和要素需求函数,采用似不相关回归法（Seemingly Unrelated Regression）实证分析我国水稻加工厂的成本及要素投入的影响因素。［结果］（1）稻米加工厂存在规模报酬经济,扩大规模可以降低稻米加工平均成本。（2）建立品牌、与农户形成合同关系、鼓励多元主体经营、公司成立时间、企业能够获得政府支持对降低加工厂的平均加工成本具有正向显著影响。（3）建立品牌、与稻农签订合同、企业负责人的年龄、受教育年限越高对提高加工厂资本投入,促进结构升级具有显著影响。［结论］应采取相关政策措施鼓励稻米加工产扩大加工规模,与上下游形成更为紧密的利益共同体,加强稻米加工企业的品牌意识进而提高我国稻米加工产业的成本竞争力,并鼓励具有更为丰富管理经验、接受更高教育水平的管理者担任企业负责人,在促进我国稻米加工行业的升级转型的同时,提高我国稻米副产品的深度开发利用。     

生态公益林建设成本效益分析及政策建议

在生态公益林建设中,若干个具有共同利益的组织或个人组成了利益集团,这些集团成员既有有共同的利益,又具有不同于共同利益的个人利益。分析了集团各成员的成本函数和收益函数,提出了采取多项措施,积极促进普通公众和受益地方政府对生态公益林建设的投入以及提高经营者和有关地方政府进行生态建设与保护的预期净收益等建议。     

全球生产网络背景下日本能源消耗测算及特征分析--基于多区域投入产出模型的分析

基于WIOD数据库,运用多区域投入产出(MRIO)模型测算1995-2011年日本的生产侧能耗、消费侧能耗、外需能耗及国外能耗四类指标,并对其变化趋势进行分析。分析日本外需能耗的主要国别流向和部门来源及其变化趋势。结果显示,日本是典型的产品隐含能耗净输入国,日本等发达国家以贸易的方式使发展中国家为其生产了大量隐含能耗的产品。     

经济林产品消费行为研究——以福州市居民为例

以经济林产品市场消费的实地调研为主:在相关经济林产品消费理论的基础上结合本课题实际设计出了一份消费者调查问卷,对市场经济林产品的消费情况、品种、动因及月消费额进行了统计分析。通过对调查数据和样本的分析,得出目前大众对经济林产品的消费量还比较少,对其营养价值的认知还有待提高,其中木本水果的消费意向最高,而木本油料的消费意向相对比较低,公众对木本粮食的消费因性别和收入水平有所差异。总的来说,公众对经济林产品的消费意向有增大的趋势。     

On the Consumer Value of Complementarity: A Benefit Function Approach

The article develops a conceptual model of the consumer value of complementarity and illustrates its usefulness in an application to fisheries. Complementarity arises when some goods have a positive effect on the marginal value of other goods. We propose a measurement of the value of complementarity based on the benefit function. Our econometric analysis of fish consumption in Italy examines these issues, with special attention given to dynamics. Our results show that, while short-run fish demand is characterized by substitution relationships, complementarity does develop in the intermediate run and in the long run.     

中国板栗有国际市场势力吗?——基于中国板栗及其在主要出口国家的实证研究

首先运用边际成本模型和剩余需求弹性模型估算了中国板栗及其在主要出口国市场上的国际市场势力,发现加入WTO前,中国板栗国际市场势力较大,加入WTO后中国板栗国际市场势力下降;中国板栗在泰国的市场势力最大,在荷兰的市场势力次之,在日本的市场势力最小,说明中国板栗出口具有了一定的市场势力,但由于中国板栗出口价格总体趋于下降,低成本优势逐渐减弱,所获得板栗贸易比较利益逐渐减少,板栗的现实国际市场势力并不很明显。     

Technology, Labor Wars, and Producer Dynamics: Explaining Consolidation in Beefpacking

Beefpacking underwent a dramatic transformation in the 1970s and 1980s, as plants got much larger and industry concentration rose dramatically. We use individual Census Bureau plant records to analyze the sources of the transformation. We find that there were modest but extensive scale economies in packing plants, covering the full range of plant sizes, and that such economies became more important throughout the period of the study. As production shifted to larger plants, we estimate that the industry's aggregate processing costs fell by 35.3% by 2002, compared to what they would have been without consolidation.     

Explaining Differences in Milk Quota Values: The Role of Economic Efficiency

This article explores the relationship between milk quota values and economic efficiency in order to analyze government interventions in quota allocations among producers. For this purpose, we estimate quota values using a panel of Spanish dairy farms. Quota values are then decomposed into economic efficiency, price, and scale effects in order to assess the relative influence of these factors. We find that efficiency is important in explaining quota values but is uncorrelated with observable farm characteristics. This casts doubts on the government's ability to allocate quotas to efficient farms.     

主体功能区生态补偿标准研究

建立合理的生态补偿标准对于区域协调发展具有重要的意义。以主体功能区划为背景,通过分析作为保护型功能区的苏北某县为实现生态系统服务功能所付出的成本,并依据区位熵理论确定成本分担系数,核算外部应承担的生态补偿标准,得出该县2010-2020年应得到的生态补偿金额为52.8亿元。设计了以为实现主体功能区划而产生的生态成本来进行核算的方式,为明确主体功能区划的生态补偿标准带来了便利。     

森林保险成本和价格与供求失衡分析

构成森林保险产品的成本有物业和设备成本、产品设计成本、宣传展业成本、查勘理赔成本、契约成本、赔付成本;在森林保险的构成成本中,以赔付成本为主的可变成本占总成本的67%以上,保险公司难以通过扩大经营规模有效分摊成本,森林保险价格具有刚性,较高的刚性价格抑制了森林保险的需求,造成森林保险供求失衡。     

The Dynamics of Individuals' Fat Consumption

Consumers are increasingly aware of the link between their lifestyle choices and the risk of noncommunicable diseases. A dynamic approach incorporating this linkage in food demand is developed, where consumers maximize utility over time by choosing fat intake to control their cumulative fat level. The resulting dynamic indirect utility function and household data on meat, fish, and dairy consumption are used to estimate a censored demand system. Results show that consumers consciously adjust, but not instantaneously, their cumulative fat level. Highly educated households have a faster rate of adjustment of cumulative fat. When cumulative fat level increases, consumers shift to dairy or white meat from red meat products.