“差价补偿”的博弈分析——以福州家电零售业为例

“差价补偿”在国内一些城市的某些商品零售业出现,有人认为它是价格战的一种新的形式,担心“差价补偿”的推出,会导致价格大战一触即发。实际上,“差价补偿”不是价格战的一种新的形式,而是想避免打价格战的一种策略,在博弈论中称之为“策略性行动”。它是寡头垄断市场中具有较强实力的企业,期望通过做出限制自己行为的承诺来限制其竞争对手的选择,实施“差价补偿”策略的目的是促使竞争对手采取合作的态度,选择与本企业相接近的价格,进而避免出现两败俱伤或几败俱伤的“囚犯困境”的结局。     

The Effects of Monetary Magnitude and Level of Aggregation on the Temporal Framing of Price

Existing research has shown that the pennies-a-day strategy of reframing a large aggregate expense as a small daily expense helps to reduce the perceived cost of a transaction (Nagle and Holden, 1995; Price, 1995; Gourville, 1998, 1999). This paper builds on this research and explores the robustness of the phenomenon across two dimensions – (1) the level of temporal aggregation and (2) the dollar magnitude of the transaction. First, we show that the effectiveness of a pennies-a-day strategy is not limited to per-day framing. Rather, we find a more general phenomenon in which a less aggregate expense is preferred to a more aggregate expense, such that if a per-day framing is preferred to a per-year framing, than a per-month framing also will be preferred to a per-year framing. Second, we show that this effectiveness reverses with the magnitude of the underlying expense, such that while a framing of $1 per day is preferred to one of $365 per year, a framing of $4200 per year is preferred to one of $11.50 per day.     

我国生鲜农产品物流变革的经济学分析

我国生鲜农产品物流存在着很多问题,由"集市"向"超市"的物流模式变革是生鲜农产品物流发展的必然趋势。根据新制度经济学的分析,本文认为从"集市"到"超市"的变革是节约交易费用的结果,也是制度变迁的结果。因此,促进这种变革,对我国生鲜农产品物流水平的提高,意义重大。     

Can Ethical Organizational Character Be Stimulated and Enabled?: “Upbuilding” Dialog As Crisis Management Method

Crisis management can be simultaneously a content specific problem solving process and an opportunity for stimulating and enabling an organizations ethical tradition. Crisis can be an opportunity for ethical organizational development. Kierkegaardian upbuilding dialog method builds from within the internal ethical tradition of an organization to respond to crises while simultaneously adapting and protecting the organizations tradition. The crisis itself may not be a directly ethical crisis, but the method of responding to the crisis is built upon the ethical foundations of an organizations tradition. A limitation of this method is that it may be less applicable to organizations with questionably ethical traditions. The concept of upbuilding dialog is derived from Kierkegaard, but here is applied to organizational crisis management. The method is illustrated and discussed in the context of a wrongful death crisis of the Dana- Farber Cancer Institute, a nonprofit organization, and an economic survival crisis at Ben and Jerrys, a business organization.     

论风险导向审计中的“风险”定位——兼论风险管理相关内部审计准则的修订

基于内部控制职能论,风险导向审计中的风险应该被定位为"企业全面风险"。风险导向审计既以全面风险管理为基础,又具有相对独立性。由于内部控制等同于风险管理,因此现行内部审计准则中的《内部控制审计》准则与《风险管理审计》准则应该合二为一。从层次上看,《内部控制审计》准则居于主导地位,而《经济性审计》、《效率性审计》、《效果性审计》和《遵循性审计》等准则居于从属地位。"3E"审计内生于内部控制审计之中。     

Creating a Market Orientation

A market orientation is a business culture in whichall employees are committed to the continuous creation of superiorvalue for customers. However, businesses report limited successin developing such a culture. One approach to create a marketorientation, the approach taken by most businesses, is the programmaticapproach, an a priori approach in which a business uses educationprograms and organizational changes to attempt to implant thedesired norm of continuously creating superior value for customers.A second approach is the market-back approach, an experientialapproach in which a business continuously learns from its day-to-dayefforts to create and maintain superior value for customers andthereby continuously develops and adapts its customer-value skills,resources, and procedures. Theory suggests that both approachescontribute to increasing a market orientation. It also suggeststhat when the a priori education of the programmatic approachis sharply focused on providing a foundation for the experientiallearning, the combined effect of the two learning strategiesis the largest. The implication is that the two strategies mustbe tailored and managed as a coordinated joint strategy for creatinga market orientation.     

Viagra(ization) or Technoromanticism

Viagra can rather obviously be termed "techno-romantic"--literally it is a technology to make sex possible. But technoromanticism is also a philosophical term referring to the belief that advances in technology serve "truth" "unity" and "wholeness" according to Coyne (1999). Surprisingly many pharmaceutical companies seem to have developed "Viagra" or at least substances that were very similar, but to have ignored and/or rejected commercializing them. This article assumes that the primary activity of research and development in pharmaceutical companies is to produce texts that interpret chemicals as "meaningful." Assumptions of what constitutes (medical) meaning within prevailing technoromanticism have seen R and D as a form of "production" that demands rejection of "consumption." This technoromanticism succeeded in rebuffing the sexual "techno-romanticism" of Viagra in the company studied, but Viagra's enormous commercial success has reversed priorities. R and D's meaning system has proven to be no match for Viagra-ization--the article examines the resulting crisis in meaning systems.     

应该从理论上否定"原罪"概念

本文认为,民间资本、私营经济并无“原罪”。否定“原罪”概念,有三个理由。第一,马克思借用神学概念提出“原罪”,带有否定资本的意思,认为资本一出生就有罪,这不仅与其所说的资本主义生产方式在历史上起的进步作用及生产力标准相矛盾,而且从根本上否定了劳动可以进行积累,合法经营可以致富,与实际情况不符。在一个半世纪之后的今天,资本仍有活力,还能在一定范围内调整生产关系。第二,“原罪”概念是不确定的,不能成为法律用语。把利润等同于“原罪”,认为利润获得者就有“原罪”,是把“原罪”概念泛化了,使之成为一个“莫须有”的罪名。第三,“原罪”是悬在私营业主头上的一把剑,随时可能掉下来。要使民营经济、私营企业健康发展,就是要改善投资环境,落实宪法中保护私有财产的庄严规定。     

FDI与地方政府财政支出结构的关系研究——基于中国东、中、西部地区29个省市区面板数据

利用中国大陆29个省市区1999—2004年的数据,研究东、中、西部地区FDI与地方政府财政投资性支出和消费性支出的关系,结果表明:东部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正向关系,投资性支出与FDI呈负向关系,都呈"U"型特征;中部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征,而投资性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征;西部地区的政府财政消费性支出与FDI呈负相关关系,呈"U"型特征,投资性支出与FDI呈正相关关系,呈倒"U"型特征。     

新技术下服务产品“虚拟化”探究

产品"虚拟化"的服务业可以有效地摆脱困扰服务业的鲍莫尔"成本病"的影响,实现生产率的快速增长。本文通过一个双头博弈模型,借助"自助服务外包给顾客"的形式说明了"虚拟服务"大大优于现在占据主体服务市场的实体"柜台"服务,"虚拟服务"将取代实体"柜台"服务,从而实现服务业"产业化"经营的目标。     

Entry,spending and firm size in a stochastic R&D race

A model is developed to explain participation and spending on R&D as a function of firm size. The R&D process is represented as an n-participant race with a Poisson incidence of success, where the winner takes all during some protection period. Four effects of scale are taken into account: a sunk fixed threshold cost of entry; a flow cost of expenditure for the duration of the race, which affects both the profitability of winning and the speed of development (the Poisson parameter), both with diminishing returns; allowance for an effect of firm size on the effectiveness (profit/cost) of development. The operational decision concerning the level and intensity of commitment in case of participation is modelled in a traditional fashion as the maximization of expected returns. The strategic decision whether or not to participate (at an optimal level and intensity) is modelled as a stochastic process of deliberation between different makers and influencers of decisions in the firm. The latter is to be seen as an introduction of the political and resource dependence views of organisations. The resulting model of R&D participation as a function of firm size is tested empirically on data from an R&D survey in the Netherlands.     

"Blessed Are the Meek, for They Shall Inherit the Earth" – An Aspiration Applicable to Business?

The paper's broad aim is to provide a wider understanding of a complex virtue, "meekness". This interest is pragmatic. Contemporary research by Collins (2001) has identified "meekness" as a personal quality for highest-level leadership at great businesses, a theme identifiable also in religious and ancient philosophical narratives. Two strands of enquiry are pursued. Firstly, features of "meekness" are inferred by reference to Plato, Aristotle and Xenophon, as also to the gospel writer, Matthew, source of the title's quotation. It concludes that "meekness" is not about powers foregone but "powers controlled and exercised with discernment". The second strand addresses whether there are intrinsic differences between the ethics of business and religious activities. Narrative of a New Testament incident, apparently condemning traders, is briefly explored as a case study. Closer examination points how an inappropriate fusing of regulatory and commercial roles had created market abuses. The timeless account warns against inadequately controlled powers and provides an enduring example of how "the meek" should respond assertively against unethical conduct and avoid it themselves. While the paper acknowledges that there may be distinctive "guardian" and "commercial" syndromes for ethical prioritisation, a spiritual virtue, such as "meekness", transcends individual and organisational purposes, being aspirational for any activities that involve providing services and being accountable.     

反倾销法国内产业定义中的“主要部分”研究——兼评欧盟紧固件案

WTO《反倾销协定》没有解释国内产业定义中"主要部分"一词的含义。"主要部分"生产者的产量占同类产品国内总产量的比例是多少?"主要部分"包含哪些生产者?欧盟紧固件案为这两个问题的解答提供了指引。"主要部分"没有具体的比例要求,但要确保为损害确定提供足够的、真实的生产者信息。调查机构不能运用结果导向型的方式来选择"主要部分"所包含的生产者,否则将违反损害确定中"客观审查"的义务。     

“公允价值”的适用性:基于反倾销调查的分析

“公允价值”作为一种新的计量属性具有无比的优越性,在反倾销调查中,“公允价值”的普遍应用对我国现行会计制度提出了挑战,如何在一贯、透明的基础上,正确应用公允价值已成为非常重要的课题。本文从反倾销应诉的角度,解读了“正常价值”的内涵,分析了“公允价值”与“市场价值”的区别与联系以及“公允价值”对反倾销调查的影响,并提出了“公允价值”适用性的要求。     

Corporate responsibility and corporate personhood

In this paper, I consider the claim that a corporation cannot be held to be morally responsible unless it is a person. First, I argue that this claim is ambigious. Person flags three different but related notions: metaphysical person, moral agent, moral person. I argue that, though one can make the claim that corporates are metaphysical persons, this claim is only marginally relevant to the question of corporate moral responsibility. The central question which must be answered in discussions of corporate moral responsibility is whether corporations are moral agents or moral persons. I argue that, though we can make a case for saying corporations are moral agents, they are not moral persons, and hence, we can hold them responsible. In addition, we need not treat them the way we would be obligated to treat a moral person; we needn't have the same scruples about holding a corporation morally responsible as we would a moral person. Rita C. Manning is Lecturer at California State College, San Bernardino. She has published in Southern Journal of Philosophy and in Informal Logic.     

国有经营者激励契约的博弈分析

企业是要素市场一系列契约的结点。对企业经营者的激励契约问题进行研究,具有重要的现实意义。利用“激励相容”机制,可以实现“个人理性”和“集体理性”的统一。从博弈理论的角度来看,“激励相容”达到的是一个“纳什均衡”状态,这是达到帕累托最优的必要条件。     

基于“服务交互”视角“中国服务”的餐饮特色培育研究

培育中国特色的餐饮服务对于本土餐饮品牌的经营与发展意义重大。本文在"中国服务"的内涵基础上,阐明"中国服务"的餐饮特色的内涵与特征;明确使"中国服务"成为走向世界的、独具中国特色的服务品牌,是培育"中国服务"的餐饮特色的核心目标,也是餐饮业发展的长远之计;基于"服务交互"的视角,为培育"中国服务"的餐饮特色,打造中国特色餐饮品牌的管理实践提供方法指导。旨在为餐饮业服务品质的提升,尤其是为本土中高端餐饮品牌的健康发展提供有益的参考。     

用灰色动态模型进行人口变动分析与预测的编程实现

介绍了利用编程实现用灰色动态模型进行人口变动分析与预测的方法。介绍了建模与模型检验的数学理论 ,论述了编程实现这一过程的实用意义 ,并给出了解决这一问题的实际方案。     

Management development and business ethics: A view from the U.K.

This article is written in the context of current British interest in management training and development, in which an emphasis on competency is viewed critically, as technically oriented, with little attention paid to ethics and moral values. It is suggested that a concern for ethics in management development can be expressed in terms of four requisite management attributes or qualities: theoretical knowledge and understanding; affective qualities; personal and interpersonal skills; and self-knowledge. Following Kohlberg's work on moral development, the cultivation of these attributes is viewed as a life-span process involving three broadly defined forms of management development practice, each appropriate to different circumstances and stages in a learner's career. It is concluded that the conventional teaching of theory, learning from experience and counselling/mentoring, are equally important in the contribution which management development can make to the resolution of ethical dilemmas in business practice.Patrick Maclagan is a lecturer in organisational behaviour and managerial ethics at the School of Management, University of Hull, U.K., where he is also on the Steering Committee of the Social Values Research Centre, His current research concerns the relationship between management development and ethics in organisations.