后金融危机背景下我国投资银行业务监管研究

由商业银行次级抵押贷款质量恶化引发的这场次级贷款危机,将美国金融市场拖下泥潭。2008年9月,以雷曼兄弟公司申请破产保护为发端,美国投资银行业遭遇多米诺骨牌效应,相继倒下。美国投资银行业全军覆灭后,中国投资银行业也面临着何去何从的问题。本文首先探析美国投资银行监管模式及其失败的经验与教训,接着对比我国投资银行业务发展中存在的问题与不足,提出了我国投资银行业务健康发展的建议和对策。     

国外投资银行业的市场格局比较及启示

投资银行在证券业中起着举足轻重的作用,但是我国投资银行业的发展格局并不十分理想。本文通过从投资银行业的变革历程、市场格局的现状以及主要综合性投资银行三个方面对比美国和日本的投资银行业的市场格局,把握一些共性因素,并得出如下启示：（1）投资银行业趋于混业经营;（2）构建具有较高集中度的投资银行业市场格局;（3）培育具有国际竞争力的综合性投资银行;（4）注重核心业务的发展。     

对进一步发展我国投资银行业务的思考

投资银行业在我国刚刚起步 ,在很多方面还不完善 ,本文试图分析我国投资银行业的必要性和发展过程中出现的一些问题 ,进而提出进一步发展我国投资银行业务的对策建议。     

面对“入世”的我国投资银行业

我国加入WTO后,投资银行业面临着严峻的考验,改革开放以来,虽然我国证券市场的发展速度很快,但证券市场的发育还很不成熟,对投资银行的容纳、支撑 作用有限,我国投资银行业与西方发达国家大投资银行相比着距较大。西文阐述了我国证券市场、投资银行、市场监管的现状和差距,着重强调我国投资银行的规模普遍较小、经营不够稳健、业务结构单调、业务不规范、管理不完善、服务水平的较低问题,然后提高扩大投资银行的规模、开发新型业务、创造具有自身经营特点和私人理财服务、参与国有企业重组,开拓资产证券化服务、积极开拓海外业务、加速服务电子化的速度、加强风险投资以及金融工程领域的前瞻性研究等对策建议。     

美国投资银行业务结构的转变及其启示

美国投资银行业务结构的转变及其启示中国人民银行研究生部马尧对外经济贸易大学高爽怡投资银行素有资本市场的“心脏”之称，在西方国家的资本融通中起着巨大的作用。美国的投资银行业是全球同业中最先进的，它的发展基本上代表了整个行业的历史趋势。７０年代以来，美国...     

金融危机对美国投资银行的影响

20世纪80年代以来,在金融全球化、自由化的推动下,国际投资银行业呈现出市场全球化、业务多样化、机构大型化的鲜明趋势和特征。但是在金融海啸的影响下,投资银行业受到了全面、深层次、持久性的影响。作为全球投资银行业务的"带头大哥",美国投资银行也首当其冲,在阵痛之中转型,在质疑中受到了更加严厉的监管。本文旨在结合历史与现实对美国投资银行业的变化进行分析和探讨。     

面对"入世"的我国投资银行业

我国加入WTO后,投资银行业面临着严峻的考验.改革开放以来,虽然我国证券市场的发展速度很快,但证券市场的发育还很不成熟,对投资银行的容纳、支撑作用有限,我国投资银行业与西方发达国家大投资银行相比差距较大.本文阐述了我国证券市场、投资银行、市场监管的现状和差距,着重强调我国投资银行的规模普遍较小、经营不够稳健、业务结构单调、业务不规范、管理不完善、服务水平较低等问题,然后提出扩大投资银行的规模、开发新型业务、创造具有自身经营特点的私人理财服务、参与国有企业重组、开拓资产证券化服务、积极开拓海外业务、加速服务电子化的速度、加强风险投资以及金融工程领域的前瞻性研究等对策建议.     

金融危机对美国投资银行的影响

20世纪80年代以来,在金融全球化、自由化的推动下,国际投资银行业呈现出市场全球化、业务多样化、机构大型化的鲜明趋势和特征。但是在金融海啸的影响下,投资银行业受到了全面、深层次、持久性的影响。作为全球投资银行业务的"带头大哥",美国投资银行也首当其冲,在阵痛之中转型,在质疑中受到了更加严厉的监管。本文旨在结合历史与现实对美国投资银行业的变化进行分析和探讨。     

投资银行业务发展策略

自2007年次贷危机爆发以来,包括美国投资银行在内的世界许多国家的投资银行业受到了较大冲击,投资银行业务饱受批判,被认为是引发国际金融危机的罪魁祸首。但是,对国内银行来说,要提高其核心竞争力,优化调整盈利结构,不断完善服务功能,积极发展投资银行业务是大势所趋。本文就当前发展投资银行业务的必要性、主要障碍入手,提出了加快发展投资银行业务的主要策略。     

中外投资银行业务比较与我国证券公司的发展策略

从世界范围来看,投资银行业自产生发展至今已有上百年的历史,在国外已经发展成了一个较完善的产业体系。在我国证券行业还是朝阳产业,同国外著名投资银行存在着较大的差距。本文主要针对中外投资银行业务。文章首先从中外投资银行的投资银行业务品种、业务收入结构、业务专业化程度几方面进行了比较;接着针对我国证券公司与国外知名大型投资银行的差距提出了业务发展策略:引入多元的投资主体、扩大公司资本规模、积极创新业务品种培养核心业务、实施差别服务与特色服务。     

美国投资银行危机及其转型剖析

本文通过分析美国投资银行经营模式的缺陷,找出2008年美国投资银行危机及其转型的深刻原因。分析结果显示,融资模式的缺陷、过度依赖高风险业务是美国投资银行危机的内因,而外部监管漏洞放任了投资银行的经营管理,是投资银行危机的重要外因。投资银行危机促使美国主要独立投资银行转型为全能银行经营模式,这是美国银行业发展一个重要的转折点。但危机仅仅是投资银行转型的诱因,全能银行经营模式的相对优势是美国独立投资银行转型的根本原因。     

U.S. banking regulations and foreign banks' entry into the United States

This study provides a review of foreign banking activities in the U.S. over the past decade. Foreign banking entry into the United States has occurred through representative offices, branches, agencies, subsidiary banks, Edge Act offices, and investment companies. The total assets of foreign offices, branches, and subsidiaries in the U.S. increased 310 percent, while total assets of domestically owned commercial banks increased 99 percent. Foreign interests are not currently dominating U.S. banking activities. The shares of balance sheet accounts for foreign entrants are growing more rapidly than domestic institutions in six states, but not in New York and California. To eliminate any disadvantages U.S. institutions may face in competing with foreign banks, American state and federal banking laws need to be liberalized.     

Do financial conglomerates create or destroy economic value?

This paper investigates whether functional diversification is value-enhancing or value-destroying in the financial services sector, broadly defined. Based on a U.S. dataset comprising approximately 4060 observations covering the period 1985–2004, we report a substantial and persistent conglomerate discount among financial intermediaries. Our results suggest that it is diversification that causes the discount, and not that troubled firms diversify into other more promising areas. In addition, the discount applies to all financial services activity-areas with the exception of investment banking and is stable over different combinations of financial activity-areas with the exception of commercial banking units combined with insurance companies and/or investment banking activities.     

功能视角下投资银行组织模式变迁的回顾与前瞻

投资银行的核心功能是创造一个超越法律的信息市场和采用合约以及相应的自我实施机制,为经济主体提供与信息高敏感度证券资产相关的各种金融服务。历史地看,合伙制是投资银行实现这一功能的理想模式。随着信息通讯技术的变革和金融理论的发展,传统业务隐含技能的代码化推动投资银行从合伙制模式而转向公众化。次贷危机后,以放弃法人独立性为代价来换取联邦金融救助成为美国主要投资银行的惟一选择。尽管这种模式可在获得信息优势、范围经济等利益的同时,还可借助联邦安全网实现稳定,但与之伴随的严重利益冲突,不仅可能威胁金融安全和稳健性,而且可能压抑市场创新,导致其服务效率的下降,最终影响投资银行的机构功能地位。     

ACTIVITY STRATEGIES,AGENCY PROBLEMS,AND BANK RISK

We investigate whether diversification affects bank risk taking in the U.S. banking industry, and whether this relation is partially explained by agency theory. Our results show that U.S. banks with a relatively high share of noninterest income become riskier when moving toward non-interest-income-generating activities, especially activities from investment banking, proprietary trading, and so on. Diversification not only affects conditional average risk, but also the dispersion of risk. Moreover, diversified banks that received assistance from the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) become riskier than diversified nonrecipients after TARP capital injections. Our main findings are robust to a battery of robustness tests. The results are partially explained under agency frameworks related to poor corporate governance.     

Global Banks,Financial Shocks,and International Business Cycles: Evidence from an Estimated Model

This paper estimates a two‐country model with a global bank, using U.S. and euro area (EA) data. Empirically, a model version with a bank capital requirement outperforms a structure without such a constraint. A loan loss originating in one country triggers a global output reduction. Banking shocks matter more for EA macro variables than for U.S. real activity. Banking shocks account for about 2–5% of the unconditional variance of U.S. GDP and for 3–14% of the variance of EA GDP. During the 2007–09 recession, banking shocks accounted for about 15% of the fall in U.S. and EA GDP, and for more than a third of the fall in EA investment and employment.     

Nontraditional banking activities and bank failures during the financial crisis

We test whether income from nontraditional banking activities contributed to the failures of hundreds of U.S. commercial banks during the financial crisis. Estimates from a multi-period logit model indicate that the probability of distressed bank failure declined with pure fee-based nontraditional activities such as securities brokerage and insurance sales, but increased with asset-based nontraditional activities such as venture capital, investment banking and asset securitization. Banks that engaged in risky nontraditional activities also tended to take risk in their traditional lines of business, suggesting that deregulation was neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for bank failure during the crisis.     

The determinants of foreign banking activity in the United States

The recent rapid growth of foreign banking activity in the United States has led to major changes in the regulation of foreign banks. This paper seeks to determine the factors causing this growth of foreign banks. Empirical tests were conducted employing quarterly time series data from 1972 through 1979. It is shown that the most important factors determining foreign bank growth were (i) the size of interest differentials between U.S. and foreign deposits and loans, (ii) the falling P/E ratios for U.S. bank stocks, (iii) the increased size of (net) foreign direct investment in the U.S., (iv) the persistent depreciation in the dollar, and (v) expectations that the International Banking Act of 1978 would have a restrictive affect on foreign bank activity in the U.S.     

Does relative valuation work for banks?

We study the distribution and properties of valuation errors yielded by banking industry multiples for European and U.S. banks. The results highlight that stock-market multiples are best suited for U.S. institutions, and that a two-year-forward P/E is the most precise metric. Contrary to practitioner beliefs, P/tangible book value is less meaningful than P/BV. Multiples are less accurate for small commercial banks than for large ones, and for investment banks than for retail banks. We investigate whether large positive errors lead to one-year positive price performances and negative errors to negative price changes, and find that the forward P/E loses its predictive ability in comparison with historical multiples. Testing three investment strategies, we find that bank multiples can be profitably used in portfolio choices.     

中国对美ODI的现状分析与持久力构造

中国对美直接投资在过去10年间保持着快速增长态势,并拥有着良好的发展前景。文章归纳了中国对美ODI所表现出的基本特征,全面分析了近年来促进中国对美ODI增长的驱动因素,以及国内企业在对美ODI中遇到的制约因素,指出为继续推动中国对美ODI的快速发展,需要中美两国加强政治上的互信和理解,也需要中国企业充分熟知美国的投资规则,提高自身投资管理技能。