Some remarks on the Stolper-Samuelson and Rybczynski theorems

First, this paper provides a necessary and sufficient condition for a weak form of the Stolper-Samuelson criterion in the n×n case. It will be shown that it is a sufficient condition in the uneven case where the number of primary factors is larger than the number of products. Secondly, this paper offers two conditions. Conditions (II) and (III), that are equivalent to Chipman's and Uekawa's weak form of the Stolper-Samuelson criteria, respectively. Our economic interpretations of these conditions are given in the final section by applying a notion of Hicks's imperfect stability.     

REVEALED PREFERENCE TESTS OF THE STOLPER?SAMUELSON THEOREM

This article conducts revealed preference tests of the Stolper-Samuelson theorem. If the Stolper?Samuelson theorem holds, one would expect to find a country's relatively scarce factor of production (in this case labor) harmed from trade liberalization and thus opposing trade liberalization. The reverse would be true for its relatively abundant factor of production (in this case capital). Therefore, this article examines representations made before the Canadian House of Commons committee studying the Canadian?U.S. Free Trade Agreement. Assuming representations coincide with the self-interest of the presenters, the effects of trade liberalization on factor returns are inferred. It finds strong support for the proposition that labor behaves as the Stolper?Samuelson theorem would predict and qualified support for capital behaving as the Stolper?Samuelson theorem would predict.     

The effect of variation in foreign production on domestic factor prices

In this article, the effects of random versus nonrandom foreign production on the average commodity price ratio and on average domestic factor prices are examined within the context of the Heckscher-Ohlin framework. It is shown that the average price ratio is changed when production is random. Thus, the condition derived by Murray C. Kemp and Chulsoon Khang for expected factor prices to be changed when the commodity price ratio is random, must be altered in accordance with the Stolper-Samuelson theorem.     

Trade-in-goods and trade-in-tasks: An integrating framework

We introduce a simple but flexible analytical framework in which both trade in goods and trade in tasks arise. We use this framework to provide versions of the gains-from-trade and the famous four HO theorems (Heckscher–Ohlin, factor-price-equalisation, Stolper–Samuelson, and Rybczynski) that apply to this environment. We extend our framework to accommodate monopolistic competition and two-way offshoring and to integrate theoretical results of the early offshoring literature.     

Monopsony distortions in an open economy: A theoretical analysis

This paper examines the positive and welfare implications of monopsony distortions in a small open economy. The equilibrium when one industry exercises its monopsony power is characterized by an endogenous differential between the marginal rates of substitution in production between the two industries. This monopsony distortion leads to various pathological positive results, including non-tangency of the commodity price-ratio with the shrunk-in distorted PPC, output responses unrelated to the convexity or concavity of the distorted PPC, reverse Stolper-Samuelson results, and opposite movements in real wages and real incomes. In addition, the welfare effect of trade liberalization is of ambiguous sign.     

Reswitching,primary inputs and the Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson theory of trade

The 2× 2 × 2 Heckscher-Ohlin-Samuelson model of trade is examined under all the usual assumptions, except that a positive rate of interest is assumed. The factor-price-equalization and Stolper-Samuelson theorems are shown to be unaffected by the positive interest rate. The H-O-S theorem on the pattern of trade still holds in its ‘quantity’ form but is shown to be invalid in its ‘price’ form. Consequently trade need not ‘harm’ a country's scarce factor. It is to be expected that, in general, international equilibrium will not be unique.     

A synthesis of the Heckscher-Ohlin and the neoclassical models of international trade

In this paper we provide a synthesis between the neoclassical and the Heckscher-Ohlin models of international trade by developing the properties of a two-sector, three-factor model. The neoclassical model, where one or more factors are specific to one or both industries, and the Heckscher-Ohlin model, where two (or all factors) are nonspecific, then can be analyzed as special cases of our model. The theorems by Rybczynski, Stolper and Samuelson, Jones and Chipman, among others, are reexamined in terms of our generalized model.     

The two-sector model in terms of its dual: A geometric exposition

The standard properties of the two-sector model are analyzed in a simple diagram representing the duals of the production finctions for the economy's two outputs. The diagram is especially useful for illustrating propositions that deal primarily with prices: the factor price equalization theorem, the Stolper-Samuelson theorem, and the effects of factor market distortions. Shadow prices of factors in distorted economies are easily determined using the diagram. These shadow prices are useful in measuring the total loss created by a set of distortions and in explaining anomalies associated with ‘highly distorted’ economies in which one factor has a negative shadow price.     

A generalization of the Samuelson reciprocity relation,the Stolper-Samuelson theorem and the Rybczynski theorem under variable returns to scale

Assuming the Marshallian externalities, a generalization of the Samuelson reciprocity relation, the Stolper–Samuelson theorem and its dual Rybczynski theorem is demonstrated with n commodities and n inputs. Further it is shown that the ‘weak’ Stolper–Samuelson property does not coincide with the ‘strong’ property even when n=2. Then the effect of an own or other commodity price change on a commodity output is examined.     

Globalization, regional wage differentials and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem: Evidence from Mexico

In this paper, I study what factors determined the changes in Mexico's regional wage differentials during the nineties. I exploit the regional variation in exposure to international markets to identify the effects of NAFTA on wages and the skill premium. The results support the presence of Stolper-Samuelson type of responses during Mexico's trade liberalization: regions more exposed to globalization appear to have exhibited an increase in overall wage levels, but a decrease in the skill premium, relative to other regions of the country. The results suggest that trade liberalization has a spatial dimension that is usually neglected in traditional models.     

Vertical Specialization Between Developed and Developing Countries: A Modification of the Heckscher-Ohlin Model

This article analyzes the implications for the Heckscher-Ohlin model of a split of the production of a final good into the intermediate good production and the further working of the good. Through this split, the different parts of the production process can be matched to fit the factor endowment of each country. The new and quite central distinction from earlier contributions is that we take into account an exactly defined need of intermediate goods according to a certain kind of specification in every link of the production process. We show that the potential trade pattern thereby becomes much more varied and significantly distinct from the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin model. The input-output ratio of labor increases relatively to the input-output ratio of capital in the capital-abundant country's production of the capital-intensive split product and thereby the Rybczynski theorem is reinforced.     

要素密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级的收入分配效应——基于我国省级动态面板数据的GMM方法

基于我国28个省级区域的出口数据,运用修正后的Hausmann(2005)模型测度了各省级区域2002-2008年劳动和资本密集度偏向型产业的出口技术结构。在此基础上,运用差分GMM估计从全国和区域双层面对要素密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级的收入分配效应进行了实证分析。结果表明:近年来,我国资本和劳动密集度偏向型产业的出口技术结构都有较大的提升,但两种密集度产品技术含量的差距在不断扩大;Stolper-Samuelson定理在我国是适用的,劳动密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级对劳动收入占比具有显著的促进作用,而资本密集度偏向型出口技术结构表现为显著的负作用;导致我国出口增长与劳动收入占比下降"相悖"现象的原因在于资本密集度偏向型产品的出口增长速度快于劳动密集度偏向型产品。     

外国直接投资的国际贸易效应:基于我国行业数据的分析

本文在Rybczynski定理的基础上考察了外国直接投资与国际贸易之间替代和互补的关系。在理论分析部分,建立了一个简化的要素特定模型,分析了特定部门初始贸易状态与部门产出以及外国直接投资的关系。在实证分析部分,用我国各行业外国直接投资和贸易的数据对其进行了检验,结果发现外国直接投资对我国各行业贸易的影响都很显著,但是具体的替代和互补关系却因时期不同而不同。     

Trade, turnover, and tithing

This paper examines the hypothesis that turnover affects trade preferences. High turnover industries are similar to the Stolper-Samuelson assumption of perfect factor mobility, so factor of production drives trade preferences. Among low turnover industries, as in the specific factors model, net export position determines trade preferences. We show that PAC contribution patterns are consistent with this hypothesis. In high turnover industries, capital groups give significantly larger shares of their campaign contributions to free trade supporters than labor groups do. Among low turnover industries, on the other hand, exporting and import-competing groups differ significantly in their financial support for free traders.     

Jobs and Exposure to International Trade within the Service Sector in Sweden

To establish in which service industries there is international trade (or it may potentially exist), we calculate locational Ginis for different industries. The basic idea is that from this measure of regional concentration of different activities within a country we can identify industries where there appears to be regional trade, and hence also a potential for international trade. Based on our method, we find that: (i) the number of employed in tradable service appears to be at least as large as in the manufacturing sector, (ii) tradable service is much more skill intensive than manufacturing, and (iii) lately, the employment in tradable service has increased substantially. We argue that the last mentioned result is consistent with the substantial growth of skilled labour in Sweden since the mid‐1990s (Rybczynski effect) and factors leading to increased relative demand for skilled labour. Particularly, increased competition from and offshoring to low‐wage countries seem recently to have had a considerable impact on the creation of skilled jobs and the displacement of less skilled jobs in the tradable sector in Sweden. Furthermore, we apply a similar method as for industries to identify tradable occupations. Using our classification of tradable industries and tradable occupations in a Mincer type wage equation, we find that workers in such industries and occupations receive a wage premia of 12–13 per cent.     

Information Technology and Establishment Size in America: Rybczynski Redivivus☆

The Rybczynski Theorem is one of the staples of international trade theory. In their article in this issue of the journal, J.J. Rosa and J. Hanoteau apply the theorem to a two-by-two world in which the two “industries” are small firms and large firms, and the two inputs are information and all other. The assumption that small firms are more information intensive, coupled with the fact that information has become pervasive in recent decades, allows them to derive the prediction that small firms will account for increasingly larger proportions of total output and employment in the economy. We highlight a couple of issues that we find problematic in the Rosa–Hanoteau study, and then develop two different empirical strategies to probe the connections between IT and the size distribution of establishments. First, we combine County Business Patterns with input–output data to explore whether the share of small plants has grown at a faster pace among industries that demand IT more heavily. Second, we explore, on an industry-by-industry basis and taking into account the potential endogeneity of IT location, whether clustering of IT firms in specific US counties is associated with a relatively large share of small establishments, on average, in those counties.     

Purchases and complaints: A logit-model analysis

This article treats the individual purchase as an event produced by the household. It is hypothesized that household resources and perceived product importance will be positively related to the probability of making overt complaint for a given purchase. It is also hypothesized that purchases made in the private market more than purchases made in the public supply system will be subject to overt complaints. A logit-model analysis based on 1,640 purchases supported the resource and supply system hypotheses, but failed to support the product-importance hypothesis.     

Maintenance person or architect?

This paper suggests that, while advertising has changed, advertising research has not. Indeed, questions asked of advertising research more than 20 years ago have still not been answered. The enormity of change in advertising compounded by the lack of response from researchers suggests the traditional academic advertising research model requires more than routine maintenance. It seeks an architect with vision to redesign an academic research model that is probably broken or badly outdated. Five areas of the academic research approach are identified as needing rethinking: (1) the advertising problem, (2) sample frame and subjects, (3) assumptions regarding consumer behaviour, (4) research methodologies and (5) findings. suggestions are made for improvement. But perhaps the biggest challenge is academic leadership. This paper proposes the establishment of a blue-ribbon panel to report back on recommended changes or improvements.     

平衡记分卡与层次分析法

平衡记分卡是一种有效的企业绩效测评方法 ,它采用了内部测评的视角 ,有助于联系企业战略和短期行为。在引入了数学模型层次分析法后 ,不仅成功解决了各绩效测评指标的权重确定问题 ,而且也使平衡记分卡成为了一个决策工具