技术学习文献综述

结合技术学习的内涵,梳理总结了国内外研究者提出的技术学习模式及相关研究成果,认为目前研究者多数关注发展中国家的技术学习及其引起的技术能力提升,而对在发达国家向发展中国家输出技术的过程中是否也发生"技术学习"以及发展中国家形成的技术能力是否能实现质的跨越则缺乏研究,并认为发展中国家在开展技术学习的过程中更应加强内部学习。     

不同产业技术背景的制造企业知识产权能力发展策略——来自丝丽雅、二重和长虹的案例研究

采用多案例研究方法,讨论了分别处于纺织行业、重型装备制造行业、信息家电行业的丝丽雅、二重和长虹这三家制造企业在全球化竞争中的技术能力发展路径,以及利用知识产权获得竞争优势的机会,进而给出了不同产业技术背景下中国制造企业的知识产权能力发展策略。研究表明:有重点地选择特定技术和产品开展持续的研发,是作为"后来者"的我国制造企业发展创新能力、获得后来者优势的有效途径;"后来者"企业有机会利用知识产权赢得创新所得,但不同产业技术背景的企业的知识产权能力发展策略存在较大差异。     

The determinants of EST adoption by manufacturing plants in developing countries

This article reports on the findings of a survey undertaken in late 2001-early 2002 on the determinants of environmentally sound technology (EST) adoption by 98 plants in eight developing countries. We review the literature on technology diffusion and technology capabilities as well as empirical studies with an exclusive focus on developing countries that explicitly addressed environmental performance or EST adoption to formulate our heuristic model that guided our investigation. We examine in some detail the determinants of both prevention and abatement technologies, which has seldom been investigated, in developing countries.In full recognition of literature that cites a host of reasons that cause plants to adopt EST we take into account both contextual and plant-specific factors. We use an ordered choice model that revealed that plant-specific factors assume a pre-dominant role in explaining the adoption of higher order of complexity EST. Plant-specific factors, specifically environmental commitment, technological capabilities, and ownership, and market factors, specifically foreign involvement and water and energy price perception, matter in determining the type of technological response and thus in explaining the adoption of higher-order complexity EST. Two governmental factors, regulatory implementation strategy and international donor assistance, also play a role in the adoption of EST. However, civil society, in particular community pressure that has been identified as an important determinant of environmental performance, does not play a role because of the way the dependent variable is constructed to capture higher orders of technological complexity.     

技术动态性、组织学习与技术追赶: 基于技术生命周期的分析

组织学习的研究说明，环境动态性越强，组织学习越重要。从技术动态性和组织学习角度出发．根据技术生命周期(TLC)，对发展中国家的技术追赶战略进行了研究。结果表明，在TLC的不同阶段，技术动态性强弱存在差异，相应地，对于处于不同发展阶段的技术实施技术追赶，追赶者应该具备的组织学习能力也不相同。成熟期和导入期技术是追赶者进行技术追赶的两个机会窗口，这两个机会窗口之间存在着逻辑递进关系，当组织学习能力较弱时，应优先选择成熟期技术进行追赶，当组织学习能力得到提升后，再选择导入期技术进行追赶，直至实现技术追赶的目标。     

企业技术能力与外资对华技术转移的关联研究

将企业技术能力细化为识别技术、选择技术、获取技术、利用技术和保护技术等五个具体能力和一个核心的技术库，五个能力会对外资对华技术转移产生正面和负面影响。外资对中国企业技术能力的提升主要体现在获取技术环节，外资对核心知识的封锁是市场竞争的必然选择，对于技术库的知识累积，只能依靠企业自身的努力。     

Intra-Industry Gaps in Technology and Investments in Technological Capabilities: Firm-level evidence from Chile

This paper develops a theoretical framework to analyse intra-industry gaps in technology, and tests it with enterprise-level data from a developing country. Following neoclassical theory, the existence of inter-firm technological gaps is explained by factor market segmentation that determines different factor prices and therefore different firms' technological choices. However, intra-industry gaps in technology may also result from the nature of the process of technological development, and from the different level of investments in technological capabilities.The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 338 industrial enterprises from Chile, and shows that it is possible to define technological thresholds, characterised by significant shifts in technology, independently of factor market segmentation. The analysis focuses on five major sectors: food processing, textile and garments, woodworking, metalworking and paper. Firms with different levels of technological complexity coexist within the same industry, and differences in technology are discrete, with different clusters sharing similar characteristics within the same industry. These results also have important policy implications for industrial development, which are drawn in a final section.     

技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高过程研究

本文根据技术所处阶段和企业技术能力强弱对比关系总结了各类技术战略联盟的特点,构建了技术战略联盟中企业技术能力提高的过程模式。研究表明,这一过程的核心在于有效地将合作企业的隐性知识整合到企业自身的技术中,并发挥自主创新能力,创造新的知识与合作企业的知识进行融合,从而进行新一轮学习。如此多次循环,企业通过不断学习,技术能力逐渐得到提升。     

From Imitation to Innovation: The Evolution of R&D Capabilities and Learning Processes in the Indian Pharmaceutical Industry

Since the mid 1990s the Indian pharmaceutical industry has emerged as a leading supplier of generic drugs to both developing and developed countries.The movement of the Indian pharmaceutical industry along the R&D value chain represents a remarkable shift from an importer to an innovator of drugs. The Indian government's industrial and technology policies along with changes in regulation of intellectual property rights played a crucial role in shaping this development of R&D capability. Using the 'capability creation model' this paper discusses the learning processes and stages involved in this dramatic accumulation of technological capability. This analysis shows that the Indian pharmaceutical industry has followed a trajectory from duplicative imitation to creative imitation to move up the value chain of pharmaceutical R&D. Finally as a result of changes in patent law the industry is learning to develop capabilities in innovative R&D. The basic and intermediate technological capabilities gained from imitative learning gave these firms a solid base for development of competence in advanced innovative R&D. These findings have implications for government policies as well as firm strategies in other developing countries albeit with some limitations due to global harmonisation of patent laws being promoted by the World Trade Organization.     

能源企业技术创新能力对财务绩效的影响——基于企业规模的门槛效应研究

能源消费和供给的重要性使得政府给予能源企业技术创新更多关注和支持,能源企业经营存在较大风险使得能源企业技术创新能力对财务绩效的影响呈现一定特殊性。以我国能源企业2013-2018年技术创新投入与产出能力指标为样本数据,采用因子分析法和动态面板门槛效应模型,在评价能源企业技术创新能力的基础上,分别研究能源企业技术创新投入和产出能力对财务绩效的影响及企业规模门槛效应。研究结果表明,能源企业的技术创新投入和综合能力对财务绩效的影响存在显著的门槛效应,而产出能力的表现并不显著。研究结果可为国家和能源企业的技术政策制定和创新投入决策提供参考。     

The Transfer of Resources and Competencies for Developing Technological Capabilities - The Case of Fujitsu-ICL

In the management literature and the literature on technology transfer, it is widely acknowledged that learning in general, and the leveraging of knowledge throughout firms in particular, is important. However, there appears little systematic evidence of what technology and knowledge is transferred between organizations and how this occurs. The literature also tends to neglect how firms use such technology/knowledge transfer to cultivate appropriate technological capabilities. This paper addresses this gap in the literature by examining the successful exchange of resources and competencies between Fujitsu and ICL, and how it helped to extend the technological capabilities of both firms. It traces the evolution of the relationship from that of a loose technology-sharing agreement to that of sustained project collaboration and partnership. This relationship proved to be enduring, and provides a road map for firms engaged in technology/knowledge transfer to develop their indigenous technological capabilities.     

基于资源的知识型企业技术创新能力评价模型及其应用

通过对企业资源与企业技术创新能力关系的辨析,本文认为,知识型企业的技术创新能力与其获取和开发资源的能力严格相关,通过分析企业在其生命周期内经营的特定资源的种类和数量就可评价企业的技术创新能力。在此基础上,构建了基于资源的知识型企业技术创新能力评价指标体系和综合评价模型,并对实例企业的技术创新能力进行了综合评价。     

Building Technological Capabilities In A Liberalising Developing Economy: Firm Strategies And Public Policy

As a consequence of economic reforms, the Indian manufacturing sector faces a variety of technology related challenges. It not only has to quickly develop world-class manufacturing capabilities, but also gear up to develop new products and processes. In this paper we analyse the technology strategies of six Indian firms in different product groups which are trying to build competitive manufacturing and technology capabilities. The linkages between corporate, technology, and manufacturing strategies are explored and the role of complementary assets is studied in order to identify patterns through which these firms are building capabilities of various kinds. Specifically, we evaluate the extent to which firms use supply chains to develop product and process technologies. Some links between public policy and firm level technological capabilities are also explored to identify a few key priorities in the current context     

Models for innovation diffusion: Vijay Mahajan and Robert A. Peterson; A Sage University Series on “Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences,” No. 07-048, Sage, Beverly Hills, 1985.

Developing countries wish to achieve in a few decades what the developed countries accomplished in many centuries under conditions of relatively lesser resource constraints. Therefore, the developing countries cannot emulate the evolutionary experiences of the developed countries; they need a revolutionary approach in their development strategies. One plausible option for this revolutionary orientation could be the utilization of a technology-based strategy for national development planning. This article proposes undertaking certain measurement activities with respect to the technological system of a country, which would enable national decision makers to use technology as a strategic variable for socioeconomic development. The article briefly describes the role of technology as the master key for sustainable development, discusses the current activities related to the measurement of technology, presents a few conceptual schemes, and a framework for the assessment of national technological capabilities and needs.     

基于技术追赶的企业技术能力微观结构研究

在文献评述的基础上,界定了基于技术追赶的企业技术能力概念,剖析了企业技术能力微观结构。认为基于技术追赶的企业技术能力是指在致力于搜索、选择、获取、吸收和改进现有技术的过程中,有效地学习、积累和使用技术知识的能力。技术后进地区或国家的企业通过对技术知识的不断学习、积累和使用,企业技术能力沿着搜索、选择、获得、吸收、改进五阶段模式螺旋式上升。     

Measurement of technology for national development

Developing countries wish to achieve in a few decades what the developed countries accomplished in many centuries under conditions of relatively lesser resource constraints. Therefore, the developing countries cannot emulate the evolutionary experiences of the developed countries; they need a revolutionary approach in their development strategies. One plausible option for this revolutionary orientation could be the utilization of a technology-based strategy for national development planning. This article proposes undertaking certain measurement activities with respect to the technological system of a country, which would enable national decision makers to use technology as a strategic variable for socioeconomic development. The article briefly describes the role of technology as the master key for sustainable development, discusses the current activities related to the measurement of technology, presents a few conceptual schemes, and a framework for the assessment of national technological capabilities and needs.     

Technology acquisition models for fast followers in high-technological markets: an empirical analysis of the LED industry

The rapid rate of technology obsolescence in many high-technology markets makes it imperative for firms to renew their technological bases constantly. Given its critical importance, the technology acquisition from the fast followers’ perspective needs to be the subject of careful analysis. This paper aims to identify the factors influencing fast-follower firms’ choice of technology acquisition model, using a multi-factorial analysis and taking into account their technological capabilities, marketing capabilities, and environmental risk tradeoffs. This study sourced data from the Securities Data Company (SDC) Platinum Database for a total of 205 instances of technological cooperation between technology holders and fast followers in the LED industry. Based on the empirical results, some significant findings were found. First, regarding technological capabilities, when fast-follower firms had greater R&D, complementary manufacturing capabilities, and technological similarities with the partners, they preferred the acquisition model that required higher resource commitments. Secondly, when fast followers had marketing channel advantages, they were more likely to choose a high resource-commitment acquisition model to obtain time-to-market benefits.     

From information technology to bioinformatics: Evolution of technological capabilities in India

This paper explores a trend in the development of innovation in emerging economies: exaptive technological capabilities. A growing proportion of innovation is originating in emerging economies that, being resource-constrained in a dynamic and uncertain environment, requires leveraging existing capabilities and recombining with new knowledge resources. An evolutionary biology model is applied to a process model whereby initial technological capabilities are renewed by the firm given an external selection event. Using a detailed case study across 6 years, this paper investigates the exaptation process of Information Technology (IT) capabilities into bioinformatics by an Indian IT firm, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS). Findings suggest that just leveraging existing technological capabilities alone is a model set for failure. Such a tactic ignores the environment of the new technology application area. By investing in the needed complementary resources, TCS corrected its initial path to open source their software and offer consulting services on how to utilize the software and, thus, create intellectual property. These insights are valuable not only for the innovation management of traditional IT services to life sciences, but more broadly for firms in emerging economies that hope to renew and build exaptive technological capabilities to enter unforeseen new application areas by leveraging existing technological capabilities.     

区域科技资源共享平台集成服务能力结构维度研究

随着我国全面实施创新驱动发展战略,科技资源共享平台已成为国家和地区集聚科技资源、创新服务需求的重要载体,培育和提升平台集成服务能力,是发挥科技资源共享平台创新服务支撑作用与杠杆效应的有效途径和战略选择。首先界定区域科技资源共享平台集成服务能力的内涵与特征,运用解释结构模型（ISM）对平台集成服务能力的关键要素及层次结构进行识别,进而选取广东、上海、北京和黑龙江等省市科技资源共享平台作为典型案例进行比较分析。结果表明,区域科技资源共享平台集成服务能力由资源集成能力、需求集成能力、服务匹配能力、运行管理能力4个维度构成,典型案例平台各有优势与特色,但在不同能力维度仍有提升空间。结论可为区域科技资源共享平台集成服务能力培育和提升提供理论方法指导,为区域科技资源共享平台更好地服务于战略性新兴产业创新和持续发展提供有效决策依据。     

基于技术创新能力系统构架的中小企业技术战略

技术创新能力是由相互处于互补关系的技术研发能力、配套产品开发能力、市场扩张能力、品牌建设和维护能力、售后服务能力、适应性学习能力、自我改进能力、合作能力和社会资源调动能力组成的一个系统性能力集合。从分析技术创新能力的系统性特征及其对技术创新成功的影响机制入手,探讨了其对中小企业技术发展战略的启示。     

区域产业技术引进消化吸收再创新能力比较研究

构建了一套产业技术引进消化吸收再创新能力评价指标体系,采用主成分分析评价方法,从技术发展基础能力、技术引进能力、消化吸收能力、再创新能力和环境支持能力5个方面,对各区域产业技术引进消化吸收再创新能力进行了综合比较分析,并藉此提出了提高区域产业技术引进消化吸收再创新能力的启示。