An Examination of International Retail Franchising in Emerging Markets

There has been an urgent call from both the franchise industry and the academic community for research on world franchising markets, specifically in the retail sector. This article is an attempt to summarize the main research that has been conducted thus far on international retail franchising. The article begins with an overview of the development of the literature and then discusses the nature and scope of emerging markets, with particular reference to their impact on the stakeholders of international retail franchising. Next, the article develops a conceptual model relating international retail franchising to its stakeholders. Then, a review of the research is divided into the areas of emerging world market: Central and Eastern Europe, Mexico and South America, Asia, and other areas that include India, Kuwait, and South Africa. The article concludes by discussing the next step to developing a research base for further understanding of emerging markets in addition to the opportunities and challenges for retail franchising and future research.     

宏观调控下我国房地产价格上涨机制研究

2004年宏观调控以来,我国政府出台的一系列房地产市场调控政策虽然取得一定的成果,但是房地产价格依然不断上涨。本文依据大量统计资料,从供给与需求两方面分析宏观调控背景下我国房地产市场价格形成机制,揭示出我国房地产价格不断上涨的内在原因在于房地产市场制度的欠缺以及市场供求主体的不成熟。     

我国房地产融资模式的改进与制度创新

我国房地产融资模式自上世纪90年代初的第一次创新之后,经过10多年的经济增长和市场发展,目前已发展到了亟须进行以融资渠道多元化为核心内容的第二次创新的阶段.本文从我国房地产融资结构的现状出发,讨论了为了维持房地产业的持续健康发展和有效地防范金融风险所需进行的融资工具创新问题和制度创新问题.     

房地产税税率：比较与设计

世界各国房地产税改革的多样性及其炯然不同的改革绩效,为中国房地产税制的现代化转型提供了丰富的学习素材。本文考察、比较了各国有代表性的房地产税税率制度,研究在中国建立市场价值体系房地产税以及税率设计方面可供借鉴的经验,围绕谁决定税率、税率是否有差别或差别是怎样的、税率应定在何等水平这三个关键问题,对我国房地产税税率设计提出政策建议。     

国际热钱对中国房地产市场的影响研究

中国经济快速发展,人民币升值预期强烈,加之国内房地产价格高涨,使得大量热钱通过各种渠道流入我国进行套利。其快速上涨,加剧了房地产泡沫的膨胀。本文通过调查分析相关资料得出热钱在中国历年的存在变化,分析其进入渠道和影响机理,为处理房地产市场和国外热钱的关系,解决存在的问题,提供相对应的解决办法,对政府决策提供一些思路。     

Fresh Air in Real Estate Policies

Recently, due to the international financial crisis, the decline in domestic economic growth and in the real estate market, the central and local governments have issued a series of policies and measures designed to stimulate the real estate industry. On the one hand, the central government starts stimulating the real estate market by tax relief, relaxation of credit and security housing construction. On the other hand, with the support of the central government, more and more local governments have implemented their own new real estate policies in order to promote the recovery of the local market.     

国际游资流入的经济影响与应对策略

近些年来,由于人民币升值预期及国内的房地产、股票市场价格高涨等因素的影响,国际游资通过各种渠道大量进入我国,对我国经济发展造成了深远的影响.对此,我国政府必须采取各种措施予以应对.当前可考虑的措施是:审慎开放资本账户,堵住国际游资流动的渠道;设法削弱市场对人民币升值的预期,进一步完善人民币汇率形成机制;转变政策导向,实现国际收支的基本均衡并防止国内泡沫经济的发生;加强金融监管和国际合作,共同防范投机资本的冲击等.     

公允价值在投资性房地产中的应用探讨

公允价值模式在我国投资性房地产的应用还存在诸多问题,需要进一步完善。我国公允价值在投资性房地产的现实应用能否满足国际投资者的要求,应采取积极的应对措施,加强相关市场及法律法规建设,健全资本市场,完善信息披露制度,并加强公司内部治理,提升人员素质,从而提高公允价值计量实施的可行性,提升会计信息质量和相关性,以积极创造条件,在投资性房地产的公允价值计量方面实现进一步的国际趋同。     

A study on the key factors influencing international franchisors�� choice of entry modes into China

This paper examines factors associated with international franchising firms’ entry modes when they enter the Chinese market. To this end, a survey was conducted to investigate the linkage between entry modes and characteristics of franchising firms. The logit model and regression analysis were used to test the hypotheses. Findings reveal four factors that significantly influence international franchisors’ entry mode choices including cultural and geographic distance, international market experience, risk spreading, and maturity of the franchising system.     

后危机时代我国房地产业市场结构及优化分析

房地产业在中国是一个高速发展的行业,特别是经过近十多年的发展,我国房地产业已经成为国民经济的基础性产业和支柱产业。但是,我国房地产市场仍然不完善并且结构存在一定的问题,基本结构特征是过度竞争、集中度较低和规模不经济,针对这些问题提出了对我国房地产业进行产业整合和市场结构优化的策略:提升产业集中度;加强政府的资质监管;促进竞争格局;严格控制信贷标准。     

International retailing operations: downstream entry and expansion via franchising

In this paper, the shift into international franchising from other forms of operation, rather than the typical home market franchising base, is explored. The focus is international retail franchising, based on a study of the Danish clothing and footwear industry. In this study it was found that Danish companies were moving into international franchising as an outcome of a more general shift from upstream wholesaling and subcontracting activities to downstream involvement in retailing activities. Preceding establishments of foreign subsidiaries and company-owned retail operations seemed to be important in facilitating the move into franchising.     

中国房地产企业的市场营销战略研究

本文简单分析了中国房地产市场的发展过程,指出了当前房地产市场存在的问题以及市场营销对房地产企业的重要性,并对不同的营销手段进行了简单阐述.只有不断加强企业的市场营销,才能在未来市场得到充分发展.     

基于市场营销角度下房地产市场宏观调控政策的分析

房地产市场是我国经济的重要组成部分,自1978年来,国家针对房地产业出台了多项政策,从调控目的分为紧缩政策、中性政策和扩张政策。市场营销从买方角度考虑市场营销策略和相关政策,市场由人口、需求和购买力三要素构成。本文从三要素角度分析宏观调控政策的目的和效果。     

对我国房地产市场宏观调控政策的分析与建议

我国房地产调控政策的阶段性特征,主要体现在三个阶段,即严控土地供给、重点抑制房价、全面治理房地产市场等方面。我国在房地产调控政策方面应完善土地市场制度,理顺地方政府与房地产开发企业之间的关系,采取适当的经济手段。避免行政手段对市场机制的过多干预,正确引导市场预期,采取适当措施解决低收入群体的住房需要。     

我国房地产宏观调控的得失探究

过去十年来，为了调控房地产业，使其发展符合决策者的预期，房地产政策文件频繁出现，以至于使“房产新政”成为一个常态。不断更替的房地产政策既反应了中国房地产市场形势变化的迅速，也意味着这些政策绩效的缺乏。房地产市场是因政策频出而变得不稳定，还是因其不稳定而招致频繁的政策？促进房地产业的稳定健康发展，应在重点分析这些政策绩效之后，寻找出改善政策的思路。科学的房地产政策应该能够完善交易环节的市场机制，以节约房地产交易的成本，并能抑制保有环节的投机性需求，以防止稀缺房地产资源的浪费。     

直面WTO——对我国房地产业的几点建议

20 0 1年 ,我国正式成为世界贸易组织的一员 ,这既为我国改革开放的深入发展提供了机遇 ,同时也将使我国各产业处于激烈的全球竞争之中。房地产业作为我国的基础与先导产业 ,加入世贸组织无疑将对其影响深远。特别是我国的房地产业与发达国家相比差距较大 ,为此必须强化竞争意识 ,更新观念 ,才能使我国的房地产业立足于市场化和国际化     

Entering China Today

Summary

The peripherally growing and remarkably dynamic Chinese economy is now encouraging the use of more diverse and creative entry modes for international investors. This article illustrates various entry modes of foreign direct investment available at present to foreign companies entering China. These entry modes include equity joint ventures, wholly foreign owned subsidiaries, contractual joint ventures, umbrella companies, acquisitions, representative offices, branches, build-operate-transfers, licensing and franchising. The merits and limitations of each entry mode are discussed. Some practical advice on entry strategies for international executives active in the Chinese market is also highlighted.     

房地产市场异常现象的行为金融学研究

房地产市场在发展的过程中出现了一些异常现象,传统金融理论面对这些异常现象无法给出令人信服的解释,现以行为金融学的噪声交易理论、反馈机制、羊群效应,对上海房地产市场出现的异常现象进行解释,并在此基础上寻求相应的对策,以促进房地产市场健康发展。     

International franchising in China with Kodak

According to Kodak, China poses unparalleled opportunities for low‐cost production and marketing of products to the world's largest nation. According to the company's estimate, China will become the largest market in the world for photographic products and services within the next ten years. This article reviews Kodak's operations in China and presents an interview with a local franchising manager in Shanghai—the largest city in China. It provides a unique glimpse into the inner working of the organization's franchising activities in China. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分问题——基于国际比较的视角

在税收理论体系中,房地产税作为地方税收体系的主体税种,与分税制之间本身就存在着十分重要的联系。我国的房地产税改革实践不仅要注重对地方政府的既有收入的保障,更要推进现有分税制的完善。从国外房地产税制的成熟经验分析,税收收入的归属与税权的划分并不是统一的,本文旨在通过对房地产税的立法权、征收权、评估权的国际比较,为我国房地产税制改革中的税权划分提出建议。