Disengagement of Nascent Entrepreneurs from the Start‐Up Process

This study examines the roles of entrepreneur motivation and a potentially adverse founding condition in disengagement of nascent entrepreneurs from the start‐up process. Specifically, measures of goal commitment, self‐efficacy, and perceived competition intensity from 943 nascent entrepreneurs are employed to predict disengagement as reported one year later. Results indicate that high perceived competition intensity renders the otherwise strong negative main effect of goal commitment on disengagement, not significant. The even stronger negative main effect of self‐efficacy on disengagement, however, is not contingent on perceived competition intensity. Further, perceived competition intensity by itself does not appear to influence nascent entrepreneurs' disengagement.     

Top‐Down Versus Bottom‐Up Demand Forecasts: The Value of Shared Point‐of‐Sale Data in the Retail Supply Chain

Accurate demand forecasts are critical to maintaining customer service levels and minimizing total costs, yet increasingly difficult to achieve. Using weekly point‐of‐sale (POS) and order data for 10 ready‐to‐eat cereal stock‐keeping units from 18 regional U.S. grocery distribution centers, this research empirically investigates two demand forecasting issues: (1) the accuracy of top‐down versus bottom‐up demand forecasts; and (2) whether shared POS data improve demand forecast accuracy. The results reveal a previously unexplored relationship between demand forecast methodology and the use of shared POS data. We find that the superiority of the top‐down or bottom‐up forecasting as the more accurate demand forecast method depends on whether shared POS data are used.     

The Dependence of Family Businesses on a Single Decision‐Maker*

Anecdotal evidence suggests that family businesses are very dependent on a single individual (the owner‐manager). However, the degree of dependence previously has not been studied formally. Further, an explanation for why some family businesses are highly dependent on the owner‐manager and others are not has not been explored. Utilizing a national survey of Canadian family‐owned businesses, this paper therefore addresses two central issues: (1) the degree of dependence of family‐owned businesses on a single individual; and (2) the factors associated with this reliance. Self‐report responses from family business owners provided evidence of a high level of dependence on the owner‐manager. In 75 percent of all family businesses, respondents believed that the company was either dependent or very dependent on them. The response to this subjective question is consistent with responses to our three more objective measures. First, 65 percent of owner‐managers responded that they made all the major decisions in at least three of five functional business areas. Second, these businesses had few key managers—in 57 percent of all businesses, there were only two or fewer key managers in addition to the owner. Third, in 62 percent of all family businesses, neither had a successor been chosen nor had a process been put in place for choosing a successor. These results strongly suggest that family businesses are highly dependent on a single individual. Six factors had significant power in explaining the degree of dependence. Two factors related to the owner‐manager—dependence decreased in the age of the owner‐manager and in proximity of the owner‐manager to retirement. Four factors related to the family business: dependence decreased in the value of the firm, the number of shareholders, and the age of the business and was greater where the owner‐manager's family had voting control. Surprisingly, neither the existence of a board of directors with outside membership nor an advisory board with outside membership helped explain the level of dependence.     

日本大地震对黑龙江省与日本进出口贸易的影响

2011年3月11日,震惊世界的日本东北部海域的大地震及其引发的海啸、核泄漏事故给日本对外贸易造成一定程度冲击,也将给黑龙江省对日贸易带来影响。同时,本次地震的灾后巨大重建需求给黑龙江省部分行业的出口和市场拓展带来了机遇。黑龙江省应抓住机遇,发挥优势及潜力,填补空白,扩大对日进出口规模。     

沈阳会展旅游对区域经济影响及发展策略研究

近年来,随着社会和经济的不断发展,会展旅游已经成为中国旅游研究中的热点之一,会展旅游业也以其所蕴涵的巨大经济效益,成为全球性产业。沈阳会展旅游发展推动了区域经济的发展,沈阳会展旅游业的持续、健康、快速地发展需要更清晰的思路。     

CAFTA对中国企业出口国内附加值率的影响

本文以中国-东盟自由贸易区(CAFTA)为例,着重分析FTA对中国企业出口国内附加值率(DVAR)变动的影响机理与作用机制.理论上看,FTA通过制度导入能够有效推进市场一体化进程,明显促进区域内贸易扩张,这种宏观层次上的贸易扩张效应通过企业区域贸易规模扩大、贸易方式转变和贸易持续时间延长等具体路径,在市场运行中形成相应的微观作用机制,拉动企业更加有效地参与全球价值链.利用中国企业层面数据进行实证检验,结果显示:CAFTA框架下,关联与非关联企业的出口DVAR变动趋势存在明显差别,区域贸易规模持续扩张、贸易方式转型进程更快、贸易持续时间明显延长有效带动了关联企业出口DVAR提升,贸易拉动效应大小因企业异质性而呈现较大差异.因此,我国应当更加重视发挥区域经济一体化的积极作用,更好地利用FTA战略来提升中国企业参与全球价值链的收益水平.     

The impact of migration on the cross‐border M&A: Some evidence for Japan

Facing the rapidly ageing society and shrinking of markets at home, Japanese firms are expanding outbound mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activity at a record pace. This study examines the determinants of Japanese cross‐border M&A activity focusing on the role of migrant networks in overcoming the informational barriers to such activity. Migrants include immigrants residing in Japan as well as Japanese citizens residing abroad. Our results suggest that the presence of immigrants and of Japanese citizens residing abroad both increase the probability of acquiring assets in a potential target country. Moreover, both communities exert positive effects on the number and value of outbound M&A deals.     

公路交通运输对区域经济发展的影响分析

国内外交通发展史证明:快速、便捷的公路交通网络改善了城市经济圈与外部的交流条件,加快了区域内部的经济循环,带动了城市经济圈的开发和建设,对经济社会的发展具有重要的促进作用。同时,公路交通在提高地区资源整合度、优化产业结构、促进城镇化建设及物流业发展等方面对区域经济发展产生了积极的作用。     

地区产业结构差异对外商直接投资区位选择的影响

随着外商对华投资规模、技术含量的提高,FDI对于投资地的选择,越来越受到当地产业结构的影响。与此相适应的是人力资本和服务业发展水平的重要性日趋提高,并对FDI的流向产生直接的影响。本文通过使用我国1992～2001年沿海10省市的相关数据分析认为,一个地区产业集中度的高低显著影响外商投资的区位选择,跨国公司决定向一个地区投资后往往选择该地区具有比较优势、集中度高的行业作为投资方向,且只有当该地区的产业集聚优势与外资的比较优势相一致时,外资才会进入。     

The Role of Executive Stock Options in On‐Market Share Buybacks*

The increasing use of on‐market buyback programs in Australia may not be fully explained by the typical motivations of information signaling and free cash flows offered by previous researchers. For some firms at least, management may believe the shares are overvalued. It is in this context that we examine whether managers of firms with high levels of executive stock options have an incentive to initiate buyback programs. It has been argued that managers may be motivated to undertake on‐market buyback programs in order to neutralize the dilution of earnings per share caused by their stock options, rather than for signaling purposes. Our findings are consistent with this argument because we find that the higher the proportion of executive stock options outstanding the more likely it is for firms to undertake larger on‐market buyback programs. Overall our results indicate that the existence of executive stock options influences managers' decision to implement on‐market buyback programs but that it is not the only factor that managers take into consideration.     

收入不平等对家庭杠杆率的影响

家庭杠杆率的不断攀升和收入不平等的扩大,引起了社会的广泛关注.本文基于中国家庭金融调查(CHFS)数据,研究了收入不平等对家庭杠杆率的影响.研究结果表明:(1)收入不平等显著提高中国家庭杠杆率,收入差距提高10％,家庭杠杆率显著提升4.64％;(2)进一步分析表明,随着收入不平等的扩大,低财富家庭杠杆显著提高,低财富群体的家庭杠杆水平主要是由住房负债所推动;(3)异质性分析显示,在低房价和经济发展较为落后的地区、户主受教育水平较低及1套房家庭,收入不平等对家庭杠杆的影响更为敏感.本文的研究为认识收入不平等和家庭杠杆率的关系提供了证据,可为相关政策的制定提供参考.     

The Impact of the Concession of 14 Regional Greek Airports on Passenger Traffic

Journal of Industry, Competition and Trade - Greece implemented an extensive privatization program in the past decade, which included the concession of 14 regional airports for a period of...     

货币的资产化和非实体化比率对不同价格影响的差异性

本文从资产型通货膨胀的特点出发,以货币结构的两个比率为切入点,研究了货币冲击后以房价为代表的资产价格和一般物价不同步上涨的原因.本文在货币结构的时间和空间两个维度下,构建了货币的资产化比率和非实体化比率两个指标,并运用门限模型和VAR模型对中国的货币结构与房价、物价之间的非线性关系进行了实证分析.研究发现,在不同的货币结构比率下,货币量对各类价格冲击影响的速度、力度是不同的.从货币结构的时间维度看,较高的货币资产化比率会显著推动房价上涨,而较低的货币资产化比率拉动一般物价上涨的趋势更明显;从货币结构的空间维度看,货币的非实体化比率上升使得房价对货币冲击的响应速度快于物价的响应速度,进而使房价的变化传导到物价,出现资产型通货膨胀与实物型通货膨胀的并发.据此,本文提出了关注货币结构变化对未来房价和物价以及通货膨胀的影响力,将货币资产化和非实体化比率作为货币政策的监测指标,防止资产型通货膨胀向实物型通货膨胀的传导和转化等政策建议.     

Third‐country Effects of Regional Trade Agreements

Does regionalism negatively impact non‐members? To answer this question, we examine the effect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) on imports from non‐members and the tariffs that they face. Using data from six RTAs in Latin America and Europe, we do not find evidence that implementation of the regional agreements is associated with trade diversion from third countries to regional members. Using detailed industry data on preference margins and most‐favoured nation (MFN) tariffs for three trade agreements in Latin America over 12 years, we find that greater preference margins do not significantly reduce imports from third countries. We also look at the effect of preferences on external tariffs. We find evidence that preferential tariff reduction tends to precede the reduction of external MFN tariffs in a given sector, offering evidence of tariff complementarity. Overall, the results suggest that regionalism does not significantly harm non‐members.     

资源相依理论与双轮驱动对区域经济的影响

在经济全球化的趋势下,如何加快区域经济的发展一直是政府与学者研究的重点.文章运用Pfeffer和Salancik(1978)提出的资源相依理论(RDT)来剖析制造业与生产性服务业在不同时期的不同资源相依与控制关系,并指出在我国目前所处的工业化阶段,制造业与生产性服务业相互依赖的互动关系是目前区域经济发展的主要动力.文章以Hansen(1994)区域经济发展要素为基础,结合资源相依理论证明了双轮驱动是目前区域经济发展的最佳方式,并指出其对区域经济发展在五大方面产生的显著影响.     

Computational Analysis of the Menu of US‐Japan Trade Policies

We have used the Michigan Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model of World Production and Trade to calculate the aggregate welfare and sectoral employment effects of the menu of US‐Japan trade policies. The menu of policies encompasses the various preferential US and Japan bilateral and regional free trade agreements (FTAs) negotiated and in process, unilateral removal of existing trade barriers and global (multilateral) free trade. The welfare impacts of the FTAs on the United States and Japan are shown to be rather small in absolute and relative terms. The sectoral employment effects are also generally small but vary across the individual sectors depending on the patterns of the bilateral liberalisation. The welfare effects on the FTA partner countries are mostly positive though generally small, but there are some indications of potentially disruptive employment shifts in some partner countries. There are indications of trade diversion and detrimental welfare effects on non‐member countries for some of the FTAs analysed. In comparison to the welfare gains from the US and Japan bilateral FTAs, the gains from both unilateral trade liberalisation by the United States, Japan and the FTA partners, and from global (multilateral) free trade are shown to be rather substantial and more uniformly positive for all countries in the global trading system. The US and Japan FTAs are based on ‘hub’ and ‘spoke’ arrangements. We show that the spokes emanate out in different and often overlapping directions, suggesting that the complex of bilateral FTAs may create distortions of the global trading system.     

The Influence of Personality Traits and Demographic Factors on Social Entrepreneurship Start Up Intentions

The sheer impact of the recent global financial turmoil and scandals (such as Enron and WorldCom) has demonstrated that unbridled commercial entrepreneurs who are allowed to pursue their short-term opportunities regardless of the consequences has led to a massive depreciation of the wealth of nations, social livelihood and environmental degradation. This article suggests that the time has come for entrepreneurs to adopt a more integrative view of business that blends economic, social and environmental values. Social entrepreneurs present such a proposition through their deep commitment towards the social vision, appreciation of sustainable practices, innovativeness, ability to build social networks and also generate viable financial returns. It could be expected that social entrepreneurs often possess certain distinct personality characteristics which define their behaviours/actions. Personality traits are partly developed by innate nurturing, socialization and education. These tacit traits are also formed values/beliefs held and play an important role in driving social entrepreneurial decision making. Thus, personality traits may influence the intentions and the manner in which the individual acts. We hold that if social entrepreneurship is to be effective and impactful, business and management education can facilitate the development of these critical personality traits. Thus, this study primes at determining the personality traits that influence social entrepreneurs’ start-up intentions. It also reinforces the findings that personality traits do influence entrepreneurship in general. This study examines the influence of the Big Five personality traits on social entrepreneurship dimensions. The findings reveal that agreeableness positively influences all dimensions of social entrepreneurship, whereas openness exerts a positive influence on social vision, innovation and financial returns. Methodologically, this study develops valid and reliable scales for social entrepreneurship and verifies the adopted Big Five personality measure of Schmit et al. (Pers Psychol 53:153–193, 2000) using the five-point Likert scale. The implication of this study is that element of appreciation of social responsibility, sustainability and character development needs to be integrated within the business education curriculum to support social entrepreneurs in realizing genuine value and impact to the causes and communities they serve. Future business leaders also need to be equipped with entrepreneurship skills, while exuding independent and reflective thinking in the pursuit life-long learning. The originality of this study lies in its focus on personality traits on social rather than commercial entrepreneurship. It is hoped that the findings will trigger a paradigm shift towards greater social entrepreneurship through education by nurturing sustainable development values in future business graduates.     

日本“肯定列表”制度对我国茶叶出口的影响

日本于2005年冬颁布并于2006年5月29日正式实施《肯定列表制度》。它利用不断提高的农残标准作为贸易壁垒,借以保护本国市场,给我国茶叶出口日本带来严重的打击。加强与日本的技术合作,争取签订双方互相承认的标准;解决茶农药残留,抓好质量安全管理以及开拓多元化的茶叶出口市场,是应对贸易壁垒的有效举措。