Fiscal Faux Pas?: An Analysis of the Revenue Implications of Trade Liberalization

This paper examines the argument that trade liberalization depresses tax revenue/GDP ratios in developing countries. This occurs because the structural characteristics associated with developing countries limit their ability to make the transition from trade to domestic taxes. Using a panel of 80 developing and industrialized countries over 1970–98, the econometric analysis carried out employs a fixed-effects regression framework to examine the evidence. The results indicate that low-income and upper middle-income countries have experienced declining tax revenues as a result of falling income and trade tax revenues and that structural characteristics have been significant in explaining the decline.     

个人逃税的经济学分析

个人逃税现象不仅影响我国税收收入,同时导致对诚实纳税人的实质不公。因此,治理个人偷逃税行为十分有必要。在分析个人偷逃税的种种原因之下,运用A-S模型、信息经济学和博弈论模型、制度经济学模型对个人偷逃税进行经济学分析,包括纳税意识、税负不公、税收征管不力等因素,并在此基础上提出抑制我国个人逃税的建议。     

Revenue Implications of Continental Free Trade Area: A Short‐run Perspective of Malawi

The study estimates, in the short run, the tax revenue implications of Malawi joining the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) using liberalization approaches and the SMART Model. The results show that Malawi is likely to benefit from joining the AfCFTA through trade creation. However, revenue losses are imminent and more pronounced for capital goods. The study recommends that Malawi should join the AfCFTA and liberalize while keeping a substantial portion of tariff lines for sensitive products and excluded products over a longer period of liberalization. The exclusion list should contain a significant amount of capital goods to minimize short‐run negative revenue impacts.     

重构与地方事权和支出责任相匹配的地方收入体系

近年来"营改增"等税制改革使地方收入体系的重构迫在眉睫。目前的地方收入体系存在着中央与地方政府间收入划分不合理、政府间转移支付有待完善、省以下地方收入体系不健全等问题。重构地方收入体系要基于处理好政府与市场、中央与地方、公权与公民三方面的关系,既要关注过渡期地方财政收入的稳定性,又要明确改革的长远目标是要重构与地方事权和支出责任相匹配的地方收入体系。     

用经济学观点审视偷税行为

税收是一国财政收入的主要来源。近年来偷税问题一直困扰各国政府。据我国学者估计我国1990～2000年的税收因偷税流失高达26%～42%左右,情况比较严重,引起各方高度关注。本文首先对偷税和避税的概念进行明确解释,然后从纳税人的角度,利用边际收益和边际成本的比较分析方法阐明其偷税的决策过程,并指出了影响纳税人最佳偷税均衡点的决定性因素;用博弈的观点分析偷税人和税务机关的关系。最后从税务当局的角度指出应该采取哪些措施治理偷税行为。     

国外税收结构的收入分配效应研究新进展

目前国外关于税收结构的收入分配效应研究的新进展主要表现在三个方面。第一,税收总量不变情况下一种税收对另一种税收的替代往往存在公平和效率的权衡。一般来说,一种税收对另一种税收的替代在改善收入分配的同时往往不利于经济增长,或者加剧了收入分配但却往往有利于经济增长。第二,不同赶超经济税收结构的收入分配效应存在一些共同点也存在差异。普遍上,"形式上"累进的税收结构在实际过程中并没有改善收入分配,累进所得税因存在大量的逃税而效果有限。第三,税收结构的收入分配效应研究开始应用一些新的分析方法。Bewley模型和CGE模型已经成为了研究税收替代收入分配效应的主流方法,同时,不同的税收累进程度指标选取,收入分配的纵向与横向分解和政府税率结构决策可能受现有收入分配格局影响这三个方面都可能使得研究者重新考察现有分析框架和分析结论。     

生态税收与可持续发展

文章以可持续发展要求下的税收理论为研究对象,研究的目的是在可持续发展的背景下,探讨税收在其中的作用以及税收服务于可持续发展的现实性.文章基本思路是由总到分、由普遍到特殊、由理论到实践进而联系到我国实际,通过对我国现有税种中具有生态效应的相关税收的分析,特别是在我国东、中、西部地区资源及资源税状况进行统计分析的基础上,提出我国现行税制顺应可持续发展要求的改革建议.     

The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization and Environmental Policy

A pressure group model where environmental and industry lobby groups offer political support in return for favorable pollution tax policies is used to explain and predict the equilibrium pollution tax in sectors protected by tariffs. The political economy effects of trade liberalization are investigated. The pollution tax is shown to decrease if the lobbying effort by the environmental lobby decreases more rapidly than by the industry lobby ceteris paribus. The level of political conflict falls with trade liberalization. Pollution may increase because of a reduction of the pollution tax, and tax revenues may fall simultaneously as pollution increases.     

The distribution of seigniorage: a note on klein and neumann

Conclusion Building on Drazen [1985], we have developed a suitable framework for the analysis of the revenue from money and its distribution between the government and the central bank. In contrast to the accounting system offered by K-N, this framework adopts a consistent approach with respect to the stock and flow aspects of monetary revenue. Comparing their measure of the government’s share in monetary revenue with ours, one can conclude that K-N: (i) neglect the stock effects of monetary revenue; (ii) use an incorrect concept of debt in their definition of the government’s revenue; and (iii) mistakenly include a revaluation term in their definition of fiscal seigniorage. After correction for this last factor the share of the government in total seigniorage rises from 38.3 per cent to 64.8 per cent. It should be noticed that in the literature often a narrower concept of monetary revenue is used, namely the change in high-powered money (M). This concept neglects the stock component of the revenue of money (r M) as well as the operating and other costs of the central bank. At first sight, this may seem appropriate if the analysis concentrates on the tax aspect, i.e. the savings due to money creation, rather than the broader issue of evaluation of the benefits of the monetary monopoly. This concerns the extensive literature on optimal seigniorage as well as the literature on the tax-seigniorage trade-off [cf. Grilli, 1989]. However, as is clearly pointed out by Klein and Neumann, it is just with respect to this fiscal aspect of money that the distribution of revenues from money between the central bank and the government becomes relevant.     

对依法治税的重构的几个问题的思考

随着国际金融危机爆发,我国社会在税收经济领域出现了法治观念模糊、税收立法滞后,税收与经济关系不配比倾向等问题,严重影响到新一轮税制改革的方向、步骤。笔者认为应该从疏理分析存在的问题着手,围绕理念创新,重新认识关系定位,为依法治税寻找新的有效途径。     

WTO条件下建立健全我国的反国际避税制度

各国的税法和税收制度很难在内容和标准上达到完全一致,从而使跨国纳税人在纳税方面有机可乘。跨国纳税入主要利用转让定价、国际避税地、滥用国际税收协定、资本弱化以及电子商务等方式进行国际避税。国际避税行为由于其手段的外表合法性,因而在国际经贸活动中日益猖獗,给国家的财政收入带来了严重损失。随着来我国投资的外资越来越多,国际避税问题在我国也变得日益严重。如何防范国际避税,更好地维护我国的财政税收,稳定市场秩序,就成为我国税法改革的重要内容。     

如何从支付系统完善电子商务税收征管

电子商务给传统贸易方式和社会经济活动带来了巨大的冲击,同时也对税收制度、税收征管、税收规则等提出了新的挑战。银行的支付系统与电子商务交易以及电子商务税收征管都息息相关,但因为历史的原因,我国银行、税务、国库、工商、公安各自独立的网络体系又制约了目前依赖银行、工商等部门网络体系的税务机关对蓬勃发展的电子商务税收征管的进程。本文从基于"资金流"的电子商务税务征管思路出发,针对我国现状,探讨从银行支付系统本身以及银税横向联网等各方面来完善电子商务税收征管,使我国经济在21世纪能持续发展。     

Short-run Effects of Tariff Reform in Zimbabwe: Applied General Equilibrium Analysis

This paper applies a short-run computable general equilibriummodel for Zimbabwe to analyse how tariff reform could have modifiedthe effects of the actual trade liberalisation that took placein the 1990s. This is important because the trade liberalisationremoved quantitative restrictions but left tariff rates intact.The results show that tariffs on intermediates have held backproduction in traded sectors. Thus, the nature of the tradereform taken contributed to more deindustrialisation than necessary.The results also show the tradeoff with respect to the fiscalbalance, which points to the need to ensure that an alternativetax system is in place before removing customs tax revenue.     

The Controversy of Exchange Rate Devaluation in Sudan: An Economy‐wide General Equilibrium Assessment

Abstract: The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has worked with Sudan since 1997 to implement a managed float exchange rate. The IMF sees exchange rate flexibility as key to safeguard and rebuild foreign exchange reserves and essential to meet the international reserve target in Sudan. However, authorities in Sudan are concerned about the inflationary pressures that exchange rate flexibility may cause. A review of the literature reflects huge ambiguity about the outcome of exchange rate policies in Sudan. This calls for additional empirical investigations. This paper applies a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to investigate the possible effects of devaluing the currently overvalued Sudanese pound, by simulating a depreciation of the Sudanese pound by 5 per cent, 10 per cent and 15 per cent. Based on the results, the study recommends that additional flexibility of the Sudanese exchange rate regime as suggested by the IMF be carefully considered if such flexibility devalues the Sudanese pound.     

Joint-Product Export Smuggling and Export Tax Policy

The effect of smuggling on tax revenue collection and the revenue-maximizing tax rate is an unresolved issue in the smuggling literature. Clandestine and joint-product smuggling models arrive at different conclusions concerning smuggling's effect on tax revenue collection and the revenue-maximizing tax rate. Clandestine (joint-product) smuggling is consistent with the assumption that legal and illegal trade are substitutable (complementary) activities for the exporting firm. The effect of smuggling on the tax rate and tax revenue is shown to be dependent on whether smuggling and legal trade are assumed to be complementary or substitutable activities.     

基于地方财政角度的物业税改革方案探讨

本文基于地方财政角度,在理清我国物业税改革的目的、方案的基础上,审视当前分税制改革所带来的地方财源不足的问题,着重论证将土地出让金纳入物业税的必要性。通过税制设计避免现有土地出让金弊端的同时,也能够规范地方财政收入,使其使用规范、收入稳定,从而成为地方政府稳定而持续的收入来源。     

Budget Structure and Pollution Control： A Cross-country Analysis and Implications for China

In the published literature, the differences in environmental performance across countries are typically explained using the Environmental Kuznets Curve. The Environmental Kuznets Curve states that pollution initially increases with economic growth. Once GDP per capita reaches a certain level, the relationship reverses. In the present paper, we provide an alternative hypothesis, where budget structure plays an important role in explaining the variations in pollution across the world.＂ the lower the business-related taxes as a share of total tax revenue, the higher the property tax in total tax revenue and the higher the ratio of public health expenditure in total expenditure, then the stronger the incentive of pollution control and the lower the pollution level. Our empirical findings reveal that the budget structure does have an important impact on pollution control. The policy implication of this research is that effective control of environmental pollution requires changes in tax structure and expenditure assignment. This research has important policy implications for China ＂s tax system reform and pollution control efforts.     

HOW EXPOSED IS THE SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE?

Following the policies implemented during the 1990s, the South African economy has become more globalised. This is particularly the case as far as international trade is concerned. The implementation of trade reforms, in some cases faster than WTO commitments, has increased the exposure of the South African economy to international trade. Trade in intermediate inputs increases the external orientation of an industry and hence increases the economy's exposure to trade. This in effect means that the economy is more open to external trade shocks than is conveyed by the traditional openness measure which considers only the trade in final products. This paper uses a measure proposed by Campa and Goldberg (1997) to estimate the exposure to trade and finds that around 79 per cent of output in 2000 was accounted for by industries that became more exposed to international trade. Further, domestic production has become more reliant on imported inputs with around 60 per cent of South Africa's GDP being accounted for by industries with a negative external orientation (i.e. industries where imported input costs exceeded export revenue). In addition, it was also found that those sectors that became more externally oriented had lower inflation rates and higher growth rates than the other sectors in the economy for the period under analysis. The extent to which the increased exposure to international trade facilitated these developments remains topical for further research.     

我国石油税制与公司税收筹划对地方税收的影响分析——以石油城克拉玛依为例

我国石油税制改革始终都是在确保国家石油安全的基础上展开的,但在改革的过程中却造成了国家与石油企业、中央税收与地方税收之间的利益冲突。利益冲突的产生既有石油税制方面的原因,也有石油企业总部经济的原因,还有国家始终掌控油品定价权方面的原因。文章旨在建立框架模型并通过实际事例和数据,解释石油企业、中央税收与地方税收之间的利益冲突,并说明我国现行石油税制以及石油公司税收筹划是如何对地方税收产生影响的。