Imitation and innovation new biologics,biosimilars and biobetters

ABSTRACT

Biopharmaceutical drugs are the future of the pharmaceutical industry. The United States is the world leader in the development of new biopharmaceutical products. These original new drugs, numbering close to 200, are now losing patent protection and imitators from several countries are entering the markets of comparable drugs, called biosimilars. Some companies are improving the original product, and these drugs are called biobetters. Even among the producers of biosimilars one finds different strategies, and these are linked to different government regulations concerning the approval of these products. Some biosimilar companies are aiming at developed-country markets (North America, the European Union and Japan), while other producers are targeting emerging, less-regulated markets. This introduction will present the dynamic picture of an industry in transition. The paper has a double aim: discuss the fuzzy frontier between imitation and innovation, and track the new contours of the pharmaceutical industry.     

基于演化博弈企业创新模式的策略研究

处于不同生命周期的企业面临的策略选择是不同的,通过博弈模型的假设,分析了企业合作与竞争的影响因素,结合企业不同发展阶段的影响因素的特点,提出了不同阶段的策略模式选择。从企业的不同生命周期的模型假设看出,竞争与合作策略选择是随着企业不同的发展阶段,各自的成本,收益以及在市场上是否处于有利地位的不同而不同的。对于企业而言,处于不同的生命周期,其面对的内外部环境是不同的,因此选择不同的战略模式,即选择不同降段的创新模式来实现各自更好更快的发展。     

中国拉美石油能源战略与拉美石油能源国有化

我国自20世纪90年代以来实施的拉美石油能源战略已经初现成效,但近年来,拉关一些主要产油国的石油能源国有化对我国拉关石油能源战略产生了强烈的冲击。因此,我国拉关石油能源战略在实施中应注重经济关系改善,巩固和扩大市场;淡化政治,突出合作的企业行为;采取多种战略组合开发模式,提高规避和抗击各类风险的能力。     

Strategic adjustment between innovation and production: generation of integrated archetypes in Spanish service firms

This paper investigates empirically the strategic alignment between innovation and production strategies in a sample of service firms in Spain. It employs the integrated archetypes approach to analyse a dataset of unique, manually collected, firm responses. The results highlight differences in behaviour patterns underpinning both kinds of strategic decisions and, coherent with alignment theory, differential firm performance.     

Biosimilars in Germany: the emergence of a new industry in the light of the varieties of capitalism approach

ABSTRACT

Although lagging behind the USA in biologics, German firms are forging ahead in the emerging field of biosimilars. This development confirms earlier explanations of the differences in these industries given by the Varieties of Capitalism approach. With the recent differentiation in biopharmaceuticals, again, the differences in the institutional environment on both sides of the Atlantic are responsible for different dynamics. However, this time German companies are in the better position: the industry refers to a tradition of engineering capabilities in chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Additionally, European regulation introduced the world’s first regulatory framework, which moreover is designed in a progressive way concerning market admission.     

跨国公司专利技术的信息化研发趋势

本文以1970年代至今不同时期发达国家专利技术的相关数据为分析基础,研究了发达国家,尤其是跨国公司为主体的技术研发趋势。进一步认识到信息产业技术创新的不同阶段的发展重心,并且不同发达国家有着不同优势,东亚国家、尤其是韩国在近几年来在信息技术上的赶超趋势明显。通过比较,指出跨国公司是技术创新基础上知识创造的重要力量,并且在组织、管理、研发等领域的广泛创新是信息战略的综合作用。中国应学习日本从专利模仿到自主申请专利,同时,注重基础研究的跟进与实践。     

Diffusion of forest biorefineries in Scandinavia and North America

Biomass-based energy has become a major focus of attention from a variety of directions due to the global challenges of meeting our energy needs. Bioenergy and bio-products are also currently being explored intensively in the forest cluster, as many elements that have in the past guaranteed success have largely disappeared. As the bioenergy and biorefining economies are evolving, there is a need for realistic estimates regarding the factors which affect the diffusion of forest biorefineries. This paper outlines global and national drivers for forest biorefineries in Scandinavia and North America. It explores the financial, political, technological, and ecological and raw-material related factors, as well as business competencies, challenges and changes in the business environment. This study is based on data from an expert opinion survey and comments from the experts about the survey results yielded by a Delphi method. According to our results, key factors for the development of forest biorefineries are very similar in both studied areas. There needs to be support from the macro-scale environment particularly from governments, but also the involved industries themselves need to be active. Diffusion factors in the macro-scale business environment are better understood when compared to more industry-specific strategic factors. Both studied areas seem to have potential for success in the biorefinery business. However, a more realistic identification of national strengths as well as continuous development of competencies – while avoiding an overly optimistic attitude – is crucial.     

北美纺织市场调查和研究

自１９９９年起，我受中国华源集团委派，长驻美国和墨西哥，担任美国UNISUNINTERNATIONALINC．总经理和墨西哥SINATEXS．A．DEC．V．总经理。SINATEX是建在墨西哥的一个十万锭棉纺厂，总投资９６００万美元，是我国纺织行业最大的海外企业。２００１年５月２８日公司举行了隆     

A theory of competitive industry dynamics with innovation and imitation

Empirical evidence on industry life-cycle reveals a pattern in which innovation rates remain fairly stable or are perhaps even higher at early stages, while patenting increases sharply as the industry matures. This increase in patenting in later stages is accompanied by net exit and lower rates of output growth and price decline. In this paper, we develop a dynamic model of a competitive industry with innovation and imitation that is consistent with these stylized facts. We derive an equilibrium growth path, along which leading firms invest in increasing the stock of technological knowledge and choose not to prevent imitation by other firms as long as the industry remains relatively small. As the industry expands including new entry, the leaders' optimal amount of investment gradually declines. We show that under some rather general conditions, there would exist a scale of the industry where innovating firms would choose to start preventing free imitation, bringing further expansion of the industry through new entry to a halt and causing net exit.     

Innovation in the medical device sector: an open business model approach for high-tech small firms

Innovation in the medical device industry is progressing rapidly with many technologies heralded as major breakthroughs. The public are often well informed about these matters, which results in a patient pull for innovations that are years from market. HTSFs operating in this environment face huge challenges in terms of realising the latent economic potential from new innovations. Open innovation offers the prospect of lower costs for innovation, faster times to market, and the chance to share risks. By developing open business models medical device companies can capture the multifaceted ideas of scientists, engineers, clinicians and indeed patients; thus allowing beneficial technologies to reach the market more quickly in a way that is evidence focused. This study uses a qualitative approach to investigate the explicit and implicit business models within HTSFs in the health care sector and provides a useful contribution to understand the challenges and identify solutions in this multi-stakeholder environment.     

A World of Contrasted but Interdependent Inequality Regimes: The Latin America Paradox

The previous issue of this journal published an explanation of three contemporary paradoxes: dramatically increased inequalities in China despite economic development reducing poverty; the excessively large costs incurred by the state following a surge of inequality in the finance-led growth regime of the United States (US); and, within Europe, some social democratic countries continue to exhibit a complementarity between and extended welfare system, more moderate inequalities and a dynamic innovation and production system. This analysis concluded that the US, Chinese and European inequality regimes are different but they express complementary growth patterns. Applying the same socio-economic approach, based upon the concept of inequality regimes, this article addresses another contemporary paradox. Latin America, previously the continent with the highest inequality, has reversed the former dynamics to exhibit a growth pattern based upon inequality reduction, while still relying heavily upon a strong international demand for commodities. This analysis investigates the durability and likelihood of the Latin American U-turn and concludes that there is a possible alternative to the hypothesis of an irreversible globalization of inequality because China, North America, Europe and Latin America do not follow the same trajectory, having developed contrasting regimes of inequality that co-evolve and are largely complementary at the global level. Consequently the future of more inclusive Latin American (and other) economies depends on the interaction between new domestic democratic advances and the reconfiguration of the international economy.     

我国中小企业的环境战略及其选择

环境问题已日益成为社会关注的焦点。然而我国中小企业对环境问题一直没有给予足够的重视。本文分析了我国中小企业环境问题的紧迫性,探讨了中小企业环境战略的驱动因素,并提出了可供中小企业选择的四种环境战略。     

上海工业企业自主创新战略研究

创新是现代企业和经济活力之源。在剖析上海企业自主创新能力建设的基本态势与存在问题的基础上,对上海加强企业自主创新能力建设提出了相应的政策建议。     

浅析中国反贫困战略转换中的典型问题

发展中国家的反贫困战略一般都经历了从经济增长到目标干预的两个阶段,中国也不例外。每一个反贫困战略的产生与实施,都有其存在的历史背景,都对反贫困做出过巨大贡献,但也都有其局限性。经济增长战略有效地解决了普遍贫困的现象,但其效力却涉及不到最贫困人群。满足基本需求的扶贫目标干预战略以项目作为载体,为贫困人口输送扶贫资源,帮助他们摆脱贫困。设计是理想的,但现实也是残酷的。实践中出现的典型问题说明,如果专门为穷人设计的项目仍然不能惠及穷人,那么问题可能不在于战略本身而在于项目的运作过程。只有完善项目的运作,防止运作过程中问题的发生,提高项目的扶贫效果,才能真正解决贫困问题。     

论我国经济转型期假冒伪劣的生成机制及其治理

我国每年都有全国性的打击假冒伪劣行动 ,可是假冒伪劣仍然持续猖獗。其深层原因在于价格无法反映质量 ,只要价格还取决于产品质量以外的市场与非市场因素 ,高价会诱发假冒伪劣行为。假冒伪劣会减少市场需求 ,但由于信息不对称、产权缺陷、地方保护主义等 ,这种效应被高利对假冒伪劣的促进作用抵消了。治理假冒伪劣必须从健全规则、稳定预期、调整结构、规范企业行为与规范政府行为等方面综合整治。     

Biotechnology as a low-level-of-coherence policy priority: effectual-targeting and the need for learning and experimentation capabilities

During the last two decades, policymakers in various positions have been adopting a systems-approach to policy thinking. However, in contrast with the quasi-evolutionary way in which policy is thought of and conceptualised it seems that policy doing is still being guided by ‘market-failure’ justifications causing actual policies to remain narrow in their scope. In this paper we sidestep this analytical divide of thinking/doing by developing a co-evolutionary framework that utilises a more productive analytical divide of means/ends. That is to say we focus on a process of co-evolution of a higher-order, one which takes place ‘inside’ the agent of policy herself, and involves changes in the ways ‘means’ and ‘ends’ are understood and acted upon. Conceptualising policy problems in terms of means/ends contributes to current debates by rendering the difficulty that countries are facing in their attempts to prioritise biotechnology more intelligible and thus manageable.     

Endogenous human capital formation,distance to frontier and growth

We examine human capital's contribution to economy-wide technological progress through two channels – imitation and innovation – innovation being more skill-intensive than imitation. We develop a growth model based on the endogenous ability-driven skill acquisition decision of an individual. It is shown that skilled human capital is growth enhancing in the “imitation-innovation” regime and in the “innovation-only” regime whereas unskilled human capital is growth enhancing in the “imitation-only” regime. Steady state exists and, in the long run, the economy converges to the world technology frontier. In the diversified regime, technological progress raises the return to ability and generates an increase in wage inequality between and within groups – consistent with the pattern observed across countries.     

Endogenous innovation and imitation in a model of equilibrium growth

This paper provides a growth model in which innovation as well as imitation occurs. Economic growth is due to product innovations. Innovators driven by the possibility to appropriate monopoly profits do not remain in their monopolistic position forever. Latecoming imitators get into possession of the private knowledge of production through investments in R & D. Imitated products are marketed in oligopolistic markets. Imitation proves to be profitable despite a single factor market and positive imitation costs. A steady-state equilibrium with positive imitation and innovation rates as well as different market structures can be derived. Finally, the effects of industrial policy measures are discussed.     

河南主板上市公司创新战略选择研究

创新战略可分为价值创新和效率创新,价值创新是通过增减价值元素提升客户价值,增加市场份额,效率创新借助规模经济、价值链重构等方式降低单位产品的成本,提高产品竞争力。两种创新的逻辑、路径不同,但都能促进企业发展。使用层次分析法对河南主板上市的公司进行了创新战略决策,有11家适合采用价值创新,25家适合采用效率创新。为提高创新能力企业应改革研发组织形态,扩大合作广度、深度,完善人才激励制度,政府应提供良好的创新政策环境。     

Agile Opportunities in the Chinese Automobile Market and Marketing Recommendations for Chinese Automakers

This paper is based on a study of the Chinese automobile market and industry and aims at proposing marketing recommendations for Chinese automakers. We approach the problem by putting the customer at the central focal point of all marketing operations. We look for agile opportunities in the Chinese automobile industry and identify customers＇ needs and expectations in the current and future markets and propose solutions to satisfy those needs. We, then, develop a strategic marketing framework based on the 5P marketing model and Blue Ocean Strategy to make best use of the agile opportunities.