中美制造业参与全球价值链分工程度与地位分析——兼论中美贸易摩擦对中国价值链分工的影响

随着全球经济进入以生产过程分节化和中间品贸易为主要特征的全球价值链时代,制造业正在成为一些大国参与全球产业分工、争夺产业链、价值链高端的角力场。本文对2000-2014年中美两国制造业行业参与全球价值链(GVC)分工程度及分工地位进行对比分析,发现中国制造业参与GVC分工地位指数总体小于美国同期值,美国制造业在GVC分工中处于相对上游环节,这与中国制造业后向参与GVC分工程度较高相一致。与美国相比,中国在全球价值链分工中不具竞争优势,中美贸易摩擦对双方GVC分工都有着不同程度的影响。中国需加快受制产业的自主创新步伐,积极推进出口市场多元化,重点加强与"一带一路"沿线国家的合作。     

鸿海产业链低端的高成长传奇

低成本、低利润的代工模式，是否束缚了中国制造企业的成长?处于全球分工中低利润环节的企业，如何保持旺盛的盈利能力?中国台湾鸿海集团的高速成长证明，EMS的地位并非影响代工企业盈利的关键，产品的大流量同样可以赚大钱，问题是如何谋求与产业发展趋势俱进，通过为世界一流企业提供最佳服务，与之共同成长。     

我国生产性服务外包的难点及路径

在现阶段为了追求规模经济效益，突出企业核心能力以及提升企业整体国际竞争力等因素的驱动下，企业生产分工正在逐渐的细化。从过去的横向分工转化成纵向分工为主，从产业分工细化到产品内分工。在整个生产制造业中，这种趋势更加明显，生产性服务外包这个新的资源配置方式也就出现了。面对世界发展的生产性服务外包的大趋势，我国的生产制造业企业也意识到利用外包可以提升企业核心竞争力，正在从过去“大而全”向现在的“小而专”进行转变。但在转变过程中，种种矛盾又逐渐显现出来。本文正是想通过对我国生产性外包产业环境的梳理分析，找出症结所在并提出建设性建议。     

美国对华反倾销对中国内向和外向FDI的影响

本文基于分工模式和实证分析探究了美国对华反倾销对中国内向和外向FDI的影响。研究表明：（1）垂直分工FDI在中国建立的下游企业、水平分工FDI在中国建立的投资企业都会放大关中行业贸易逆差,引发美国上升的行业损害抱怨。结果,美国对华反倾销对这些分工FDI在中国的投资意愿产生不利的影响。（2）美国对华反倾销对中国金属制造业、化学工业、特别是纺织业对美出口及其内向FDI产生很不利的影响。2004—2009年中国制造业部门吸收的内向FDI比重出现近20％的：k幅下降,这很好地证实了基于分工模式的理论预测。（3）虽然美国对中国产品反倾销呈增加态势,但是中国企业并没有积极地采取对美直接投资的方式来规避反倾销壁垒,而是选择避税地进行外向FDI。这种对外直接投资格局很难形成中国的产业发展模式。     

我国物流业存在的主要问题及探讨

随着世界经济的快速发展和现代科学技术的进步,物流产业作为国民经济中一个新兴的服务部门,正在全球范围内迅速发展。物流业是融合运输、仓储、货运代理和信息等行业的新兴复合型服务产业,物流是伴随生产、消费、投资等一系列经济活动而产生的一种派生需求,是现代社会分工和专业化高度发展的产物。物流产业对国民经济的影响至关重要。我国企业物流的发展远远落后于社会物流的发展,而且整体水平不高。     

从500强企业看中美产业成长的差异性

本文以中美500强企业为研究对象,从产业分布和产业规模两方面对中美两国的产业成长进行了比较研究.研究结果表明,中美两国的产业水平处于不同的发展阶段,美国已向后工业化社会转型,中国正在大力发展制造业.而大企业代表的产业分布在美国比较平均,更趋合理;中国则较为集中,但随着经济的大发展,中国的产业成长路径呈现出了由集中走向均衡的特征.     

以跨国公司为传导提升福建省国际分工地位

目前跨国公司采取水平分工和垂直分工并举方式,进行全球产业整合,将世界各国纳入一体化分工的网络。20世纪90年代以来,跨国公司开始在福建省进行比较大规模的投资,这有意无意间将福建省纳入跨国公司的国际生产体系之中,但福建省在跨国公司内部化国际分工系统中处于低增值环节。福建省要深化国际分工地位,就必须链入跨国公司的全球价值链,促进跨国公司与内资企业的关联和产业对接,在同跨国公司的合作与竞争中增强企业竞争力。     

温特尔主义对跨国公司在中国投资的影响

温特尔主义的产生和特点 20世纪90年代个人电脑的兴起,开创了一种全新的生产竞争方式.以微软和英特尔的战略联盟为代表,整个计算机产业迅速从垂直型结构走向水平型结构,市场领导权从以IBM为代表的"纵向一体化"型企业转向水平分工,每个水平分工的参与者都专门经营原来产业链条中的一个价值节点,如:硬盘、芯片或数据库等.     

商业银行供应链金融业务发展与创新研究

在经济全球化的背景下,生产分工模式逐渐发生改变,从单个企业生产——销售"一条龙"的模式转变为多个企业间专业化的分工,形成一条清晰的产业供应链。因此,市场的转变要求商业银行及时进行调整,创新业务产品,发展适用于供应链的金融产品。通过供应链金融业务的实践,进一步深化和创新业务模式,是促进商业银行发展、提高盈利水平的可靠途径。     

产业集聚的动力机制分析及其对我国的启示——马克思主义经济学的视角

基于马克思的流通以及分工与协作理论。产业集聚的动因包括：（1）企业为了缩短流通时间、减少流通费用选择特定的区域从事生产,推动了产业集聚;（2）集聚区域形成以后,追求与分享集聚区域的集体生产力Ⅱ成为企业选择集聚区域的主要原因,由此形成了产业集聚的自我强化机制。集体生产力Ⅱ的产生源于分工与协作引起的企业专业化水平的提高、企业之间竞争的加剧以及配套投入的节约。这为我国形式多样产业园区的建立与运营提供了一定的参考,具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

虚拟企业运作基础分析

虚拟企业被认为是2 1世纪企业的主要组织形式与管理模式之一,作为一种新的组织与管理模式,虚拟企业注重横向管理和企业间合作的网络型组织结构形式。虚拟企业要实现这种合作从而实现正常运行,必须使各个成员企业具有互补的核心能力,并在各成员企业之间形成完善的信息、知识、物流及契约网络     

An experimental investigation of facilitation in an EMS decision room

Electronic meeting systems (EMS) provide a way for information technology to support groups meeting together for a variety of tasks. Some systems have been designed to depend on facilitators to guide groups through EMS use, whereas others have been designed to be used without facilitators. Yet little empirical research has been conducted to determine the differences between facilitated and nonfacilitated EMS use. This article describes an experiment that compared facilitated and nonfacilitated EMS groups. No differences were found between these two modes of EMS use for the number of alternatives generated, decision quality, ability to reach consensus, or satisfaction with the group process. However, if the number of alternatives generated is treated as a covariate, facilitated groups made better decisions, but nonfacilitated groups were more likely to reach consensus.This research was supported by several grants from IBM and AT&T. Additional funding was provided by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada.     

A Cross Cultural Comparison of the Contents of Codes of Ethics: USA, Canada and Australia

This paper examines the contents of the codes of ethics of 83 of the top 500 companies operating in the private sector in Australia in an attempt to discover whether there are national characteristics that differentiate the codes used by companies operating in Australia from codes used by companies operating in the American and Canadian systems. The studies that were used as a comparison were Mathews (1987) for the United States of America and Lefebvre and Singh (1992) for Canada. The major conclusion is that, whilst Australian codes do have some characteristics that differentiate them from the other two groups, it appears that companies in all three cultures are driven by the same motives to develop codes.     

虚拟经营对生产性服务业统计的影响及对策

虚拟经营是以企业运行功能为分工与合作对象的经营模式,虚拟经营的广泛实施,加速了许多具有服务属性的运行功能从企业,尤其是制造型企业中分离出来,同时以运行功能为对象的社会分工与合作也要求这些分离出来的运行功能以独立企业的形式与实施虚拟化经营的企业进行功能互补,如以虚拟企业联盟体的形式运作,进而促进和扩大了生产性服务业的发展。因此企业虚拟化经营对生产性服务业的统计范围及统计方法都产生了诸多影响。     

Adoption and Use of Electronic Meeting Systems in Large Australian and New Zealand Organizations

As globalization increases and competition grows, firms are becoming increasingly dependent upon group work and collaboration. The recent surge of reengineering efforts to reinforce a process view of organizational work and the emergence of virtual corporations spanning the globe indicate that firms are relying more on group work today than ever before. Information technology (IT) may have the capability to greatly enhance the quality of collaboration in accomplishing group tasks. This paper focuses on electronic meeting systems (EMS), which are mostly aimed at supporting group work in a face-to-face setting, and empirically assesses their adoption and use in supporting task-oriented collaborative work in Australian and New Zealand organizations. Results from survey data collected from 147 organizations indicate that EMS adoption has been somewhat limited. Most organizations had not adopted EMS to support group work. Further, both the level of adoption and level of use of EMS within the organizations was very low. Barriers to adoption were identified along with implications for future research. Organizational barriers, including compatibility with cognitive styles, lack of incentives and resistance to change, were the most important adoption obstacles. Technological and costs issues were somewhat less significant. Overall, the findings are fairly similar to the US study on which the survey instrument was based, though some adoption differences occurred which may be related to the structure and ownership of the organizations.     

Social Network Reputation Management: An International Study

Managing social networks is not without cost and thus it is reasonable to assume that larger companies would have better defined strategies than smaller ones. The research explores this assumption and offers an integrity management model, based on 189 different size companies taken from the three major world stock markets representing North America and Asia. Results supported that larger companies are slightly more responsive but smaller firms seem to respond more quickly. Given the potential negative impacts to brand image there appears to be a pervasive lack strategic framework as most firms were not monitoring, integrating or leveraging social media adequately.     

Aspects of University Research and Technology Transfer to Private Industry

University research in the U.S.A. is based on a tight relationship between University and economic activity. In Europe and South America, although less commonly than in the U.S.A., there's already a large amount of experiences related to the creation of "on campus" or "spin off" companies based on the results and knowledge obtained from research in University departments and R&D centres financed with public funds. The virtual base of this results in communication technologies enables private use and the appropriation of the benefits by their authors. European model, historically widely separated from private companies, has produced high quality basic research, but it has failed to obtain profit from technological development. Research funds happen to be basically public. Europe heads for economic, politic and military union. Common economic space and the growing up of the new markets, which we can foresee to be extended to other countries, will promote business opportunities and the relationship University-Industry. University institutions and faculties should think about their current ethic convictions to create a new Industry-University model in the context of a global economy.     

制造业服务化与经营绩效的实证检验——基于中美上市公司的比较

文章以中美两国的装备制造、汽车、家电以及电子信息等制造行业为研究对象,围绕服务化对制造企业经营绩效的影响展开探讨.研究结果表明:中美制造企业主要存在8种服务化形式;中国企业的服务化程度以及服务的资本、知识和技术强度低于美国;中国企业的服务化对其经营绩效存有显著的倒U型关系,而美国企业只有显著的正向线性关系.在此基础上,文章认为促进企业从"制造文化"向"服务文化"转型;增强企业的服务运营能力;合理开展服务业务;提升服务能效是加强我国制造业竞争力,实现产业健康可持续发展的重要任务.     

Avatars as information: Perception of consumers based on their avatars in virtual worlds

The presence of consumers and companies in the virtual worlds has increased in recent years. It is predicted that 80% of active Internet consumers and Fortune 500 companies will have an avatar or presence in a virtual community, including social networks, by the end of 2011 (eMarketer, 2007 ). The increase in the number of consumers with avatars emphasizes the need for a better understanding of who these consumers behind the avatars really are in order to convert these individuals to online and real‐world customers. The objective of this paper is to investigate how avatars reflect the personality of their creators (targets) in virtual worlds. Using the Brunswik Lens Model as the theoretical framework, an investigation of real consumers in the virtual world Second Life reveals that perceivers who view targets' avatar use particular thin‐slices of observations such as avatar cues (e.g., attractiveness, gender, hairstyle) to form accurate personality impressions about targets. The findings support the premise that real‐life companies that intend to expand to virtual worlds can use member avatars as a proxy for member personality and lifestyles. As a future research direction, avatars and other consumer‐generated media could be used as the basis for targeting and segmentation of online consumers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.