Growth and improverishment in the middle of the nineteenth century

This paper applies the techniques for the development of ‘soft’ data to gain insight into the historical impacts of economic change on the structure and extent of poverty in the early stages of commercialization and industrialization. A typology of the structure of poverty is constructed for 1850 for 24 countries and the nine types which emerge are ranked partially by the probable extent of extreme poverty. The nature and ranking of the types are then used to develop hypotheses regarding the historical processes generating poverty. The paper focuses on the poorest stratum of society in countries of widely different levels of development. The study suggests that the phenomena generating poverty in 1850 were surprisingly similar to those operating in today's developing countries.     

Stock Market Development and Economic Growth: The Case of Selected African Countries

Abstract: This paper studies the effect of stock market development on economic growth in 14 African countries in a dynamic panel data modelling setting. Results largely show a positive relationship between stock market development and economic growth. Further analyses, based on the level of economic development and stock market capitalization, are also conducted. The results reveal that the positive influence of stock market development on economic growth is significant for countries classified as upper middle income economies. On the basis of market capitalization groupings, stock market developments play a significant role in growth only for moderately capitalized markets. The general trend in results shows that low income African countries and less developed stock markets need to grow more and develop their markets to elicit economic gains from stock markets.     

Institutional differences as sources of growth differences

Until recently, most studies investigating the determinants of growth failed to incorporate the importance of institutions into the empirical analysis. This paper highlights the importance of institutions on growth and development and evaluates the empirical results on the effect of institutions on growth and investment. It provides ample evidence that the institutional environment in which an economic activity takes place is an important determinant of economic growth. This paper uses alternative measures of institutional quality to capture the role of institutions in explaining growth differences across countries. When these institutional variables are incorporated into the core regression equations as additional explanatory variables in two different sample periods, both samples yield similar results. The empirical results reveal that countries with high levels of economic growth are characterized by high levels of economic freedom and judicial efficiency, low levels of corruption, effective bureaucracy, and protected private property.     

Economic Growth and Electricity Consumption in GCC and MENA Countries

This study estimates the causal relationship between oil rents, electricity consumption and economic growth at aggregate levels with annual data from between 1972 and 2011 for the Arab states of the Gulf and some Middle East and North African countries. An autoregressive distributed lag bounds test shows that oil rents, economic growth and electricity consumption are cointegrated for these countries in a stable manner over this whole period. Granger causality tests indicate that directions of causalities differ for the countries according to their natural resource levels. Thus, these countries can be classified according to their oil rent levels for implementing energy policies such as energy conservation.     

FDI垄断优势、知识溢出与发展中国家经济增长

本文从FDI垄断优势和知识溢出的角度对发展中国家科技进步和经济发展路径进行建模,并以中国的部分行业为例进行了实证检验。结果表明,基于FDI垄断优势和知识溢出理论框架下的发展中国家科技进步和经济增长模式在不同的阶段有不同的表现形式;发展中国家在一定时期表现出来的科技或经济上的"后发优势"并不具备可持续性;在发展中国家谋求科技发展和经济增长的过程中,发展初期使用"市场换技术"的策略能够促进科技水平的快速进步,但后期发展的关键在于提升自主研发水平,FDI的贡献将显著降低。     

The Finance–Growth Link in Latin America

This paper analyzes the relationship between financial development and economic growth in Latin America with a Granger causality test and impulse response functions in a panel vector autoregression (VAR) model. With annual observations from a sample of 18 countries from 1962 to 2005, it is shown that while economic growth causes financial development, financial development does not cause economic growth. This finding is robust to different model specifications and different financial indicators. Interestingly, when the sample is divided according to different income levels and institutional quality, there is two‐way causality between financial development and economic growth only for the middle income group and for countries with stronger rule of law and creditor rights. The impulse response functions show that a shock to financial development has a positive impact on economic growth only for these subsamples, but the net effect of financial development on growth is relatively small.     

数字贸易网络结构及影响因素——基于“一带一路”沿线国家(地区)双边贸易数据的研究

科技发展逐渐对贸易模式产生影响。通过社会网络分析法,分析各国之间的数字贸易联系强度,构建面板数据对影响数字贸易流量的相关因素采用固定效应模型进行分析。结果表明:目前各国的数字贸易联系较为密切,核心国家仍然以欧盟国家(地区)为主,中国和其他国家的数字贸易联系仍不强;通信网络基础设施和国家对跨境数据的管控和国家经济发展水平等因素对数字贸易均有显著影响。     

中国新疆与中亚五国对外经济发展水平比较

本文利用国际国内最新数据,从整体经济发展水平比较出发,通过进出口、外国直接投资、国际旅游等三方面指标,比较中国新疆与中亚五国的对外经济发展水平,并通过经济外向度综合指数做出进一步比较分析。总体而言,新疆经济对外开放水平与中亚五国相比有较大差距,需要在政策措施上加大力度,提高对外开放水平,特别是加快向西开放的步伐。     

知识产权保护、东道国特征与出口贸易

本文以发展中国家1976～2000年的样本数据为基础,利用贸易引力方程实证考察了知识产权保护对美国向发展中国家出口影响的市场扩张效应和市场势力效应。国家和行业层面的面版数据的估计结果显示:知识产权保护对美国向发展中国家出口的效应受到进口国的经济发展水平和模仿能力等东道国特征变量的制约。对于高收入国家和低收入国家而言,知识产权保护对出口贸易的影响以市场势力效应占主导;对于中等收入国家而言,知识产权保护对出口贸易的影响以市场扩张效应占主导。知识产权保护对强模仿能力国家行业出口贸易的影响以市场扩张效应占主导;知识产权保护对弱模仿能力国家出口贸易的影响以市场势力效应占主导。     

Do more open countries have a higher growth rate but more inequality?

While other researchers have examined the effect of outward orientation on economic growth, this paper examines the relationship between outward orientation and 21 measures of economic development using data from 88 developing countries. An attempt is made to answer the question: Does outward orientation result in positive economic growth at the expense of higher income inequality, a higher poverty rate, and other harmful effects on economic development measures? The results show that there is, in the net, a positive correlation between openness and measures of economic development. Second, while outward orientation affects economic growth positively and the higher economic growth in turn leads to a higher level of economic development, there is weak evidence that there are additional direct, negative effects of outward orientation on economic development measures.     

Asia's ‘little divergence’ in the twentieth century: evidence from PPP-based direct estimates of GDP per capita, 1913–69

This article uses expenditure-based purchasing power parities (PPPs) to estimate GDP per capita in comparable prices for 12 Asian countries for six benchmark years during the period 1913–69. The article finds that in 1913 levels of real GDP per capita in several countries were comparable to those in Japan. GDP per capita in Japan and other Asian countries diverged during and after the First World War. The article questions whether Asia's ‘little divergence’ between Japan and other Asian countries dates back to the late eighteenth century. It draws attention to the different resource endowments of Japan, China, and India compared to other Asian countries, and their implications for the development trajectories of Asian countries. The article demonstrates that using historical PPP estimates yields estimates of GDP per capita that diverge from those based on retropolations of the single 1990 PPP-converted benchmark year. It concludes that historical estimates of PPPs are needed to confirm analyses of comparative economic performance based on available GDP per capita data.     

金融危机背景下再论金融发展与经济增长——基于发达经济体与新兴市场国家的实证检验

20世纪90年代以来,全球金融危机频发,引发对金融发展、政策与经济增长关系的重新思考。本文收集了39个国家和地区1994～2007年间的年度数据,利用面板数据计量经济分析方法,针对发达经济体与新兴市场和发展中国家的不同,通过面板数据的单位根检验、协整分析和构建误差修正模型,检验金融发展、政策与经济增长的长期均衡关系及短期因果关系。     

Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?

Of what relative importance are strategic motivators for bilateral aid donors, and how important is a recipient’s geographic proximity to conflict relative to previously examined economic and political motivators? We find that donors have historically responded to balanced incentives to reduce recipient poverty and further donor political and economic goals. Every bilateral donor conditions aid on conflict. The United States allocates large amounts of development aid to countries bordering a conflict, both pre- and post-Cold War. However, controlling for development levels and donor economic and political interest, most donors reduce aid to a recipient with an in-house or nearby intense conflict.     

环境规制、产业结构升级与经济增长——基于东盟国家的实证检验

利用2010—2017年东盟国家面板数据构建计量模型,考察环境规制、产业结构升级与经济增长三者之间的关系。结果表明：目前阶段,东盟国家环保关注度和环境政策措施与经济增长呈负相关关系,而环境政策级别与经济增长呈正相关关系。为了研究环境规制影响经济增长的路径,在基础模型的基础上,以产业结构优化升级为中介变量,构建中介效应模型,实证结果显示,产业结构优化升级在环境规制与经济增长的关系中起到部分中介作用。     

优化产业结构促进泛北部湾经贸合作

泛北部湾经济合作区的建立,为参与其中的国家和地区提供了广阔的经贸合作平台。但由于各方经济发展水平层次不一,如何优化产业结构使得相互间的经贸合作顺利,从而带动区域整体的经济发展,实现多方共赢。本文基于对各国产业结构现状的分析,提出优化泛北部湾区域产业结构的建议。     

SOUTH AFRICA AND THE NEW PARTNERSHIP FOR AFRICA'S DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC SPIN-OFFS AND LINKAGES

The New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is a concerted effort by Africa's political leaders to develop a comprehensive and integrated strategic policy framework to raise current levels of socio‐economic development and reduce high levels of poverty across the African continent. The NEPAD framework recognises the need for African countries to pool their resources together in order to enhance regional development and economic integration. To this end, NEPAD emphasises capacity building and also seeks to solicit and disburse funds towards infrastructural development programmes and poverty alleviation projects, among others. South Africa's involvement with the rest of Africa has increased significantly since 1994. Trade exports, foreign direct investment (both market and resource‐seeking in nature) and public‐private partnerships have mushroomed in many parts of the continent. Many South African firms are providing the financial impetus for the infrastructural development and rehabilitation of African economies. This paper discusses salient economic linkages between South Africa and the rest of Africa within the framework of NEPAD. South Africa is the economic hub of sub‐Saharan Africa (and indeed of the African continent), with significant agricultural, manufacturing and services capacity. South African firms have invested in the development of a number of sectors in the rest of Africa, taking advantage of the new investment incentives offered by the NEPAD framework. The target sectors range from mining, the hospitality industry, engineering and construction, finance to telecommunications. These investments and economic involvements are crucial to the development of African countries and the relevant sectors that are important for the realisation of some of the objectives of NEPAD.     

“金砖四国”社会折现率的影响因素分析

社会折现率是国家公共项目决策中需要重点研究的一个参数,但数据显示,不同国家之间以及一个国家在经济发展的不同阶段,社会折现率都存在较大的差异。资本的稀缺程度、经济增长速度的快慢和通货膨胀率的高低是影响社会折现率的主要因素。本文通过1997年～2006年中国、印度、俄罗斯、巴西("金砖四国")社会折现率主要影响因素的研究发现,经济增长的高速度是中国和印度社会折现率的主要支撑因素,同时我国较低的贷款利率和通货膨胀率一定程度上抵消了经济高速增长带来的高折现率数值,因此折现率低于印度;高通货膨胀率是俄罗斯社会折现率较高的主要原因;巴西尽管通货膨胀率和贷款利率处于较高的水平,但较低的经济增长速度使其社会折现率在"金砖四国"中处于最低的位置。     

Government activity and economic growth – one size fits All?

This study investigates the role of government activity in economic growth, arguing that economic systems are important and that, therefore, one size of government does not fit all countries. Taking a panel of 111 countries over the years from 1971 to 2010, we consider clusters of economic systems as predicted by an extended Varieties of Capitalism (VoC) approach. The empirical growth impact of government activity is positive but u-shaped and depends on both the quality of institutions and the institutional setting. For the polar cases of liberal economies and Scandinavian coordinated market economies, the potential growth impact is quite similar and superior to other clusters of countries. However, the maximum growth effect is realized for above-average levels of government activity in the Scandinavian countries, while this would be detrimental to growth in liberal countries. Hence, high levels of government activity are consistent with growth but only in economic systems consistently rooted in a high level of government activity.     

国际援助再分类及其对受援国经济增长的异质性影响

国际援助对受援国的经济影响在学界并没有一致的答案，文章从不同类型国际援助的影响具有异质性的角度再次探讨这一问题。文章的主要工作有两点：一是对援助类型的重新分类；二是根据新分类的援助，实证分析不同类型援助的异质性影响。首先，基于中观经济学对生成性资源的分类方式，文章提出资源配对援助法，将国际援助分为了商业性援助、开发性援助和公益性援助三类，并与经合组织债权人申报系统相衔接，建立了分类后的国际援助数据集。然后，在实证分析部分，分别研究了援助总规模和不同类型国际援助对受援国经济发展的影响。结果发现，援助总规模对受援国的经济正向影响显著。同时，开发性援助和公益性援助存在门槛效应和滞后性，两者都有显著的正向影响，而且开发性援助对受援国经济发展促进作用要强于公益性援助。     

市场信用体制建设是经济发展第四推动力

资本、劳动力、技术长期以来被认为是经济增长的3个动力源泉。但是这个理论没有考虑其拉动经济增长的市场基础问题,无法解释为什么不同国家的经济增长会出现很大差异。开发性金融实践表明,市场信用体制建设是经济发展第四推动力。加速市场信用体制建设是发展中国家实现自觉、主动、持续、稳定、健康发展的必然要求。