我国“免、抵、调库”政策存在的问题及完善对策

一、我国“免、抵、调库”政策出台的背景 “免、抵、调库”政策的出台与出口退税“免、抵、退”税计算方法的实行密切相关。我国自1997年开始在生产企业推行“免、抵、退”税办法，替代了在此之前实行的“先征后退”法。“免、抵、退”方法中“免、抵”的增值税是原来“先征后退”方法下“先征”部分的增值税。按照财税体制，“先征”上来的增值税的25％归地方；地方还可根据这25％来计征城市维护建设税和教育费附加；另外，如果两税（增值税、消费税）超基数，地方政府可按1：0．3得到返还。由“先征后退”改为实行“免、抵、退”后，地方应得的25％的增值税收入没有了，地方附加相应减少，地方税收增量返还也随之减少。如果不做相应的补偿，势必影响地方推行“免、抵、退”方法的积极性。“免、抵、调库”政策就是在准确核算地方因实行“免、抵、退”税办法而减少的财政收入的基础上，由国库部门办理调增该部分收入。“免、抵、调库”的目的在于准确、规范地统计因免、抵减少的收入，避免该办法对地方税收收入的影响。     

“免、抵、退”税政策对孝义经济税收的影响

２００２年，国务院决定对我国所有生产型企业的自产出口货物统一实行“免、抵、退”的出口退税政策。此项改革的出台，有利于增强出口企业的国际竞争力，同时意味着地方政府和出口企业将面临着不同的情况和选择。据调查：目前孝义市涉及到免、抵、退税政策的企业６４％以上集中在煤焦行业。免、抵、退税政策对企业来说最大的优点是无需预缴税款，缓解了流动资金的占用；同时因在出口环节免征增值税，降低出口成本，促进了地区外向型经济的发展。据纳税人反映，虽然“免、抵、退”税政策规定：当月出口的货物在当月做了免抵，但收集齐单证上报退税机关审批至少需要３个月左右的时间，即使有退库计划也不能及时办理调库手续。“免、抵、退”税政策操作起来较为繁琐，财务人员短时间内难以熟练掌握。当地政府认为即期税收的减少导致了财政收入以及财政支配力的减少，因此，地方政府有了一定的压力。面对新情况，地方政府、税务部门需要转变观念，从可持续发展、增强地方经济增长后劲的角度，提高对新税收政策的认识高度，提高工作效率，认真落实并利用好新的政策，扎实做好各项前期工作，真正体现“免、抵、退”税政策的内涵和作用。针对全面推行“免、抵、退”税政策对当地税收和经济带来的影响，孝义市国...     

增值税“免、抵、退”税计算及账务处理实例

我国对出口货物实行增值税“免、抵、退”税办法已两年多了，但有一些出口生产企业的财务人员对“免、抵、退”税计算及账务处理仍不能很好掌握，在一定程度上影响了“免、抵、退”工作的进行。笔者现将“免、抵、退”税计算方法简介如下并举例说明。     

"免、抵、退"税简化办法

根　 据几年来的实践,笔者发 　 现,目前实行的“免、抵、退”税办法可操作性还比较差,存在着业务难度大、工作成本高、操作繁琐、管理复杂等问题,现行出口货物“免、抵、退”税办法急需进一步简化。现行“免、抵、退”税办法复杂,可操作性差 1 . 使进料加工复出口业务复杂 化 从“免、抵、退”税办法的具体计算公式可以看出,在进料加工复出口业务“免、抵、退”税具体计算时,需要计算免抵退税不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额与免抵退税额抵减额,在出现抵减额大于被抵减额时,未抵减完的税额需要结转下期继续抵减,处理起来特别复杂。2 . 对原材料、…     

完善现行出口货物“免、抵、退”税政策的对策建议

按照国务院、财政部、国家税务总局要求,自2002年1月1日起,在全国范围全面执行“免、抵、退”税政策。这一出口货物税收政策有其深厚的历史背景和现实意义,贯彻落实好“免、抵、退”税政策,将有利于提高出口退税管理的效率,有利于支持、促进国内生产企业在我国加入WTO后更加直接地参与国际市场竞争。对企业降低出口商品的出口成本,提高我国出口商品在国际市场的竞争力有着举足轻重的作用。与此同时,我们也应该看到,虽然新出台的“免、抵、退”税办法和以前的“先征后退”税办法相比     

生产企业“免、抵、退”税筹划

我国对生产企业自营和委托出口的自产货物，除另有规定外，一律实行“免、抵、退”税办法。由于“免、抵、退”税办法涉及面广、计算较为复杂，也为税收筹划提供了广阔的空间。     

浅谈生产企业出口货物"免、抵、退"税的核算

目前我国对出口产品的税收政策包括出口征税政策、出口免税政策和出口退税政策。出口征税政策是对出口产品照常征税，不实行退免税政策；出口免税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，但对出口产品在以前环节支付的进项税额不予退税，而是将其转入出口产品的成本；出口退税政策是对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税，并对出口产品已支付的进项税额予以退税。本文主要对生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税的计算与账务处理问题做些探讨。所谓“免、抵、退”税办法，即对出口产品免征出口环节的增值税；出口产品耗用的原材料、零部件等已支付的…     

中国“免、抵、退”税政策存在的问题与思考

从1997年1月1日起，我国对所有享有进出口经营权的生产企业(包括内资企业和外商投资企业)出口货物都实行统一的“免、抵、退”税管理办法。尽管该办法具有降低企业成本、缓解退税指标压力、有效打击骗税等好处，但是由于程序繁琐、政策不明朗，也给税收征管带来诸多问题。本文以退税制度遵循国际惯例的长远发展方向为出发点，从政策构建、管理优化等角度对“免、抵、退”税管理办法的改革取向作了初步探讨。     

完善"免、抵、退"税会计科目的设置

按现行会计制度中有关“免、抵、退”税处理的规定,生产企业货物出口后按规定计算的免抵税额应在“应交税金——应交增值税”二级科目借方下的“出口抵减内销产品应纳税额”中予以反映。但笔者认为,这一名称设置并不能涵盖该明细项目反映的内容,即其名称仅包含了“抵”税部分,而忽略了“免”税部分。举例说明:     

出口货物"免、抵、退"税中产生征税问题的处理

据生产企业出口货物“免、抵、退”税政策规定,由于存在出口货物征、退税率的差距,免、抵、退税不予免征和抵扣税额部分应从进项税额中转入成本,若进项税额不足抵减,“应交税金——应交增值税”科目将会出现贷方余额,造成出口货物不仅不退税而且征税的“倒交税”问题。出现这一     

Almanac of anticipations: The age of affluence—of anticipation—of anxiety—of automation—of discontinuity—of longing—of overkill—of space exploration

With this survey of developments in the futures field since 1945, I.F. Clarke completes his present series for Futures. He makes two major points: that forecasting techniques have become essential tools in the management of change; and that nuclear weapons and ecological problems have added a moral dimension to the study of the future. In the next issue of Futures he will start a new series on the range of future-thinking in the USA, from the expectations of the first settlers to the Star Wars programme.     

对基层人民银行科技工作的几点建议

银监会分设后,人民银行将专司货币政策、金融稳定、金融服务三大职能。作为人民银行的分支机构,基层人民银行的工作重心也将从金融监管调整到这三大职能上来。人民银行的科技部门,就要积极运用科技手段,为人民银行履行新的职能发挥“服务、支持、促进、发展”的作用。一、围绕三大职能搭建五大平台经过“六五打基础、七五作准备、八五大发展”几个阶段后,人民银行相继实现了核算电算化、清算网络化和办公信息化。特别是近一两年来,陆续开通了大额支付系统、信贷登记咨询系统、会计四集中系统、金融信息服务网站等系统,人民银行信息化水平又…     

基金公司经营融资融券业务的问题审视

融资融券业务正式运营已经开展,为证券市场带来了革命性的改革,作为证券市场的一大主体,基金公司面对融资融券也迎来了新的发展方向和挑战,本文从融资融券业务的运行机制入手,分析了基金公司融资融券的新契机,并对其即将面临的问题进行审视和剖析,进而提出策略建议.     

社会主义所有制形式的改革、完善与共产党执政能力的提高

在中国,所有制形式的调整、改革与完善,先进生产力的发展,党的执政能力建设,是社会主义建设过程中密切结合在一起的三个不同层面的发展关系.应在相互促进和共同提高中促进社会的和谐发展,保证社会主义现代化建设战略目标的顺利实现.     

Properties of time-series estimates of degree of leverage measures

Empirical studies suggest that time-series regression estimates of the degrees of operating and financial leverage have a tendency to produce measures less than one. According to ex ante theory, these measures should be greater than one for firms operating above the breakeven point. There have also been suggestions that the biases in these estimates may be attributable to an underlying increase in unit sales. This work presents evidence that these counter-intuitive measures are produced by changes in the firm's operating parameters (unit price, variable cost, fixed cost and interest payments). It further suggests that attempts to control for the underlying change in unit sales substantially increase the volatility of predicted estimates.     

浅议金融机构的举证责任

金融纠纷案件是当事人以存单或进账单、对账单、存款合同、保险单、票据、证券等凭证为主要证据向人民法院提出诉讼的案件,对于不同种类金融纠纷的当事人的举证责任,我国现行的金融法律、法规及司法解释有不同的规定。由于金融机构的特殊法律地位,发生金融纠纷时存在有关当事人将最后偿付风险转移给金融机构承担的主观故意,在客观上会使金融机构难以提供相应的证据来对抗不法债权人的诉讼请求,而导致金融机构败诉。为此,对金融诉讼案件中金融机构的举证责任加以研究具有重要的实践意义。     

金融企业员工考核系统的设计

一、概述 为配合公司人事考核制度的贯彻执行,保证该制度执行过程中各项工作能够长期、高效、准确地完成,我们开发了公司员工考核系统,实现了人事考核工作中员工投票、考核统计、考核信息分析、报表生成等功能,减少了人事部门人员的手工操作,提高了考核工作的自动化程度.     

The Usefulness of Measures of Consistency of Discretionary Components of Accruals in the Detection of Earnings Management

Abstract:  Prior research has shown the prevalence of measurement error in models used to estimate aggregate discretionary accruals. In these models, the incremental information content of the various components of accruals is ignored. Limited prior research and data gathered from firms under Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) litigation indicate that managers use either one or more than one component of accruals simultaneously, in a consistent way to manipulate bottom-line earnings in a given direction. I propose two measures that capture the consistency between the discretionary components of accruals and test their significance in earnings management (EM) detection in firms that have artificially added accrual manipulation and firms that were targeted by the SEC for accrual manipulation. There is evidence that this information is incrementally useful in detecting EM. This finding paves the way for improvements in the discretionary accruals measure by including consistency information from the components of aggregate accruals.     

Summary of Results of Survey of Seminar Attendees

Abstract

The Society of Actuaries undertook a three-phase research project on mortality improvement in the three NAFTA countries: Canada, Mexico, and the U.S. Phase 1 consisted of a literature review of papers on projecting mortality levels in the future and a study of the trend in mortality improvement during this century. Phase 2 consisted of a discussion of different facets of modeling mortality rates at a seminar attended by 79 experts (actuaries, demographers, economists, and medical researchers) representing different countries. The last session of the seminar consisted of the completion of a survey by the attendees to obtain input for Phase 3, which would analyze the impact of mortality improvement on the social security system of each country. This paper summarizes the results of the survey.

The survey results illustrate the difficulty in forecasting mortality levels, because the effects of many factors that could have significant impact on mortality rates are unknown. This suggests the need for dynamic forecasting, which allows for the possibility of random shocks. A majority of the survey respondents believe that stochastic forecasting models, despite their complexity, have significant potential to add value. Respondents also believe that both historical data and cause-specific mortality forecasts are useful as input and also in validating forecasts of the aggregate levels of mortality. The challenge is to develop more sophisticated forecasting models to produce results that are relatively easy to interpret and to communicate these results to the desired audiences, including the public and policymakers.

The survey results suggest that the aggregate effect of lifestyle changes, medical advances, diseases, catastrophe, and physical environmental changes is an increase in life span. However, there is much uncertainty about the future. Respondents expect that beyond the year 2020 the mean annual rate of reduction in mortality for males age 65 and over will average about 0.58% for Canada, 0.76% for Mexico, and 0.67% for the U.S. The results for the female age 65 and over population are 0.64%, 0.83%, and 0.70%, respectively. The age 65 and over population is expected to see larger percentage reductions in mortality than the 0–14 and 15–64 populations. The reductions in male and female mortality will be ultimately the same, and the mortality levels in the three countries will ultimately converge, although differences may persist for decades.     

我国助学贷款改革刍议--"双担保"机制设计

国家新出台的助学贷款政策,还不过是既有的框架下的局部调整,存在诸多不完善的地方。为此,对国家助学贷款应构建高校与就业单位的“双担保”机制。从长期来看,要构建一个系统有效的“政府部门管理和商业银行运作相结合”、“多层次、多渠道、多方式”、“担保和非担保、贴息和非贴息、市场和非市场运作互相补充”的中国教育金融框架。