九华山景区旅游价值货币化估算研究

旅游资源总价值由使用价值与非使用价值构成,为了核算九华山旅游资源的货币价值,本研究在实地调查的基础上,分别运用收益还原法与意愿调查法对九华山旅游资源使用价值与非使用价值进行估算,得到2007年九华山景区货币价值总量为270.98亿元.研究结果将为九华山旅游资源的开发、保护和永续利用提供有效的理论支持与技术指导.     

公允价值审计的最新进展及启示

在财务报告框架中,公允价值的计量和披露是一个非常重要的问题.不管是公司会计人员还是审计师都必须充分关注以公允价值为基础的会计和披露的原则和规则,并对其应用给予充分考虑.     

中外合资经营中货币时间价值运用实例

中外合资经营中货币时间价值运用实例侯文宏社会主义市场经济体制的确立，使企业资金来源更加多元化，企业在资金筹集方式上将面临多种选择。但不管采用什么样的筹集方式，我们都要充分利用货币的时间价值进行科学分析。本文举例说明企业在合资经营中如何利用货币时间价值...     

旧建筑再利用下民宿“活化”案例分析

旧建筑改造再利用的目的是挖掘其中的潜在文化价值及生态经济价值。本文以台湾地区最美民宿天空的院子为案例,透过深度访谈与田野调查,从改造、环境重塑、延续使用等方面分析旧建筑如何活化再生以及实现地方产业的永续经营,为我国其他省份旧建筑再利用与民宿活化如何带动区域产业适应“双循环”发展格局提供借鉴。     

渭南市坡耕地生态服务价值估算与经济效益分析

黄河流域坡耕地不仅是农业生产的基本用地,同时又是水土流失的重要区域。治理坡耕地是减少水土流失的重要措施。本文基于生态服务价值估算方法估算渭南市各类用地的生态服务价值,并核算坡耕地生态服务价值,进而阐明旱作梯田建设的必要性,分析旱作梯田建设现状,探讨旱作梯田建设的社会经济效益,并提出具体实施建议。     

论商品林产业化经营体系的构建

实行商品林产业化经营就是以国内外市场为导向,以提高经济效益为中心,对商品林基地建设实行区域化布局、专业化生产,把产供销、贸工林、经科教紧密结合起来,形成一条龙的经营体制。实施商品林产业化经营战略必须遵循林业经济收益分配社会公正原则,因地制宜发挥区域资源优势原则,科技兴业原则,永续利用和环境保护原则。根据福建省生态经济区域的特点提出商品林建设体系培育经营类型、经营对策和经营措施。     

谈国有林场生态公益林的效益补偿问题

以林为主的国有林场,不管是经营商品林还是经营公益林,都程度不同地发挥着生态效益和社会效益。因而在推行生态效益补偿机制时,政府应把国有林场全面纳入生态效益补偿范围,普遍给予相应的生态补偿,以实现生态公益林的扩大再生产。     

规模化生猪养殖污染防控的价值分析——基于支付意愿的视角

中国生猪养殖从农户散养向规模化养殖迅速转变的同时,规模化养殖所带来的粪便污染越来越引起重视。本文通过对7省规模化生猪养殖场的实地调查数据,使用条件价值评估法分析规模化生猪养殖场对其污染防治的支付意愿。结果表明,不管是愿意支付的生猪养殖场还是不愿意支付的生猪养殖场,均认为生猪养殖污染防治带来的社会效益生态环境效益经济效益。在愿意支付的受访生猪养殖场对生猪养殖污染防治带来的生态价值平均支付意愿是总收入的10.64%,对社会价值平均支付意愿是总收入的8.62%,对经济价值的平均支付意愿是10.11%。最后,提出了相应的政策建议。     

浅析内蒙古大兴安岭林区森林的可持续经营

森林的可持续经营是当今世界林业建设发展的主题 ,本文结合林区的森林实际 ,以永续经营、分类经营、资产化经营和生态经营为途径 ,探讨分析森林的可持续经营     

重庆市耕地资源非市场价值估算

研究目的：探讨耕地资源非市场价值内涵,估算重庆市耕地资源非市场价值。研究方法：运用生产成本法、影子价格法等估算方法,估算重庆市1997-2011年的耕地资源生态服务和社会服务非市场价值。研究结果：（1）重庆市单位面积内耕地资源生态服务价值和社会价值总体上呈波动上升趋势;（2）重庆市耕地资源生态服务价值中,营养循环功能价值、净化环境功能价值和大气调节功能价值上升幅度较大且所占比重较高;（3）重庆市耕地资源社会服务价值从高到低：基本生活保障价值（44.49%）＞粮食安全功能价值（36.87%）＞失业保障价值（18.63%）,且基本生活保障价值呈下降趋势,粮食安全功能价值提升幅度较快;（4）农民作为耕地资源非市场价值体系的最基础价值主体,其价值需求尤其值得关注。研究结论：科学认识耕地生态和社会两大非市场价值,有利于耕地资源可持续利用。     

政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对农户收入效应的影响基于成都温江与崇州市对比分析

目的 由于成都市温江区和崇州市农地经营权抵押贷款类型均属自上而下的政府主导型,可将两地进行合并讨论政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对农户收入效应的影响,同时相较崇州市,成都市温江区在担保和抵押物处置环节引入第三方参与而更趋于市场化运作,因此将两地进行对比分析以进一步探讨第三方参与是否会使农户信贷约束和收入效应产生显著差异。方法 文章将成都温江和崇州市作为研究区域,通过实地调研共获取249个样本,采用倾向得分匹配—双重差分法（PSM-DID）探讨政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款对缓解农户信贷约束、增加收入的影响。结果 政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款能缓解农户信贷约束、增加农户户均总收入、户均农业收入和户均非农收入,且引入第三方参与的温江区相较崇州市在信贷约束缓解程度、农户收入提升方面表现更优。结论 应大力推广政府主导型农地经营权抵押贷款和积极引入第三方参与,以扩大农地经营权抵押贷款规模,促进农户增收和释放土地红利。     

我国耕地“占补平衡”与土地开发 整理效果分析与建议

为了扭转耕地持续大幅减少的局面,国家提出"实行占用耕地补偿制度",要求各地"占多少,垦多少",以保障耕地"占补平衡"。分析结果表明,耕地"占补平衡"的实施的确使我国耕地实现了数量上的"占"与"补"的平衡,但并未从根本上扭转耕地持续减少的局面,其原因是"占"地面积仅是减少耕地面积中的一小部分,耕地占补平衡状况并不能反映耕地减增变化的真实情况。要守住1.2亿hm2耕地红线,建议调整策略,将土地开发整理的目标从实现耕地"占补平衡",调整为耕地"减增平衡"。     

Stakeholder perceptions and governance challenges in urban protected area management: The case of the Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area,Philippines

The conservation and management of protected areas in urban settings has become increasingly challenging with dynamics over land use change in adjacent urban areas being highly relevant to, but at times conflicting with, the protected area. This study seeks to better understand the implications of land use change processes to urban protected area management through the case study of the Las Piñas – Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) in Metro Manila, Philippines. Factors and processes influencing land use change and protected area management and the impact of stakeholders’ perceptions on protected area were analyzed. The urban protected area in itself has limited influence on its surrounding urban areas, as land use change in these areas is shaped more by social, economic and policy/institutional factors occurring within the context of urban-regional development. The study also found that land use conflict is evident in an urban protected area due to the competing ecosystem services derived by various stakeholders. This discord is deepened by the lack of coordination between land use planning and protected area management. Integrating protected area management with land use planning through legally binding instruments, specific timeframes and clear internal procedures can help resolve land use conflict for an urban protected area at the strategic or policy level.     

资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响研究

目的 国家高度重视东北黑土地保护与利用问题，明晰农户黑土地保护行为影响因素是用好养好黑土地的重要议题。文章旨在探讨资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为的影响，从资源禀赋视角推动农户黑土地保护行为。方法 基于黑龙江省兰西县312份经营农户调研数据，运用二元及多元有序Logistics模型，探究人力资源、自然资源、经济资源、社会资源及信息资源等资源禀赋对农户黑土地保护行为影响。结果 农户是否采用黑土地保护技术受人力资源禀赋（黑土地保护责任义务认知、黑土地保护收益预期），自然资源禀赋（自有承包地面积、是否签订承包合同、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度），经济资源禀赋（农业收入、家庭总收入），社会资源禀赋（是否加入合作社、是否参与土地托管）和信息资源禀赋（政府是否宣传黑土地保护政策、是否为中心村）的显著正向影响；上述因素除黑土地保护收益预期、自有承包地面积、是否转入黑土地、经营黑土地细碎化程度、农业收入、是否为中心村外均对农户黑土地保护技术采纳程度具有显著正向影响。结论 为更好地推动农户黑土地保护行为，应强化农户黑土地保护“责、权、利”认识，提高农业收益预期；进一步稳定承包权，建立健全土地经营权流转市场；因地制宜发展黑土区特色产业，切实提升农户家庭收入；支持多元主体协同发展，推进黑土地保护工程；发挥中心村信息资源优势，多渠道开展黑土地保护政策宣传。     

家庭农场与农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为差异及影响因素

［目的］在农业的发展过程中,以集约化土地种植为主的新型经营主体将极大地促进农业的现代化发展,这是新型的农业经营主体追求效益的最大化的选择性行为,也是政府主导和扶持的新型农民的政策缩影。文章探讨现代农业发展的背景下不同种植规模经营主体对于农业技术服务的需求行为差异和影响因素。［方法］以新疆棉区的1 043户小规模种植农户和683户家庭农场主的调查数据为例,对以家庭农场（种植面积267hm2及以上）为例的新型农业经营主体与传统农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为运用二元Logistic模型进行实证分析。［结果］(1)家庭耕地面积是影响家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素; 而文化程度、是否参加农业合作社、村里是否有农业合作社是家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。(2)而参加农业技术培训次数是影响农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素; 是否参加农业技术培训是农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。［结论］（1）农业技术服供给机构应根据农户经营种植的耕地面积,对用户进行分类管理。（2）农业技术服务机构应协同基层部门加大对农业技术服务的宣传力度,全面提升种植农户的认知程度。（3）培育新型农业经营主体,为农业技术服务培育不同规模需求的优良农户。     

Farmland prices and land-use changes in periurban protected natural areas

This paper provides empirical and conceptual insights in analysing the factors that determine the prices of farmland within Protected Natural Areas that are close to densely populated urban areas, the changes in land use experiences as well as the additional control policies needed to curb this unsustainable trend.The Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve nearby the metropolitan area of Bilbao (Basque Country, Spain) is the case study considered and its bordering non-protected rural area is used as a reference for comparison. A spatial hedonic farmland price model is estimated and the willingness of land purchasers to pay for different farmland characteristics quantified both inside and outside the Urdaibai Biosphere Reserve. The main results are that: (1) residential development is taking place in all categories of farmland, (2) aside from neighbouring prices, farmland prices depend on different factors depending on whether the marketed plots stand inside or outside the Protected Natural Area, (3) the “reserve effect” on land prices is less powerful than the “proximity to the metropolitan area (and motorway) effect” observed from villages of the non-protected area located in the 3rd crown of Bilbao, (4) the reasons for farmers non-compliance with policy regulations is the necessary knowledge base for the farmland conservation policy design and (5) in the light of the results, three development-control policy instruments such as Payments for Ecosystem Services, Tradable Planning Permits and development-taxes are discussed considering the factors that could improve compliance.     

新疆自治区农地流转规模效益与风险分析

中国的农业现代化必须建立在农业适度规模经营的基础上,农业生产走规模经营的路子也是现代化的需要。因此,农村土地承包经营权流转作为扩大农业经营规模、提高农业生产效益的手段不断被加以推广。新疆地区地域广阔,南北疆自然及社会经济条件差异大,因此不同区域农地流转条件和效果不同。本文在实地调研的基础上,将新疆的农地流转情况分为四大类型,统计分析农地规模,以探讨农地流转后是否能产生规模效益和农地流转的风险为主,运用DEA模型和案例比较的方法,对新疆地区农地流转的规模效益与风险进行分析。研究发现：以玛纳斯县为代表的北疆棉区棉农在农地转入后,农地总面积增加、户均每块地面积也增大,这表明农地流转使得植棉规模扩大并且产生规模效益,南疆则存在一定流转风险,主要分3类：生计风险、经营风险和交易风险。因此应分区分类指导流转。     

Application of the generalized Faustmann model to uneven-aged forest management

In this paper, a generalized Faustmann model is developed for uneven-aged management to allow the number of years and the level of residual growing stock to vary from one cutting cycle to the next. Comparative static analyses are conducted to determine the effect of changes in interest rate, stumpage price of the trees selected for harvest, the stumpage value of the residual growing stock, and the future land value on the decision variables. The model is then applied to study the uneven-aged management of a loblolly-shortleaf pine stand in south central U.S. to determine the length of the cutting cycle and the level of residual growing stock for the first cutting cycle as well as for a case involving four cutting cycles. Sensitivity analyses reveal that for the uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stand both the length of the cutting cycle and the level of the residual growing stock are very sensitive to changes in land value in the future, in the stumpage prices of trees selected for harvest, in the stumpage prices of the residual growing stock, and in the interest rate.     

河南省土地利用变化特征及其空间格局

[目的]通过分析河南省2011~2016年土地利用变化特征和空间格局状况,以期为日后河南省合理开发、利用土地资源提供一定的理论指导。[方法]基于河南省土地变化特征,通过马尔科夫模型对河南省2011~2016年土地变化特征进行分析,从多个角度揭示该地区土地利用结构变化情况,并对河南省土地空间利用变化进行评价。[结果]河南省建设用地增加幅度最大,耕地、水域用地有不同程度的减少。土地空间变换主要表现为耕地和林地、水域用地、建设用地等土地类型之间的变换。由土地利用综合区可知,不同土地类型转换过程中,草地是转换比率最小的类型。[结论]河南省的各类土地利用之间的矛盾日益激烈,直接或间接地影响社会经济制度、土地政策和土地管理,因此,有必要加强开展土地资源管理和规划、保护生态环境等方面的工作。     

Quantifying the socio-economic determinants of sustainable crop production: an application to wheat cultivation in the Tarai of Nepal

This study specifies a procedure to quantify the determinants of sustainable crop production, and applies the method to wheat cultivation in the Tarai of Nepal. Three aspects of sustainability were considered. First, the fertility of the land was found to have deteriorated owing to long-term practices incompatible with soil and drainage conditions. Three-quarters of the farmers had reduced land fertility and for one-third of them the wheat yield was at least 20% lower than for farmers who applied farmyard manure to every crop and adopted a rotation consistent with soil and drainage conditions. Secondly, the study found that it was possible to improve resource-use efficiency in wheat production to give 25% higher production at current levels, type, and quality of farm resources. Resource-use efficiency was significantly related to farm management practices such as crop stand, variety, disease, and land preparation quality, and socio-economic factors such as off-farm job opportunities, poor plot accessibility, and migration. Thirdly, the increasing population pressure on land, decreasing livestock number per cropped area, and diminishing fuel wood sources, significantly reduced farm-based nutrient cycling because farmyard manure had to be used for fuel. This had implications for the higher use of the fossil-based inputs in crop production.