Sources of Fluctuations: The Case of MENA

In February 2001, Turkey became the latest emerging market to experience a devastating crisis, following the collapse of its soft exchange rate peg. The crisis severely damaged the country's banking system and led to an unprecedented contraction in economic activity. The boom that preceded it seemed to be relatively short lived, as the initial rush of capital outflow occurred just eleven months after the start of the program, and the fatal exit just three months later. This paper discusses the factors that seemed to play an important role in the collapse of Turkey's International Monetary Fund (IMF)-supported exchange rate-based stabilization plan just thirteen months after its commencement. It is often difficult to attribute such crises entirely to a single factor, and not always possible to arrive at a strong verdict by analyzing economic developments in light of, or in the manner formally suggested by, the alternative models commonly used to analyze currency crises in the literature. In the Turkish case, enumerating the many factors that may have contributed to the collapse is important and very useful--yet this should not obscure the critical role played by the failure to establish or achieve tangible progress toward a sustainable fiscal regime. Not recognizing this fundamental weakness could easily lead observers to emphasize design flaws as the main culprit or to argue that the collapse could have been avoided if several other factors had broken more in Turkey's favor.     

The Trading Volume of Currency Options and the Spot Exchange Rate

This paper estimates the interrelation between the spot exchange rate of the Israeli currency, the new Israeli shekel, to the U.S. dollar, and the trading volumes of put and call options on the U.S. dollar in the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange. An increase in the trading volume of calls is positively correlated with an increase in the spot exchange rate of the dollar on the same day and the following day, but with a lower coefficient. Similarly, an increase in the trading volume of puts is related to a decrease in the spot price of the dollar on the same day of trade, with a smaller effect on the following day.     

Remittances and Currency Crisis: The Case of Developing and Emerging Countries

Employing the first-generation currency crisis model of Flood and Garber (1984), I explore the financial effects of migrants' remittances on the economies of developing and emerging countries in a currency crisis. The model implies that remittances can contribute to a reduction in the likelihood of a currency crisis and appreciation in foreign exchange rates via the promotion of foreign exchange reserves. Panel estimation with twelve developing and emerging countries that previously experienced financial crises confirms the implications, suggesting that migrants' remittances can play a significant role in mitigating financial constraints and thus contribute to financial stability.     

系统动力学视角下的汇率波动研究——以人民币为例

本文运用系统动力学理论构建汇率与经济发展系统的反馈模型、结构流图和方程,以计算机仿真和模拟为辅助手段,通过对相关参数的确定和调控模拟,揭示影响汇率的主导因素。研究发现,国内生产总值、经济增长率、国际收支顺差,国际储备净增加额、利率、失业率等是影响我国汇率变动的主要因素。在此基础上,本文对人民币汇率与经济发展系统进行仿真和模拟,为我国实现经济目标提供决策依据。     

Fiscal Discipline and Exchange Rate Arrangements: Evidence from the Caribbean

This paper assesses the nature of fiscal discipline under alternative exchange rate regimes. First, it shows that fiscal agencies under a currency union with a fixed exchange rate can have a larger incentive to overspend or "free ride" than those under other exchange rate regimes, owing to the agencies' ability to spread the costs of overspending in inflation tax across both time, given the fixed exchange rate, and space, given the currency union. In contrast, such free-riding behavior does not arise under flexible regimes owing to the immediate inflationary impact of spending. Next, empirically, fiscal stances in countries with fixed pegs and currency union regimes demonstrate greater free-riding behavior than do countries with more flexible regimes in fifteen Caribbean countries from 1983 to 2004.     

人民币汇率与商品出口结构——基于中国省际数据的经验研究

汇率对商品出口结构的影响一直是学术界关注的热点问题之一。本文构建了汇率通过影响相对成本价格从而改变贸易数量结构和贸易金额结构的理论模型,分析表明:人民币升值会使得较多使用国外投入成本的产品更具有相对价格优势而增加其在数量结构上的比重。进一步地,本文选取全国30个省份21类HS分类商品出口数据为分析样本,采用面板协整方法实证检验了人民币汇率变动对我国商品出口结构的影响,结果表明:人民币升值将增加传统优势行业产品出口占总额的比重,但高科技行业的这一比例将会降低。     

中华经济圈的货币合作与汇率协调

两岸三地进行货币合作可进一步扩大区内贸易、降低交易成本和减少外汇储备.两岸三地在失业率、通货膨胀率、财政赤字、公共债务、货币供给等方面具有相关性和趋同现象.区内货币汇率具有相同的波动趋势,为中华经济圈的货币合作和汇率协调奠定了经济基础.     

人民币汇率波动对我国与东亚地区双边贸易影响的实证研究

国际金融危机过程中,东亚部分国家和地区货币竞相贬值以促进出口的做法使得国内要求人民币贬值的呼声甚高。实证结果表明,中国与东亚地区收入水平差距、市场经济化程度以及商品价格水平拉大将导致双边贸易收支的扩大,而人民币相对汇率的升值将缩小中国与东亚地区的双边贸易收支。与此同时．人民币汇率波动对中国与东亚地区贸易收支的影响还存在着国别（地区）效应。对于中国而言,在努力扩大出口的同时应兼顾国家发展战略,坚持产业升级、慎用货币贬值措施,并应通过多次、小幅升值的方式保持人民币的强势地位。     

Exchange Rate Policy and Sovereign Bond Spreads in Developing Countries

This paper analyzes how exchange rate policy affects the issuance and pricing of sovereign bonds for developing countries. We find that countries with less flexible exchange rate regimes pay higher spreads and are less likely to issue bonds. Changing a free‐floating regime to a fixed regime decreases the likelihood of bond issuance by 5.5% and increases the spread by 88 basis points on average. Countries with real overvaluation have higher spreads and higher bond issuance probabilities. The effects of real overvaluation on sovereign bonds tend to be magnified for countries with fixed exchange rate regimes.     

人民币汇率变动对货币替代的影响分析

自2005年起人民币兑美元累计升幅已超过20％,2012年4月5日人民币中间报价6．3102再创新高。本文根据2008年以来的季度数据测算出人民币的货币替代率．分析中国货币替代程度及降低原因,同时结合Eviews5．0软件。就人民币汇率变动对货币替代现象进行计量分析。结果表明,长期内人民币增值会导致货币替代现象减少。但由于人们判断并做出一个理性决定时需要一个思考过程,且我国目前汇率很大程度上仍受货币当局控制。人们选择决定就会带有一定的滞后性,所以短期内人民币汇率变动对货币替代现象影响不会非常明显。     

美元加息对新兴市场国家的影响与对策

2018年4月以来,美元持续多次加息,多个新兴市场国家本币大幅贬值、股市急剧下跌、债市承压动荡,资本外流压力进一步显现。新兴市场国家金融动荡的导火索以外部因素为主,风险传播渠道以跨境联动因素为主,风险放大渠道以内部因素为主。在美元加息背景下,新兴市场国家要妥善处理自身货币与美元之间的关系,避免过于依赖美元,过多承担短期美元债务。支持法国、德国等提出的建立新独立国际支付体系的倡议,避免部分国家将国际公共的金融基础设施作为制裁手段。     

论欧元汇率波动：一个欧美博弈视角

欧元自1999年面世以来,其走势和前景引起众人关注,许多人纷纷利用购买力平价等各种汇率决定理论对其汇率走势进行预测,然而其汇率变化仍然出乎意料,欧元从最初的一路狂跌,到2002年以来强劲上扬。传统经济学理论无法预测和解释欧元的波动,而欧美博弈,尤其是美国政府的态度,对于欧元的波动影响颇大。欧元虽然潜力巨大,但是冲击美元的霸主地位尚需时日。     

Exchange Rate Pass-Through in an Emerging Market: The Case of the Czech Republic

We examine exchange rate pass-through, or how domestic prices respond to exchange rate shocks, in the Czech Republic from 1998 to 2013 by employing vector autoregression models. Using the aggregate consumer price index and its subcomponents, we find that the peak response occurs between nine and thirteen months after the exchange rate shock. The average pass-through at the monetary policy horizon is approximately 20 percent at the aggregate level. Regarding the subcomponents, the degree of pass-through is greatest for food prices.     

Purchasing Power Parity and Efficiency of Black Market Exchange Rate in African Countries

This paper investigates the long-run dynamics of black and official exchange rates for ten African countries. Our major findings are, first, that parity holds more favorably when the black market rate is used to validate the purchasing power parity hypothesis. The evidence supports the notion that the speed of adjustment is much faster in the black market than in the official market. Second, the two rates are connected in the long run, with the official rate adjusting toward the black market rate for the majority of cases. Finally, we find the long-run informationally efficient hypothesis is supported in the majority of African countries.     

人民币汇率变动对我国通货膨胀的影响：汇率传递视角的研究

在开放经济条件下,汇率变动对一国通货膨胀水平的决定具有重要作用。本文利用自回归分布滞后(ARDL)模型研究了人民币汇率变动对以消费者价格指数(CPI)衡量的国内通货膨胀的传递效应。研究结果表明,人民币汇率变动对以CPI衡量的通货膨胀水平的传递是不完全的且存在明显的时滞,长期和短期汇率传递效应都很低;汇率变动对我国CPI的传递效应受食品价格冲击的影响非常大。本文的研究结论对于我国的汇率制度改革和货币政策实施等具有重要的启示意义。     

发展中国家的货币错配与汇率制度选择困境

货币错配是诱发发展中国家货币金融危机的一个重要因素,也加大了危机的解决成本。货币错配问题的形成是内外因素双重作用的结果,长期实行的“软”钉住汇率制度是其中的一个重要原因。发展中国家普遍遇到了货币错配与汇率制度选择的两难困境,僵硬的汇率制度为货币错配风险的累积提供了正向激励,加深了货币错配,货币错配程度的加深强化了汇率制度的“浮动恐惧”,必须采取有效措施走出这个困境。     

外汇市场中的干预效力:汇率沟通与实际干预

汇率沟通与实际干预是货币当局影响汇率的两种政策工具.基于EGARCH模型,本文估计了汇率市场中沟通与实际干预的效力.经验结果表明,汇率沟通会使汇率朝着货币当局合意的方向变化,且影响可以长达四个月,但同时也造成汇率波动增大;实际干预在汇率市场中不能使汇率朝着货币当局合意的方向变化,并造成汇率波动增大.这表明汇率沟通是一个有效的货币政策工具.     

人民币汇率波动与我国通胀、产出波动：一个扩展泰勒曲线的研究

发挥市场供求对汇率的调节作用,增强人民币汇率双向浮动弹性,是当前我国汇率体制改革的主要方向。本文在泰勒曲线的框架下考察人民币汇率波动对我国宏观经济波动和货币政策实施的影响。通过实证研究发现,1994—2006年通货膨胀波动对人民币汇率波动是不敏感的,人民币汇率传递效应不显著,人民币汇率波动对宏观经济波动没有显著的影响;2007年以后人民币汇率波动推动泰勒曲线向内移动,因此更大的人民币汇率弹性对货币政策传导和货币政策有效性是有利的,逐步扩大的人民币汇率弹性区间对我国宏观经济运行是适宜和可接受的。另外人民币汇率波动也使得泰勒曲线更加陡峭,稳定通货膨胀所导致的产出缺口波动减小了,因而更有利于货币政策当局追求一个低而稳定的通胀目标。     

金融开放背景下利率、汇率的产出效应与价格效应研究——基于SVAR模型的实证分析

随着我国利率市场化改革和汇率体制改革的深入,金融市场的开放程度也越来越高。在金融市场开放的背景下,利率、汇率水平的变化对经济产出和价格有着复杂的影响。通过运用SVAR模型对我国2006年1月至2011年4月的数据进行实证分析,结果表明,单纯依靠提升利率不仅无法降低通货膨胀水平,反而会导致通货膨胀率更快地增长;人民币升值虽然有助于降低通胀,但会使我国的经济在很长时间内处于衰退状态。     

是“汇率操纵”还是“储蓄率落差”：人民币汇率政治经济学

通过对美国国会研究报告对美国贸易赤字和人民币汇率问题的研究的详细梳理分析,发现所谓人民币汇率低估,导致美国出现较大贸易逆差,影响美国就业的说法并无理论依据,更没有中国“操纵人民币汇率”的证据。国会研究部门认为,美国对华贸易逆差的根源在于两国之间的储蓄率存在较大落差,造成中国资本流向美国,出现贸易逆差只是表现形式,中国改变汇率安排对美国减少贸易赤字没有帮助。作者认为,人民币汇率问题凸显中国国力的强盛,对美国主导的战后国际政治经济体系产生了冲击,展现了未来中国的大国责任。