企业异质性与货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性

基于货币政策传导理论,依据2008-2017年沪深两市非金融上市企业数据,考量企业异质性与货币政策信贷传导渠道有效性。结果显示:紧缩性货币政策通过银行信贷渠道传导,有效降低企业的投资规模;受企业异质性影响,货币政策信贷传导在高融资约束、高投资机会、高资产可抵押性和非国有企业中更能发挥有效作用。     

An Empirical Analysis of the Risk-Taking Channel of Monetary Policy in Turkey

This article investigates the bank-specific characteristics of risk-taking behavior of the Turkish banking sector as well as the existence of risk-taking channel of monetary policy in Turkey. Using bank-level quarterly data over the period 2002–2012 a dynamic panel model is estimated. We find evidence that low short-term interest rates reduce the risk of outstanding loans; however short-term interest rates below a theoretical benchmark increase risk-taking of banks. This result holds for macroeconomic controls and external factors as well. Furthermore, in terms of bank-specific characteristics, our analysis suggests that large, liquid, and well-capitalized banks are less prone to risk-taking.     

数字金融、银行信贷渠道与货币政策传导

作为新兴金融业态,数字金融发展会对既有金融体系带来怎样的冲击和影响?聚焦于货币政策传导机制这一宏观命题,立足于我国以银行信贷渠道为主导的数量型中介,运用我国商业银行、A股上市公司的微观面板数据,本文深度剖析了数字金融发展与货币政策银行信贷渠道传导之间的内在联系和影响机理。研究发现:(1)数字金融发展显著弱化了货币政策银行信贷渠道的传导效应,采用工具变量法克服内生性和控制影子银行变量等一系列稳健性检验后的结果依然支持该结论。(2)具体而言,数字金融削弱银行信贷渠道传导效果是通过改变银行资产负债结构和弱化实体企业对银行贷款的依赖而实现的。(3)上述弱化效应在以城市和农村商业银行为主的中小型金融机构以及低资本、低流动性和低报酬的银行中尤为突出。     

我国货币政策信贷传导渠道的实证分析

为应对国际金融危机的挑战和解决国内经济运行中的突出矛盾,我国的货币政策已发生了根本性的转变,即从偏紧缩的政策转为促进经济增长的适度宽松的政策。本文通过采用向量自回归模型、冲击反应分析和预期误差项方差分解等方法,发现信贷传导渠道是我国货币政策的重要传导渠道,并且信贷传导渠道具有有效性。     

The Risk‐Taking Channel of Monetary Policy: Exploring All Avenues

The literature on the risk‐taking channel of monetary policy grew quickly, leading to scattered evidence. We examine this channel through different angles, exploring detailed information on loan origination and performance. Ex ante riskier borrowers receive more funding at the extensive margin when interest rates are lower. Ex post performance is independent of the level of interest rates at origination. Still, loans granted in periods of very low and stable interest rates show higher default rates once interest rates start to increase. Risk‐taking is stronger among banks with lower capital ratios, suggesting that this channel may be linked to managerial incentives for risk‐shifting.     

货币政策传导机制：货币渠道抑或信贷渠道

对中国货币政策的传导机制实证分析得出:货币供给量与国内生产总值存在长期稳定关系,货币供给量作为货币政策代理变量具有较大的内生性;但是信贷配额与国内生产总值之间不存在长期稳定关系。中国货币政策传导机制主要还是货币渠道进行的,信贷渠道还不是货币政策传到的主渠道。     

信贷配给理论与货币政策中介目标的选择

信贷配给理论研究不对称信息条件下自由竞争信贷市场运行机制,为货币政策变动影响实际经济的可能途径提供了比传统理论更为丰富的论证。信贷配给的客观存在限制了利率作为中介目标发挥的传导作用。中国经历着从非均衡信贷配给到均衡信贷配给的过程,信贷对货币政策的有效性会产生重要影响。因此,中国应采取组合的方式选择货币政策中介目标,以更有效地传导货币政策意图,更好地实现货币政策最终目标。     

An Empirical Study of the Asset Price Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in China

By testing the impact of monetary policy on the bond market and the impact of the bond market on the real macro economy using different empirical methods, this article examines the performance of the bond price transmission mechanism in China’s monetary policy. Empirical studies show that monetary policy has power over bond yield fluctuations, while the bond market has a relatively limited impact on the real macro economy. Short-term bond yields have relatively significant transmission effects on some output variables, such as consumption, investment, and the consumer price index, while the influence of long-term bonds is not significant.     

International Transmission of U.S. Monetary Policy Shocks: Evidence from Stock Prices

This paper analyzes intraday changes in firm‐level equity prices around interest rate announcements to assess the transmission of U.S. monetary policy to the global economy. We document that foreign firms on average are roughly as sensitive to U.S. monetary policy as U.S. firms, although we also find considerable cross‐sectional variation across firms. In particular, foreign stocks in cyclically sensitive industries show stronger responses to interest rate surprises, consistent with a demand channel of policy transmission. In addition, transmission of U.S. policy appears to be stronger to economies with fixed exchange rates. Evidence for a credit channel is weaker.     

Price- vs. Quantity-Based Monetary Policies and Credit Substitution Asymmetry

The literature on the informal credit channels of the transmission of monetary policy overlooks the distinction between price- and quantity-based policies. This article contributes to filling this gap by investigating the asymmetric effects of the two types of policies on trade-credit substitution for bank credit using data from the largest emerging economy, China. China presents an ideal experimental context, as the country has implemented both types of monetary policies in the past decades. We find strong evidence that quantity-based monetary policy has stronger effects on credit substitution in China. This evidence is robust under both static and dynamic specifications, which remains intact after the disentanglement of the interdependency of the two types of policies. By subgrouping, we find that large and state-controlled firms play the central role in creating the substitution asymmetry. Furthermore, international evidence indicates that India also witnesses substitution asymmetry skewed to quantity-based policies. The findings suggest the need for further reform of China’s financial system toward a market-based system to enhance the effectiveness of the proposed monetary policies.     

The Bank Lending Channel Transmission of Monetary Policy in the EMU: A Case Study of Portugal

Abstract

This paper confirms the importance of bank performance to the credit-lending channel of monetary policy in the countries of the EMU and particularly in Portugal during recent years. The paper’s main innovations are (1) its use of macro and microeconomic statistical data; (2) the introduction of three calculated bank-performance indicators—asset structure, conversion of clients’ resources into credits and financial margins—into an adaptation of the Bernanke and Binder model; and (3) the use of panel data estimations not only to demonstrate the importance of the bank lending channel, but also to analyse the effects of the calculated indicators in bank-lending growth.     

Optimal Monetary Policy with Countercyclical Credit Spreads

We study optimal monetary policy in a New‐Keynesian Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model with a credit channel and relationship lending in banking. We show that borrowers' bank‐specific (deep) habits give rise to countercyclical credit spreads, which, in turn, make optimal monetary policy depart substantially from price stability, under both discretion and commitment. Our analysis shows that the welfare costs of setting monetary policy under discretion (with respect to the optimal Ramsey plan) and of using simpler suboptimal policy rules are strictly increasing in the magnitude of deep habits in credit markets and market power in banking.     

Cost Channel of Monetary Policy: Financial Frictions and External Shocks

This paper deepens our understanding of the importance of the cost channel of monetary policy, where inflation adjusts with a firm's marginal cost of working capital. A model extended for a small, open economy with financial frictions is proposed and examined with data from Taiwan. The cost channel effect on inflation adjustment is substantiated by simultaneous generalized method of moments estimations and appears to be strengthened by financial frictions but mitigated by external shocks. Greater caution is hence required in the conduct of monetary policy for a bank-dependent emerging economy such as Taiwan because of the relative complexity in its supply-side interest rate pass-through.     

Trade Credit Terms Offered by Small Firms: Survey Evidence and Empirical Analysis

Trade credit has been shown to be an important source of short-term finance for smaller firms but small firms are also suppliers of trade credit. There is little empirical evidence on the credit granting decisions of small firms. Previous empirical work (Petersen and Rajan, 1997; and Ng, Smith and Smith, 1999) has focused on credit granting and investment in accounts receivable in larger firms. In this paper we look at the influences on credit granting for the smallest firms, using a sample of firms with an average of 10 employees. As in previous studies we find that product and demand characteristics influence credit terms. Moreover, we find evidence that firm size affects credit extension choices directly by setting limits on the possibilities for economies of scale, but it also impacts indirectly by affecting the firm's access to finance and its bargaining strength vis-à-vis suppliers. The dominant position of larger customers in bargaining with small suppliers constrains the impact of other factors on the firm's choice of credit terms. Small firms are also under pressure to conform to industry norms, although lack of resources can be a limiting factor. Constrained firms may make use of two-part terms in an attempt to improve their cashflow.     

我国货币政策传导途径区域化差异分析

通过对我国各地区1985~2009年相关的年度数据建立VAR模型进行实证分析,结果表明货币政策传导途径在我国不同区域存在着显著性差异：东部地区货币渠道发挥作用更加显著;西部地区主要依赖信贷渠道;中部地区则主要依赖货币渠道,信贷渠道作用极其有限。产生这种差异的原因可能是由于区域产业结构、金融发展水平及金融生态环境等因素的不同以及总部经济效应的影响。因此设立区域化政策性金融机构及省域资金流动监管机构、协调区域经济与金融发展、对货币政策中间目标区域化择取,可以在一定程度上减轻货币政策传导途径的区域化差异。     

我国货币政策个人消费层次传导的实证检验

货币政策微观机制传导中，居民扮演着重要的角色，其消费、储蓄资产的选择行为决定着货币政策能否在个人消费屡次顺利传导，没有重视消费传导的环节是导致我国近几年货币政策传导效力的下降重要原因之一。本文回顾了货币政策消费传导的理论模型，结合我国的实际情况验证了货币政策消费传导不畅的实际情况，并从央行作用于消费的政策工具、消费风险增大等角度分析出现这种情况的原因。     

货币政策、外部融资依赖与企业业绩

作为国家宏观调控重要工具之一,货币政策调整会影响企业融资行为进而影响企业经营业绩.运用我国上市企业数据研究发现,货币政策紧缩时期,企业面临较强的融资约束,银行借款减少,转而寻求商业信用.由于商业信用净额增加小于银行借款减少,货币政策紧缩导致企业融资不足使得企业业绩增长放缓,且外部融资依赖程度越高的企业受到的影响越大,但该影响只存在于非国有企业.研究结论有助于理解货币政策对企业业绩的传导机制,对处于三期叠加时期的我国企业与我国经济都具有一定的实践意义.     

中国货币政策传导变量的区域结构效应研究

本文基于2007-2019年的数据实证分析利率、信贷、汇率、股票市场和房地产市场等货币政策传导变量对中国八大综合经济区经济增长和物价的影响.研究发现,中国货币政策传导存在明显的区域非对称效应;银行信贷和利率渠道对各区域经济增长和物价影响的方向基本一致,影响幅度存在较大差异;汇率对各区域经济增长、物价影响的方向和幅度均存...     

Legal System and Trade Credit: Evidence from Emerging Economies

Using a large-scale, firm-level dataset from 68 emerging economies for the period of 2002–2006 compiled by the World Bank, we find that legal systems have a positive and significant impact on the provision of trade credit. This result is robust to the inclusion of conventional controls used in the literature, to alternate specifications that address endogeneity and measurement error problems, and to different measures of trade credit and legal systems. Legal systems have a larger impact on trade credit for firms with overdraft facilities than for those without overdraft facilities, and the impact of legal systems on trade credit is significant in more developed countries but not in less developed countries.     

The Effect of Monetary Policy on Consumption Inequality: An Analysis of Transmission Channels through TANK Models

What transmission channels drive the effect of monetary policy on consumption inequality? This paper investigates this question with tractable Two-Agent New Keynesian models with search-and-matching frictions and wage rigidities. I make a distinction between credit-constrained households and unconstrained households and find that an expansionary monetary policy shock decreases consumption inequality between those two households through three channels: (i) the income composition channel, through fluctuations in labor and profit income; (ii) the savings redistribution channel, through fluctuations in real interest rate; and (iii) the earnings heterogeneity channel, through fluctuations in unemployment. The results are in line with the empirical evidence.