商标的平行进口

平行进口又称灰色市场进口,是指一项知识产权在两个国家同时受到保护,一国进口商未经知识产权所有人授权,从另一国知识产权人手中进口销售受该国知识产权法律保护的货物。对于专利的平行进口,虽然有些国家设想在国内立法中将平行进口作为专利独占权的例外,但在国际上已基本达成共识,授予专利权人以进口权,然而各国对商标的平行进口却看法不一。商标是指区分一个企业和其他企业的货物或服务的标记或标记组合。平行进口在商标方面是指未经外国代理商许可,第三人自行进口销售正宗商标商品,它的实质是商标权人权利用尽的范围问题。对商标权人的…     

论专利产品平行进口问题的法律实质

专利产品平行进口问题的法律实质在于物权和专利权谁优先保护的问题。从竞争法角度来探索权利用尽原则和地域性原则的理论冲突将为我国专利产品平行进口的相关立法提供有益的思路。     

化妆品的平行进口问题初探

化妆品行业是平行进口贸易频繁发生 ,比较敏感的一个行业。随着中国加入WTO ,化妆品平行进口贸易在中国也将越来越多。文章在对化妆品平行进口的产生原因、各利益主体的经济影响及各自态度的分析基础上 ,提出中国的对策。     

平行进口产生的充分必要条件

本文研究了长期以来困扰经济学界和企业界的平行进口问题,第一次从理论上找到了平行进口产生的充分必要条件,并且这个条件也是平行进口从高零售价国家流向低零售价国家的一个必要条件.     

平行进口,解决进口车市场价格垄断的良方

随着中国加入WTO,在进口车领域,为避免构成实质性的贸易障碍,中国进口车关税应逐步降低,并且取消有关许可证及汽车进口的配额限制.     

知识产权平行进口的理论与实践

知识产权的“平行进口”反映了对知识产权的保护和贸易自由化之间的冲突。如何平衡二者之间的关系反映了各国对待平行进口的态度。中国入世之后将如何应对平行进口问题，关系到我国的对外贸易和知识产权的保护，因此必须借鉴各国经验，慎重对待。     

平行进口合法性的经济学分析

平行进口问题实际上反映了国际知识产权贸易和国际货物贸易之间的冲突。由于经济全球化和世界贸易一体化进程的加快,平行进口问题将越来越突出。我国目前没有明确的法律规定可以对平行进口问题进行调整,而国内学者也几乎都是从法学角度（知识产权法、竞争法、侵权法等）对这一问题进行理论研究,因此,从经济学的角度对这一问题进行研究尤为必要。     

国际贸易中商标平行进口的分析

伴随着经济全球化的发展,平行进口问题已成为世界知识产权和国际贸易领域的热门问题之一,越来越受到人们的关注。并且,随着我国经济的迅速发展,随着我国同世界各国开展贸易的增多,平行进口问题将会越来越频繁发生。文章着重研究国际贸易中的平行进口问题,通过对国外相关的立法和司法实践的研究,分析平行进口产生的经济影响,最后,基于我国利益的考虑,提出我国相应的对策。     

论专利产品平行进口问题的法律实质

专利产品平行进口问题的法律实质在于物权和专利权谁优先保护的问题.从竞争法角度来探索权利用尽原则和地域性原则的理论冲突将为我国专利产品平行进口的相关立法提供有益的思路.     

论我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题

本文论述了平行进口的概念、特点及形成原因;国外对于平行进口的不同态度;我国对平行进口中的知识产权问题.为了加快经济发展.与国际市场接轨,我国对于专利领域内的平行进口应当采取一般允许,例外禁止的规定;在商标和版权领域内的平行进口,应当允许有条件的平行进口存在.     

Vertical Price Control and Parallel Imports: Theory and Evidence

The paper analyzes parallel imports, or goods traded without the authorization of a trademark owner. Parallel imports have multiple causes, including vertical price control, which the authors model. A manufacturer selling its product through an independent agent sets the wholesale price sufficiently low to induce a desired retail price abroad. This permits the agent to sell the product profitably in the originating market. Combined social surplus decreases and then increases in the cost of parallel trade. Restricting parallel imports benefits the manufacturer, but could raise or reduce global surplus. The econometric analysis indicates that the vertical‐control explanation of parallel imports is important.     

Parallel Imports in a Model of Vertical Distribution: Theory, Evidence and Policy

Parallel imports are goods traded without the authorization of an original trademark or copyright owner. In this paper, a model where parallel imports arise because of incentive problems in vertical distributions is discussed. A distributor receiving goods from a manufacturer at a low wholesale price can profitably sell the goods in another country, outside the authorized distribution channel. The manufacturer can limit such parallel imports by raising wholesale prices, but this reduces vertical pricing efficiency. Parallel imports can thus occur in equilibrium. The model is supported by empirical evidence from existing studies and new econometric work. Policy implications of the analysis are discussed.     

Copyright, Parallel Imports and National Welfare: The Australian Market for Sound Recordings

For more than a decade now there has been considerable, often heated, debate over the issue of the parallel importation of sound recordings into Australia. Citing anti-competitive monopolistic distribution, an increasingly integrated global market and the challenges of new technologies, the Australian government recently passed the Copyright Amendment Act (No.2) 1998 , which permits the parallel importation of 'non-infringing' copies of a sound recording. This paper investigates the economic rationale underpinning this regulatory change and, using a partial equilibrium model, attempts to measure the likely welfare effects on consumers, copyright owners and the nation. In addition the paper examines the likely welfare impact of piracy within the new regulatory framework. This paper demonstrates that in a global music market characterised by exclusive territorial licences and price discrimination, the removal of parallel import restrictions by a small net-importer of intellectual property may be welfare enhancing for the nation. This welfare gain is at the expense of largely foreign copyright owners.     

Imports in Keynesian Models*

This paper examines two main problems relating to the introduction of imports in the simple Keynesian model. First, imports need to be made a function of the aggregate demand components rather than income. Second, unless one assumes that intermediate imports are zero the solution of the simple Keynesian model will provide miltipliers which Overstate the exogenous demand change for domestic product.     

Imports and growth in China

In this paper, we analyze the role played by imports and investment on labor productivity and output in China from 1964 to 2004. In doing so, our analysis focuses on the role of technological progress incorporated into the Chinese economy through capital accumulation and imports, which could be a cause of significant technology transfer from abroad that facilitated industrialization and rapid growth in China. However, as we know that there could be other factors influencing economic development, we have also considered the role played by domestic innovation activities, competitiveness and foreign economic conditions. We focus on examining the short- and long-run effects of the considered variables as well as the direction of their causality. In addition, we investigate the role played by the exchange rate on growth and discuss some policy implications of this effect on the current debate on the appreciation of the Yuan. The empirical results provide evidence that both imports and investment encourage output and labor productivity in the long run, but neither investment causes imports nor imports cause investment. Moreover, we found that during the period considered the real exchange rate influenced output, but not productivity. These findings provide interesting insights on the future Chinese economic policy.     

Measuring the Technological Structure of Chinese Imports

This paper uses the optimal partitioning method of clustering analysis using orderly samples to classify trade goods and analyzes the technological structure of Chinese imports. The results indicate that since 2000, medium–high technology products have made up the majority of China's imported goods, while the shares of medium or higher technology products have decreased and the share of medium–low technology products has increased sharply. The number of imported goods with a comparative advantage in the Chinese market decreased, while the overall comparative advantage of imported goods also declined. China imports different types of products from different countries and regions around the world. The findings suggest that China should increase the import scale of high technology products.     

Imports and the structure of retail markets

Abstract We construct a model of trade with heterogeneous retailers to examine the effects of trade liberalization on retail market structure, imports and social welfare. We are especially interested in investigating the transmission of lower import prices into consumer prices and the effects of retail market regulation. The paper shows that changes in import prices may have large effects on consumer prices and import volumes when changes in retail market structure are taken into account, and that restrictions on retailing, as they occur in several countries, may significantly alter this transmission mechanism by reducing imports and raising consumer prices.     

Modeling Cyclical Asymmetries in European Imports

This paper applies smooth transition models to capture the nonlinear behavior in the imports data of six major European economies and to assess whether such nonlinearities are related to business cycle asymmetries. Two classes of switch between regimes are considered: endogenously determined transition that assumes nonlinearities are generated by idiosyncratic components specific to foreign trade, and exogenous transition based on GDP growth as a more direct indicator of the cyclical state of the economy. The results support the proposition that the dynamics of imports are nonlinear. In Belgium, France, Spain, and the United Kingdom, regimes change over the business cycle, while in Germany and Italy the switch between regimes is endogenous. National characteristics play a role in defining the position of extreme regimes, the smoothness of the transition, and local dynamics within each state.Previous versions of this article have been presented at the 57th International Atlantic Economic Conference (Lisbon, Portugal, March 10–14, 2004) and at the VII Encuentro de Economía Aplicada (Vigo, Spain, June 3–5, 2004). The authors thank the conference participants and an anonymous referee for their comments.